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Modern Edebî Kuramları İslamiyet Öncesi Arap (Cahiliye) Şiirine Uygulamak: “Geçiş Âyini” Modelinin Eleştirel Tahlili

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 46, 113 - 139, 03.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.957271

Öz

İslamiyet öncesi (Cahiliye) Arap şiiri modern zamanlarda Batı’da üretilmiş çeşitli tenkitsel edebî kuramların yöntem ve bakış açılarıyla tahlil edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Sözlü şiir kuramlarından yapısalcı ve antropolojik edebî kuramlara varıncaya kadar farklı tenkitsel uygulamalar bu şiir geleneğine tatbik edilmektedir. Bu tür edebî tatbikatları yapan ilim insanları arasından Kemal Abu Deeb, Adnan Haydar ve özellikle de Suzanne Pinkney Stetkevych temsil kabiliyeti yüksek örnekler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Abu Deeb ve Haydar hususi yapısalcı tahlil tekniklerini Cahiliye şiirine uygularken Stetkevych, Arnold van Gennep tarafından “geçiş âyini” (rite de passage) şeklinde ifadeye dökülen paradigmanın İslamiyet öncesi Arap şiirinin anlaşılıp yorumlanmasında daha makul ve uygulanabilir bir yöntem olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Stetkevych’in yaklaşımına göre klasik Arap kasidesinin üç temel bölümü (nesîb, rahîl ve fahr) geçiş âyinin üç aşamasıyla (ayrılık, eşiktelik, yeniden bir araya gelme) genel bir uyum arzetmektedir. Bu makalede bu tür Batı menşeli edebî kuramların ve onların retorik unsurlarının Cahiliye şiirinin tercüme ve tahlilinde ne derece etkin, yetkin ve başarılı olabilecekleri sorgulanmaktadır. Daha tafsilatlı bir biçimde Stetkevych’in argümanları üzerine yoğunlaşarak makale İslamiyet öncesi Arap şiirinin kendine mahsus edebî özelliklerine dikkat çekmekte ve söz konusu kuramların bu bağlamdaki yöntem ve çıkarımlarının tutarlılığını sorguya açmaktadır. Etraflıca düşünülmeden gelişigüzel tasnif ve mukayeseler üzerinden gerçekleştirilen bu uygulama teşebbüsleri Cahiliye şiirinin nevi şahsına münhasır kültürel ve edebî boyutlarını açıklamaktan ziyade asli anlam ve bağlamlarını çarpıtmakta ve gerçekte ilave zorluk ve kapalılıklar üretmektedir. Stetkevych’in bu meyandaki çalışmaları içerisinden seçilen bir dizi örnek metin temelinde makale, onun İslamiyet öncesi Arap edebî teamülleri ile Batı edebî geleneklerindeki retorik unsurlar arasında zorlama bir şekilde benzetme ve yakınlaştırmalar yaptığını dile getirmekte ve böylece konunun gereksiz ve karmaşık mecralara sürüklendiğini örnekleriyle birlikte ifade etmektedir. Stetkevych’in ileri sürdüğü çıkarımları ve genellemeleri Arap şiirinin geleneksel otoriteleri tarafından ortaya konmuş olan izah ve yorumlarla karşılaştıran makale, bu işlemi klasik Arap şiirinin iki müstesna kasidesi örnekliğinde hususen icra etmektedir: İmruülkays’ın Mu‘allaḳa’sı ve Ka‘b b. Züheyr’in Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bürde’si. Makalede ayrıca Stetkevych’in İslam’da şairlerin lanetlenmesi konusundaki mütalaaları değerlendirilmekte ve mevzunun tarihi ve bağlamsal özelliklerine vurgu yapılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Deeb, Kemal, “Towards a Structural Analysis of Pre-Islamic Poetry,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 6 (1975): 148-184.
  • Abu Deeb, Kemal, “Towards a Structural Analysis of Pre-Islamic Poetry (II): The Eros Vision,” Edebiyāt, 1.1 (1976): 3-69.
  • Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahānī, Kitāb al-Aghānī, ed. Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī. I-XXXI, Cairo: Dār al-Sha‘b, 1969-1982.
  • al-Anbārī, Abū Bakr, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-Sab‘ al-Ṭiwāl al-Jāhiliyyāt, ed. ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1963.
  • Bateson, Mary Catherine. Structural Continuity in Poetry: A Linguistic Study of Five Pre-Islamic Arabic Odes. Paris: The Hague, 1970.
  • Bauer, Thomas, “Formel und Zitat: Zwei Spielarten von Intertextualität in der altarabischen Dichtung,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 24 (1993): 117-138.
  • Bauer, Thomas, “Wie fängt meine Qaṣīda an? Formelhafte und nicht-formelhafte Nasīb-Einleitungsverse,” Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (ZAL), 25 (1993): 50-75.
  • Haydar, Adnan, “The Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays: Its Structure and Meaning, I,” Edebiyāt, 2.2 (1977): 227-61.
  • Haydar, Adnan, “The Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays: Its Structure and Meaning, II,” Edebiyāt, 3.1 (1978): 51-82.
  • Ḥusain, Hidāyat, “Bānat Su‘ād of Ka‘b bin Zuhair,” Islamic Culture 1 (1927): 67-84.
  • Ibn Hishām, ‘Abd Allāh b. Yūsuf, Sharḥ Qaṣīdat Bānat Su‘ād, ed. Muḥammad al-Ṣabbāḥ. Beirut: al-Maktab al-‘Ālamī, 1996.
  • Ibn Qutayba, al-Shi‘r wa al-Shu‘arā’, Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1964.
  • Jacobi, Renate, “The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual,” Bibliotheca Orientalis 53 (1996): 270-273.
  • Jones, Alan, Early Arabic Poetry, I-II, Ithaca: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • al-Jurjānī, ‘Abd al-Qāhir, Asrār al-Balāgha, ed. Hellmut Ritter, Istanbul: Istanbul University, 1954.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Tibrīzī, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-‘Ashr, ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Maṭba‘at M. ‘A. Ṣubayḥ, 1962.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Tibrīzī, Sharḥ Qaṣīdat Ka‘b b. Zuhayr, ed. Fritz Krenkow, Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd, 1971.
  • Lord, Albert Bates, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Meisami, Julie S., Structure and Meaning in Medieval Arabic and Persian Poetry, London and New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Monroe, James T., “Oral Composition in Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 3 (1972): 1-53.
  • Montgomery, James E., The Vagaries of the Qasidah: The Tradition and Practice of Early Arabic Poety, Cambridge, England: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1997.
  • Montgomery, James E., “Of Models and Amanuenses: The Remarks on the Qasīda in Ibn Qutayba’s Kitāb al-Shiʿr wa-l-Shuʿarāʾ,” Islamic Reflections, Arabic Musings: Studies in Honour of Alan Jones, eds. Robert G. Hoyland and Philip F. Kennedy, Cambridge, England: Gibb Memorial Trust, 2004: 1–47.
  • al-Naḥḥās, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-Tis‘ al-Mashhūrāt, ed. Aḥmad Khaṭṭāb, Baghdad: Maṭba‘at al-Ḥukūma, 1973.
  • Nicholson, Reynold A., A literary History of Arabs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
  • Redhouse, James William, “The Burda, i.e., the Poem of the Mantle by Ka‘b, Son of Zuhayr,” Arabian Poetry for English Readers, ed. William A. Clouston, Glasgow: Priv. Print [ M’Larn and son], 1881: 305-318, 459-462.
  • Schoeler, Gregor, “Oral Composition,” trans. Alma Giese, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (EAL), eds. Julie S. Meisami and Paul Starkey, I-II, London and New York: Routledge, 1988: II, 592-593.
  • Sells, Michael, “Bānat Su‘ād: Translation and Introduction,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 21.2 (1990): 140-154.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “Structuralist Analyses of Pre-Islamic Poetry: Critique and New Directions,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43 (1983): 85-107.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “The Ṣu‘lūk and His Poem: A Paradigm of Passage Manqué,” Journal of American Oriental Society, 104.4 (1984): 661-678.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “Pre-Islamic Panegyric and the Poetics of Redemption: Mufaḍḍaliyah 119 of ‘Alqamah and Bānat Su‘ād of Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr,” Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry, ed. Suzanne P. Stetkevych, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994: 1-57.
  • al-Sukkarī, Abū Sa‘īd al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥusayn, Dīwān Ka‘b b. Zuhayr, ed. Tadeusz Kowalski, Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk., 1950.
  • Toorawa, Shawkat M., “Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry,” Journal of American Oriental Society, 117:4 (1997): 759-762.
  • al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn, Mawā’id al-Ḥays fī Fawā’id Imri’ al-Qays, ed. Muṣṭafā ‘Aliyyān, Amman: Dār al-Bashīr, 1994.
  • al-Zawzanī, Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad, Sharḥ al-Mu‘allaqāt al-Sab‘, Beirut: Dār Bayrūt li-al-Ṭibā‘a wa al-Nashr, 1958.
  • Zwettler, Michael, The Oral Tradition of Classical Arabic Poetry: Its Character and Implications, Columbus: Ohio University Press, 1978.
  • Zwettler, Michael, “The Poet and the Prophet: Towards Understanding the Evolution of a Narrative,” Jerusalem Studies of in Arabic and Islam, 5 (1984): 313-87.

Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 46, 113 - 139, 03.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.957271

Öz

Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry has been analyzed from the perspectives of various modern critical literary theories. It has been subject to manifold critical applications that include oral poetry theories, structuralist and anthropological literary theories. Kemal Abu Deeb, Adnan Haydar and especially Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych are among the leading representatives of this phenomenon. Abu Deeb and Haydar apply specific structuralist techniques of analysis to the ancient Bedouin poetry, while Stetkevych proposes the paradigm of the “rite of passage” as formulated by Arnold van Gennep as a more applicable method to understanding Jāhilī poetry. She further argues that the three parts of the qaṣīda; the nasīb, raḥīl, and fakhr correspond to the three stages of the rite of passage; separation, liminality, and reaggregation. This article questions the applicability of such western literary theories in translation and analysis of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and its rhetorical elements.
Concentrating on Stetkevych’s arguments in a more detailed fashion, the article elaborates peculiar characteristics of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and interrogates the applications of such western literary theories in understanding of this traditional form of poetry. It indicates that arbitrary classification and comparison of pre-Islamic poetical elements may not serve for any purpose other than deteriorating their original meanings and introducing additional complexities. It makes references to a good number of examples from her writings to arrive at the conclusion that for the sake of making certain pre-Islamic literary conventions comparable to western literary elements she pushes rhetorical components of both traditions into unnecessary, incomprehensible and complicated directions.
The article appreciates industrious scholarly attempts at trying to integrate Arabic literature into world literature, but it still invites critical attention to the reconsideration some of their conclusions and generalizations. It revisits these arguments by way of comparing them to classical interpretations by indigenous Arabic literary authorities, especially in the cases of the two classical qaṣidas, namely the Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays and the Bānat Su‘ād of Ka‘b b. Zuhayr. The article also questions Stetkevych’s generalizations based on these qaṣīdas regarding the issue of condemnation of poetry in Islam and articulates the contextual and historical peculiarities of this subject-matter.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Deeb, Kemal, “Towards a Structural Analysis of Pre-Islamic Poetry,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 6 (1975): 148-184.
  • Abu Deeb, Kemal, “Towards a Structural Analysis of Pre-Islamic Poetry (II): The Eros Vision,” Edebiyāt, 1.1 (1976): 3-69.
  • Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahānī, Kitāb al-Aghānī, ed. Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī. I-XXXI, Cairo: Dār al-Sha‘b, 1969-1982.
  • al-Anbārī, Abū Bakr, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-Sab‘ al-Ṭiwāl al-Jāhiliyyāt, ed. ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, 1963.
  • Bateson, Mary Catherine. Structural Continuity in Poetry: A Linguistic Study of Five Pre-Islamic Arabic Odes. Paris: The Hague, 1970.
  • Bauer, Thomas, “Formel und Zitat: Zwei Spielarten von Intertextualität in der altarabischen Dichtung,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 24 (1993): 117-138.
  • Bauer, Thomas, “Wie fängt meine Qaṣīda an? Formelhafte und nicht-formelhafte Nasīb-Einleitungsverse,” Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (ZAL), 25 (1993): 50-75.
  • Haydar, Adnan, “The Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays: Its Structure and Meaning, I,” Edebiyāt, 2.2 (1977): 227-61.
  • Haydar, Adnan, “The Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays: Its Structure and Meaning, II,” Edebiyāt, 3.1 (1978): 51-82.
  • Ḥusain, Hidāyat, “Bānat Su‘ād of Ka‘b bin Zuhair,” Islamic Culture 1 (1927): 67-84.
  • Ibn Hishām, ‘Abd Allāh b. Yūsuf, Sharḥ Qaṣīdat Bānat Su‘ād, ed. Muḥammad al-Ṣabbāḥ. Beirut: al-Maktab al-‘Ālamī, 1996.
  • Ibn Qutayba, al-Shi‘r wa al-Shu‘arā’, Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1964.
  • Jacobi, Renate, “The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual,” Bibliotheca Orientalis 53 (1996): 270-273.
  • Jones, Alan, Early Arabic Poetry, I-II, Ithaca: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • al-Jurjānī, ‘Abd al-Qāhir, Asrār al-Balāgha, ed. Hellmut Ritter, Istanbul: Istanbul University, 1954.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Tibrīzī, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-‘Ashr, ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Maṭba‘at M. ‘A. Ṣubayḥ, 1962.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Tibrīzī, Sharḥ Qaṣīdat Ka‘b b. Zuhayr, ed. Fritz Krenkow, Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd, 1971.
  • Lord, Albert Bates, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Meisami, Julie S., Structure and Meaning in Medieval Arabic and Persian Poetry, London and New York: Routledge, 2003.
  • Monroe, James T., “Oral Composition in Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 3 (1972): 1-53.
  • Montgomery, James E., The Vagaries of the Qasidah: The Tradition and Practice of Early Arabic Poety, Cambridge, England: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1997.
  • Montgomery, James E., “Of Models and Amanuenses: The Remarks on the Qasīda in Ibn Qutayba’s Kitāb al-Shiʿr wa-l-Shuʿarāʾ,” Islamic Reflections, Arabic Musings: Studies in Honour of Alan Jones, eds. Robert G. Hoyland and Philip F. Kennedy, Cambridge, England: Gibb Memorial Trust, 2004: 1–47.
  • al-Naḥḥās, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Sharḥ al-Qaṣā’id al-Tis‘ al-Mashhūrāt, ed. Aḥmad Khaṭṭāb, Baghdad: Maṭba‘at al-Ḥukūma, 1973.
  • Nicholson, Reynold A., A literary History of Arabs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
  • Redhouse, James William, “The Burda, i.e., the Poem of the Mantle by Ka‘b, Son of Zuhayr,” Arabian Poetry for English Readers, ed. William A. Clouston, Glasgow: Priv. Print [ M’Larn and son], 1881: 305-318, 459-462.
  • Schoeler, Gregor, “Oral Composition,” trans. Alma Giese, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (EAL), eds. Julie S. Meisami and Paul Starkey, I-II, London and New York: Routledge, 1988: II, 592-593.
  • Sells, Michael, “Bānat Su‘ād: Translation and Introduction,” Journal of Arabic Literature (JAL), 21.2 (1990): 140-154.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “Structuralist Analyses of Pre-Islamic Poetry: Critique and New Directions,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43 (1983): 85-107.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “The Ṣu‘lūk and His Poem: A Paradigm of Passage Manqué,” Journal of American Oriental Society, 104.4 (1984): 661-678.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
  • Stetkevych, Suzanne P., “Pre-Islamic Panegyric and the Poetics of Redemption: Mufaḍḍaliyah 119 of ‘Alqamah and Bānat Su‘ād of Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr,” Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry, ed. Suzanne P. Stetkevych, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994: 1-57.
  • al-Sukkarī, Abū Sa‘īd al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥusayn, Dīwān Ka‘b b. Zuhayr, ed. Tadeusz Kowalski, Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk., 1950.
  • Toorawa, Shawkat M., “Reorientations: Arabic and Persian Poetry,” Journal of American Oriental Society, 117:4 (1997): 759-762.
  • al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn, Mawā’id al-Ḥays fī Fawā’id Imri’ al-Qays, ed. Muṣṭafā ‘Aliyyān, Amman: Dār al-Bashīr, 1994.
  • al-Zawzanī, Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad, Sharḥ al-Mu‘allaqāt al-Sab‘, Beirut: Dār Bayrūt li-al-Ṭibā‘a wa al-Nashr, 1958.
  • Zwettler, Michael, The Oral Tradition of Classical Arabic Poetry: Its Character and Implications, Columbus: Ohio University Press, 1978.
  • Zwettler, Michael, “The Poet and the Prophet: Towards Understanding the Evolution of a Narrative,” Jerusalem Studies of in Arabic and Islam, 5 (1984): 313-87.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hikmet Yaman Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5894-2453

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaman, H. (2021). Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi(46), 113-139. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.957271
AMA Yaman H. Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model. isad. Ağustos 2021;(46):113-139. doi:10.26570/isad.957271
Chicago Yaman, Hikmet. “Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the ‘Rite of Passage’ Model”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 46 (Ağustos 2021): 113-39. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.957271.
EndNote Yaman H (01 Ağustos 2021) Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 46 113–139.
IEEE H. Yaman, “Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the ‘Rite of Passage’ Model”, isad, sy. 46, ss. 113–139, Ağustos 2021, doi: 10.26570/isad.957271.
ISNAD Yaman, Hikmet. “Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the ‘Rite of Passage’ Model”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 46 (Ağustos 2021), 113-139. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.957271.
JAMA Yaman H. Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model. isad. 2021;:113–139.
MLA Yaman, Hikmet. “Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the ‘Rite of Passage’ Model”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 46, 2021, ss. 113-39, doi:10.26570/isad.957271.
Vancouver Yaman H. Applying Modern Literary Theories to Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry: A Critical Analysis of the “Rite of Passage” Model. isad. 2021(46):113-39.