ULUSLARARASI TİCARETİN ADALETİNİ SORGULAMAK: ADİL TİCARET SİSTEMİ, ÇALIŞMA KOŞULLARINA ETKİSİ VE FINDIK İŞÇİLERİ İÇİN “ADALET” ARAYIŞI

Öz

Uluslararası ticaret sistemini oluşturan kurallar, araçlar ve politika yöntemlerinin, gelirin yeniden dağıtımı açısından yoksul ülkelere yönelik olarak adaletli işlemediği, sisteme dair başlıca eleştiridir. Bu çalışmada, geleneksel ticaret sistemine bir alternatif sunduğu iddiasını taşıyan adil ticaret sisteminin, kuramsal zemininin neoliberalizmden, pratiklerinin ise neoliberal aklın çoklu stratejilerle piyasayı inşa etme biçiminden gerçekten farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı, işçilerin çalışma koşullarına etkisi üzerinden incelenecektir. Adil ticaret sisteminin temel iddiasını şekillendiren, üretenlere kendi geleceklerini yönetebilme gücünü sağlayacak çalışma ve yaşam koşullarını oluşturma becerisi; ücretler, örgütlenme ve toplu pazarlık, çocuk işgücü, iş güvenliği ve iş sağlığı gibi unsurlar açısından ve Türkiye’de fındık toplama işinde çalışan gezici mevsim işçileri için tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adil Ticaret, İşgücü Standartları, Gezici Mevsim İşçileri, Fındık

QUESTIONING THE FAIRNESS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: FAIRTRADE SYSTEM, ITS EFFECT ON WORKING CONDITIONS AND PURSUING “FAIRNESS” FOR WORKERS IN HAZELNUT HARVESTING

Öz

The most prominent argument against international trade system is that its rules, tools and policy methods do not function fairly towards poor countries in terms of income redistribution. This study aims to elucidate whether the fair trade system, as self-claiming to present an alternative model to traditional trade, differs from neoliberalism in its theoretical basis and departs in its practices from the way neoliberal mind constructs the market through its multi-strategies. The ability of fair trade to provide decent working and living conditions which can give workers the power to direct their futures will be questioned in terms of basic workers rights such as wages, rights of organization and collective bargaining, child labor, work safety and health for the seasonal immigrant workers within the possibility of adoption of fair trade model in hazelnut harvesting.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fairtrade, Labor Standards, Seasonal Immigrant Workers, Hazelnut

Kaynakça

1. Arezki, Rabah, Kaddour Hadri, Prakash Loungani ve Yao Rao (2013), Testing the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis since 1650: Evidence from Panel Techniques that Allow for Multiple Breaks Working Paper No. 13/180.
2. Bacon, Christopher M. (2010) Who Decides What is Fair in Fair Trade? The Agrienvironmental Governance of Standards, Access, and Price, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37:1, s. 111 – 147, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
3. Basu, Arnab K. ve Robert L. Hicks (2013), Poverty Alleviation through Social Labeling Programs? Information Valuation and Willingness to Pay for Fair Trade Coffee, April, http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/econ/seminars/Basu%20-%20Fair%20Trade- 0413.pdf
4. Becchetti, Leonardo ve Giuseppina, Gianfreda (2008), When Consumption Heals Producers: The Effect of Fair Trade on Marginalised Producers’ Health and Productivity, Working Papers 86, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
5. Becchetti, Leonardo, Pierluigi, Conzo ve Giuseppina, Gianfreda (2009), Market Access, Organic Farming and Productivity: The Determinants of Creation of Economic Value on a Sample of Fair Trade Affiliated Thai Farmers, Econometica Working Papers wp05, Econometica.
6. Becchetti Leonardo ve Stefano Castriota (2008), Is Fair Trade Honey Sweeter? An Empirical Analysis on the Effect of Affiliation on Productivity,Working Papers 104, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
7. Becchetti Leonardo ve Furio Camillo Rosati (2005), The Demand for Socially Responsible Products: Empirical Evidence from a Pilot Study on Fair Trade Consumers, Working Papers 5, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
8. Beleli, Özsel (2012), Mevsimlik Tarım Iṡ ç̧ iliği ve Çocuklar: Sorun Analizi ve Politika Önerileri, Kalkınma Atölyesi, Ankara.

9. Böllinger, Mathias (2014), Adil Ticareti Bekleyen Tehlike, Deutsche Welle, 6 Ağustos, http://www.dw.de/adil-ticareti-bekleyen-tehlike/a-17834358
10. Carimentrand Aurélie ve Jérôme Ballet (2010), When Fair Trade Increases Unfairness: The Case of Quinoa from Bolivia, Working paper FREE-Cahier FREE n°5, http://ethique.perso.sfr.fr/Working%20paper%20FREE-Cahier%20FREE%20n%B05-2010.pdf
11. Çınar, Sidar ve Kuvvet, Lordoğlu (2010). Mevsimlik Tarım İşçiliğinde Tekil Bir Analiz: Karasu Fındık Toplama İşçileri, Mesleki Sağlık ve Güvenlik Dergisi, Sayı: 38.
12. De Martino, George, Jonathan D. Moyer ve Kate M. Watkins (2010), Achieving Ethical Trade through Social Tariffs: The Social Index Tariff Structure Regime, Political Economy Research Institute, Working Paper Series 244, http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_201250/WP244.pdf
13. De Pelsmacker, Patrick, Liesbeth Driesen ve Glenn Rayp (2005), Do Consumers Care about Ethics? Willingness to Pay for Fair-Trade Coffee, Winter, Volume 39, Number 2, s.363-385.
14. European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture (DGVI) The Common Agricultural Policy Attitudes of EU Consumers To Fair Trade Bananas, http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_116_en.pdf
15. Fairtrade International (2014), Annual Report 2012-13, http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2012- 13_AnnualReport_FairtradeIntl_web.pdf
16. FAO, The state of agricultural commodity markets 2004, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5419e/y5419e00.pdf
17. Fair Labor Association (2012), Assessment of the Hazelnut Supply Chain and Hazelnut Harvest in Turkey, http://www.fairlabor.org/report/assessment-hazelnut-supply-chain-andhazelnut-harvest-turkey
18. Fussell, Rachel, (2011), Consumer's Willingness to Pay a Price Premium for Living Wage Products, Duke University Undergraduate Research Symposium’da sunulan bildiri, Durham North Carolina, https://econ.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/fussell-rachel-2011-dukeeconomicsymposium.original.pdf
19. Grankvist, Gunne (2013), Consumer Attitudes to Ethically Labelled Products, Rapport Högskolan Vast, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:605063/FULLTEXT01.pdf
20. Görücü, İbrahim ve Nihat Akbıyık, (2010), Türkiye’de Mevsimlik Tarım İşçiliği: Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri, Hikmet Yurdu Dergisi, Yıl:3, Sayı: 5, s: 189-219
21. Gülçubuk, Bülent (2012), Tarımda Çocuk Emeği Sömürüsü ve Toplumsal Duyarlılık, Çalışma ve Toplum, Sayı: 2012/2, s:81, 83
22. Gürsoy, Özgür Burçak (2010), Bir Yaşam Biçimi Olarak Sosyal Dışlanma: Türkiye’de Mevsimlik Tarım İşçileri, Sınıftan Sınıfa içinde, A. Buğra (der.), İletişim Yayınları, s: 33-65
23. Hiscox Michael J., Michael Broukhim ve Claire S. Litwin (2011), Consumer Demand for Fair Trade: New Evidence from a Field Experiment Using Ebay Auctions of Fresh Roasted Coffee, http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hiscox/files/consumerdemandfairlaborstandardsevidencecoffe e.pdf
24. ILO (2014), Türkiye’de En Kötü Biçimlerdeki Çocuk İşçiliğinin Sonlandırılması: 2014 Hedefine Doğru Yol Haritası, http://www.ilo.org/public/turkish/region/eurpro/ankara/areas/cocukisciligipdf/yolharitasi.pdf
25. ILO (2009), Çocuk İşçiliğinin Sona Erdirilmesi: Türkiye Deneyimine Kapsamlı Bir Bakış, http://www.ilo.org/public/turkish/region/eurpro/ankara/areas/cocukisciligipdf/turkcecocukisci liginekapsamlibakis.pdf
26. Jens Hainmueller, Michael J. Hiscox ve Sandra Sequeira (2015), Consumer Demand for the Fair Trade Label: Evidence from a Multi-Store Field Experiment, Review of Economics and Statistics, Mayıs 2015 sayısında yayına kabul edilmiştir.
27. Kadow, Alexander (2011), The Fair Trade Movement: An Economic Perspective, University of Glasgow Working Papers 05, http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_190522_en.pdf.
28. Kahraman, Kasım ve Yılmaz, Ali Sırrı (2011), Mevsimlik Tarım İşçileri ve Enformel İlişkiler Ağı: Giresun’da Çalışan Mevsimlik Tarım İşçileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma, ZfWT, Vol.3, No:1, s: 218.
29. Lordoğlu, Kuvvet ve Aslan, Mustafa (2012), İşgücü Piyasalarında Etnik Ayırımcılık Var mıdır?, Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, Sayı: 2012/2, No: 33, s: 117-145
30. Maseland Robbert ve Albert de Vaal (2002), How Fair is Fair Trade?, De Economist150, No. 3, http://www.hec.unil.ch/ocadot/SECODEVdocs/Articles/Maseland-DeVaal.pdf
31. Poret, Sylvaine ve Claire Chambolle (2007), Fair Trade: In or Out the Market?, CECO-1676, ,https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/243062/filename/2007-09-14- 1676.pdf
32. Rousu, Matthew C. and Jay R. Corrigan (2008), Consumer Preferences for Fair Trade Foods: Implications for Trade Policy, Coices, American Agricultural Economics Association, http://economics.kenyon.edu/corrigan/publications/Consumer%20Preferences%20for%20Fair %20Trade%20Foods.pdf
33. Ronchi, Loraine (2002), The Impact of Fair Trade on Producers and Their Organizations: A Case Study With Coocafe in Costa Rica, Poverty Research Unit at Sussex – PRUS, Working Paper No. 11, http://www.fairtrade.net/uploads/media/ronchi_ft_impact_cococafe_costa_rica.pdf.
34. Rotaris Lucia ve Romeo Danielis (2011),Willingness to Pay for Fair Trade Coffee: A Conjoint Analysis Experiment with Italian Consumers, Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, Volume 9, Issue 1.
35. Şentürk, Yıldırım (2010), Yarı zamanlı Çiftçilik, Fındık Üretimi ve Fiskobirlik: Fındık Üreticileri Fındığına Nasıl Sahip Çıkabilir?, Hacı Yatmaz’ı Devirmek içinde, Şentürk, Yıldırım ve Yardımcı, Sibel (der.), Kalkedon Yayınları, s.49-90
36. Şimşek, Zeynep, ve Koruk, İbrahim (2009), Çocuk İşçiliğinin En Kötü Biçimlerinden Biri: Mevsimlik Göçebe Tarım İşçiliği, Çalışma Ortamı Dergisi, s. 7-9
37. The Economist, A Marxist Theory is (sort of) Right, September 3 2013, http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/09/commodity-price-decline.
38. The Economist, ‘Fair Trade: Statements’, 7 May 2007, http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/508#con_statement_anchor TÜİK (2006) Çocuk İşgücü Araştırması . TÜİK (2012) Çocuk İşgücü Araştırması.
39. UNCTAD (2014), The Least Developed Countries Report, 2014, http://unctad.org/en/publicationslibrary/ldc2014_en.pdf
40. UNCTAD (2008), UNCTAD Cocoa Study: Industry Structures and Competition Study prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, http://unctad.org/en/docs/ditccom20081_en.pdf
41. Kirezli Özge ve Kabadayı Kuşçu Zeynep (2012), Exploring Fair Trade Attitude and Fair Trade Behavior of Turkish Consumers, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 1316 – 1325
42. Vantomme Delphine ve Maggie Geuens (2006), Explicit and Implicit Determinants of Fair-Trade Buying Behaviour, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 33, der. Connie Pechmann ve Linda Price, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, s. 699-703.
43. World Trade Organization-WTO (2014), International Trade Statistics, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2014_e/its14_highlights1_e.pdf
44. Yılmaz, Şiir Erkök (2010), Dış Ticaret Kuramlarının Evrimi, Efil Yayınevi, Ankara.