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NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 18 - 31, 08.12.2021

Öz

XVIII'in sonunda - XIX yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Rusya, sömürgeleştirme politikasıyla, çoğunluğu Müslüman nüfusa sahip geniş toprakları ilhak etti. 1783'te Kırım Hanlığı, Rus İmparatorluğu'nun bir parçası oldu ve Müslümanlar yalnızca Kırım Yarımadası'nın kendi topraklarında kalmayı başardılar. XIX yüzyılın ilk yarısında Rusya, Karadeniz'den Hazar Denizi'ne kadar Kuzey Kafkasya toprakları üzerinde kademeli olarak kontrol kurdu. 1820'lerde Azerbaycan hanlıkları da dahil olmak üzere İran'ın kuzey eyaletleri imparatorluk tarafından işgal edildi. 1850'lerde. modern Kazakistan toprakları nihayet Rusya'ya dahil edildi. 1860'larda ve 1880'lerde Rus birlikleri, Buhara Emirliği topraklarının bir parçası olan Kokand Hanlığı ve Türkmen toprakları (Trans Hazar bölgesi) dahil olmak üzere Orta Asya topraklarını fethetti. 1877-1878 Rus-Türk savaşı sonucunda Kara bölgesi ve Acara fethedildi. Bu bölgelerin neredeyse tamamında Müslüman yasaları vardı. Bu makalede Rus İmparatorluğu döneminde Türkistan ve Kırım'da toprak mülkiyeti ve bu toprakların kullanılmasının hukuki durumu ele alınmıştır. Ülkede toprak ve su ekonomisinin geleneksel Şeriat kanunlarına göre yönetimi ve toprak mülkiyetinde komşu hakkı kavramı, tanımı ve statüsü incelenmiştir. Türkistan ve Kırım halkının toprak mülkiyeti ilişkilerinde komşu hakkının uygulanması ve Rus yetkililerin buna karşı tutumu birincil kaynaklar ve arşiv belgeleri temelinde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, Türkistan'daki yerleşik nüfusa özgü olan bu hakkın Kırım'da uygulanmasındaki farklılıkların karşılaştırmalı bir analizi ile işgal altındaki topraklarda verimli toprakların geliştirilmesinde Rus hükümetinin sömürge politikası anlatılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ALEKSANDROV I., «O shifate v Krymu» [About shifat in Crimea], Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arkhivnoy komissii, № 51, 1914. [in Russian]
  • BARTOLD V., «Raboty po istorii islama i Arabskogo khalifata» [Works on the history of Islam and the Arab Caliphate], Sochineniya, Moskva, T. VI, 1966. [in Russian]
  • DEMBO L., Zemelnyy stroy Vostoka [Land system of the East], Leningrad, 1927 [in Russian]
  • GEYNS A., Upravlenie Tashkentom pri kokandskom vladychestve, (Kak kharakteristika administratsii sredneaziatskikh gorodov) [Administration of Tashkent under the Kokand rule, (As a characteristic of the administration of Central Asian cities)], T. II, Sankt-Peterburg, 1898. [in Russian]
  • GRODEKOV N., Kirgizy i karakirgizy Syr-Dar’inskoy oblasti [Kyrgyz and Karakirgiz of Syr-Darya region], T.1. Yuridicheskiy byt, Tashkent, 1889. [in Russian]
  • KONKIN D., «Zemelnye konflikty v Krymu (konets XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.): «mneniya» i «proekty»« [Land conflicts in Crimea (late XVIII-early XIX centuries): “opinions” and “projects”], Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii, Vyp. XXI, 2016. [in Russian]
  • MEMETOV A., «Obshchestvenno-politicheskie i filosofskie vzglyady Ismaila Gasprinskogo» [Socio-political and philosophical views of Ismail Gasprinsky], Kultura narodov Prichernomorya, № 199 T.2, 2011. [in Russian]
  • MUKHAMEDOV SHUKHRAT, «Osobennosti zemlevladeniya i vodopol’zovaniya v Sredney Azii i Alzhire v XIX v.» [Features of land ownership and water use in Central Asia and Algeria in the XIX century], Metamorfozy Istorii, №13, 2019. [in Russian]
  • NATIONAL ARCHIVE OF UZBEKISTAN, f. I-364, o. 1, d. 12, l. 13a. [in Uzbek]
  • Obychnoe pravo polzovaniya zemley i ee obrabotka u tuzemtsev [Customary land use and cultivation among the natives], Turkestanskie vedomosti, № 104, 1909. [in Russian]
  • Otchet revizuyushchego, po Vysochayshemu poveleniyu, Turkestanskiy kray, Taynogo Sovetnika Girsa [Report of the auditor, by the Highest command, Turkestan region, Privy Councilor Girs], 1882. [in Russian]
  • PASHCHENYA V., «Ismail Gasprinskiy: ego vremya, vzglyady, uroki iz zhiznedeyatelnosti» [Ismail Gasprinsky: his time, views, lessons from life], Kultura narodov Prichernomorya, № 199 T.2, 2011. [in Russian]
  • Polozhenie ob upravlenii Turkestanskogo kraya [Regulations on the administration of the Turkestan Region], Tom II, chast 2. SPb., 1885. [in Russian]
  • Proekt Vsepoddanneyshego otcheta Gen. – Adyutanta K.P. fon Kaufmana 1 po grazhdanskomu upravleniyu i ustroystvu v oblastyakh Turkestanskogo general-gubernatorstva. 7 noyabrya 1867-25 marta 1881 g. SPb., 1885. [in Russian]
  • RUSINOV V., Vodozemel’nye otnosheniya i obshchina u turkmen [Water-land relations and community among Turkmens], Tashkent, 1889. [in Russian]
  • SARTORI PAOLO. Visions of Justice. Sharīʿa and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016.
  • SAVITSKII A., Pozemel’ny vopros v Turkestane (V proektakh i zakonakh 1867–1886 gg.) [The land question in Turkestan (In the drafts and laws of 1867-1886)], Tashkent, 1963. [in Russian]
  • SHAKHNAZAROV A., Ocherk selskogo khozyaystva Turkestanskogo kraya [Essay on agriculture of the Turkestan region], Sankt-Peterburg, 1898. [in Russian]
  • SHEIKH MUKHAMMAD SODIQ MUKHAMMAD YUSUF. Kifoya (Sharkhi Mukhtasari viqoya) [Kifaya (Summary of Mukhtasar Viqaya], V.3. Tashkent, 2008. [in Uzbek]
  • SHMIDT A., «Shariat i pravo vodopol’zovaniya v Sredney Azii» [Sharia and law of water management in Central Asia], Narodnoe khozyaystvo Sredney Azii, № 8-9, 1926. [in Russian]
  • YUFEREV V., Khozyaystvo sartov Ferganskoy oblasti [Farm of sarts of Ferghana region], Tashkent, 1911. [in Russian]
  • ZARIPOV ODIL. Turkiston yer egaligida shuf’a huquqi [“Right of Shuf’a” in the land use of Turkestan], Imom Bukhoriy saboqlari, № 1, 2020. [in Uzbek]

NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 18 - 31, 08.12.2021

Öz

During the end of the XVIII – second half of the XIX century. Russia, through its colonization policy, has annexed vast territories with a predominantly Muslim population. In 1783, the Crimean Khanate became part of the Russian Empire, and the Muslims managed to remain only on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula itself. In the first half of the XIX century. Russia gradually established control over the lands of the North Caucasus from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. In the 1820s, the northern provinces of Iran, including the Azerbaijani khanates, were occupied by the empire. In the 1850s. the territories of modern Kazakhstan were finally incorporated into Russia. In the 1860s and 1880s, Russian troops conquered the territories of Central Asia, including the Kokand Khanate, part of the lands of the Bukhara Emirate, and the Turkmen territories (Transcaspian region). As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the Kara region and Adjara were conquered. Almost all of these territories had Muslim legislation. In this article, the land ownership in Turkistan and Crimea during the reign of the Russian Empire and the legal status of using it is discussed. The management of land and water economy in the country according to the traditional Shariah laws and the concept of the right of shuf’ah in landownership, its definition and status are studied. The application of the right of shuf’a’h in the landownership relationships of the population of Turkistan and Crimea and the attitude of Russian officials towards it are analyzed on the basis of primary sources and archival documents. Also, a comparative analysis of the differences in the application of this right in Crimea, which is typical to the settled population in Turkistan, and the colonial policy of the Russian government in the development of fertile lands in the occupied territories are described.

Kaynakça

  • ALEKSANDROV I., «O shifate v Krymu» [About shifat in Crimea], Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arkhivnoy komissii, № 51, 1914. [in Russian]
  • BARTOLD V., «Raboty po istorii islama i Arabskogo khalifata» [Works on the history of Islam and the Arab Caliphate], Sochineniya, Moskva, T. VI, 1966. [in Russian]
  • DEMBO L., Zemelnyy stroy Vostoka [Land system of the East], Leningrad, 1927 [in Russian]
  • GEYNS A., Upravlenie Tashkentom pri kokandskom vladychestve, (Kak kharakteristika administratsii sredneaziatskikh gorodov) [Administration of Tashkent under the Kokand rule, (As a characteristic of the administration of Central Asian cities)], T. II, Sankt-Peterburg, 1898. [in Russian]
  • GRODEKOV N., Kirgizy i karakirgizy Syr-Dar’inskoy oblasti [Kyrgyz and Karakirgiz of Syr-Darya region], T.1. Yuridicheskiy byt, Tashkent, 1889. [in Russian]
  • KONKIN D., «Zemelnye konflikty v Krymu (konets XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.): «mneniya» i «proekty»« [Land conflicts in Crimea (late XVIII-early XIX centuries): “opinions” and “projects”], Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii, Vyp. XXI, 2016. [in Russian]
  • MEMETOV A., «Obshchestvenno-politicheskie i filosofskie vzglyady Ismaila Gasprinskogo» [Socio-political and philosophical views of Ismail Gasprinsky], Kultura narodov Prichernomorya, № 199 T.2, 2011. [in Russian]
  • MUKHAMEDOV SHUKHRAT, «Osobennosti zemlevladeniya i vodopol’zovaniya v Sredney Azii i Alzhire v XIX v.» [Features of land ownership and water use in Central Asia and Algeria in the XIX century], Metamorfozy Istorii, №13, 2019. [in Russian]
  • NATIONAL ARCHIVE OF UZBEKISTAN, f. I-364, o. 1, d. 12, l. 13a. [in Uzbek]
  • Obychnoe pravo polzovaniya zemley i ee obrabotka u tuzemtsev [Customary land use and cultivation among the natives], Turkestanskie vedomosti, № 104, 1909. [in Russian]
  • Otchet revizuyushchego, po Vysochayshemu poveleniyu, Turkestanskiy kray, Taynogo Sovetnika Girsa [Report of the auditor, by the Highest command, Turkestan region, Privy Councilor Girs], 1882. [in Russian]
  • PASHCHENYA V., «Ismail Gasprinskiy: ego vremya, vzglyady, uroki iz zhiznedeyatelnosti» [Ismail Gasprinsky: his time, views, lessons from life], Kultura narodov Prichernomorya, № 199 T.2, 2011. [in Russian]
  • Polozhenie ob upravlenii Turkestanskogo kraya [Regulations on the administration of the Turkestan Region], Tom II, chast 2. SPb., 1885. [in Russian]
  • Proekt Vsepoddanneyshego otcheta Gen. – Adyutanta K.P. fon Kaufmana 1 po grazhdanskomu upravleniyu i ustroystvu v oblastyakh Turkestanskogo general-gubernatorstva. 7 noyabrya 1867-25 marta 1881 g. SPb., 1885. [in Russian]
  • RUSINOV V., Vodozemel’nye otnosheniya i obshchina u turkmen [Water-land relations and community among Turkmens], Tashkent, 1889. [in Russian]
  • SARTORI PAOLO. Visions of Justice. Sharīʿa and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016.
  • SAVITSKII A., Pozemel’ny vopros v Turkestane (V proektakh i zakonakh 1867–1886 gg.) [The land question in Turkestan (In the drafts and laws of 1867-1886)], Tashkent, 1963. [in Russian]
  • SHAKHNAZAROV A., Ocherk selskogo khozyaystva Turkestanskogo kraya [Essay on agriculture of the Turkestan region], Sankt-Peterburg, 1898. [in Russian]
  • SHEIKH MUKHAMMAD SODIQ MUKHAMMAD YUSUF. Kifoya (Sharkhi Mukhtasari viqoya) [Kifaya (Summary of Mukhtasar Viqaya], V.3. Tashkent, 2008. [in Uzbek]
  • SHMIDT A., «Shariat i pravo vodopol’zovaniya v Sredney Azii» [Sharia and law of water management in Central Asia], Narodnoe khozyaystvo Sredney Azii, № 8-9, 1926. [in Russian]
  • YUFEREV V., Khozyaystvo sartov Ferganskoy oblasti [Farm of sarts of Ferghana region], Tashkent, 1911. [in Russian]
  • ZARIPOV ODIL. Turkiston yer egaligida shuf’a huquqi [“Right of Shuf’a” in the land use of Turkestan], Imom Bukhoriy saboqlari, № 1, 2020. [in Uzbek]
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Odil Zaripov

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Zaripov, O. (2021). NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY). İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(7), 18-31.
AMA Zaripov O. NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY). İRTAD. Aralık 2021;4(7):18-31.
Chicago Zaripov, Odil. “NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)”. İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 7 (Aralık 2021): 18-31.
EndNote Zaripov O (01 Aralık 2021) NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY). İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 7 18–31.
IEEE O. Zaripov, “NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)”, İRTAD, c. 4, sy. 7, ss. 18–31, 2021.
ISNAD Zaripov, Odil. “NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)”. İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/7 (Aralık 2021), 18-31.
JAMA Zaripov O. NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY). İRTAD. 2021;4:18–31.
MLA Zaripov, Odil. “NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY)”. İran Ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 7, 2021, ss. 18-31.
Vancouver Zaripov O. NEIGHBORHOOD RIGHTS IN LANDOWNERSHIP IN TURKISTAN AND CRIMEA, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES (LATE XIX AND EARLY XX CENTURY). İRTAD. 2021;4(7):18-31.