Makyavelizm’in Olumsuz Durumları İfşa Etme Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Alan Çalışması

Öz

Makyavelizm konusunda literatürde çok sayıda çalışma yapılmış ve kavramın organizasyonlar açısından önemi birçok etik araştırmasında vurgulanmıştır. Ancak, yapılan incelemeler sonucunda literatürde makyavelizm ve olumsuz durumları ifşa etme (whistleblowing) ilişkisine yönelik yeterli düzeyde çalışma olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, makyavelizm kavramını olumsuz durumları ifşa etme mekanizması çerçevesinde daha derinlemesine anlamak amacıyla, makyavelizmin olumsuz durumları ifşa etme niyeti üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik yapılan analizlerde, kurulan hipotez çerçevesinde makyavelizmin birinci ve üçüncü kişi olumsuz durum ifşa niyetini negatif yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma bulgularının, özellikle Türk literatürü açısından henüz yeterli düzeyde araştırmanın yapılmadığı makyavelizm ve olumsuz durumların ifşa edilmesi alanına önemli katkılar sağlayacağı umulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Örgüt, Etik, Makyavelizm, Olumsuz Durumları İfşa Etme

The Effects of Machiavellianism on Whistleblowing: A Field Study

Abstract

There are a lot of studies in the literature that mentioned Machiavellianism. This construct and its importance are given in a wide range of ethics research. But, there are few studies mentioning the relationship between Machiavellianism and whistleblowing. So, in this study we examine the effect of Machiavellianism on whistleblowing intention. Results support our hypothesis that Machiavellianism has negative effect on the first and third person whistleblowing intention. These findings contribute to the Turkish literature in that there are very few studies on how Machiavellianism and whistle-blower intention are related.

Keywords

• Organization, Ethics, Machiavellianism, Whistleblowing

Kaynakça

1. Ali, Farah, Amorim, Ines Sousa, ve Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (2009), Empathy Deficits and Trait Emotional Intelligence in Psychopathy and Machiavellianism, Personality and Individual Differences, 47:7, s.758-762.
2. Allen, Natalie J. ve Vandenberghe, Cgristian (2003), Examining Organizational Commitment in China, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 62, s.511- 515
3. Appelbaum, Steven H., Iaconi, Giulio David ve Matousek, Albert (2007), Positive and Negative Deviant Workplace Behaviors: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions, Corporate Governance, 7:5, 586-598.
4. Arnold, Donalt ve Ponemon, L. (1991), Internal Auditors’ Perceptions of Whistleblowing and The Influence of Moral Reasoning: An Experiment, Auditing: A Journal of Practice ve Theory, 10:2, s.1-15.
5. Ateş, Hamza, Bağce, H.Emre ve Şen, Mustafa Lütfi (2009), Tapu Hizmetleri ve Etik, Yolsuzluğun Önlenmesi İçin Etik Projesi, Kamu Etiği Akademik Araştırmaları, 1, s.12-102.
6. Ayers, Susan, ve Kaplan, Steven E. (2005). Wrongdoing by Consultants: An Examination of Employees’ Reporting Intentions, Journal of Business Ethics, 57, s.121-137
7. Barnett, Tim, Bass, Ken ve Brown, Gene (1996), Religiosity, Ethical Ideology, and Intentions to Report a Peer’s Wrongdoing, Journal of Business Ethics, 15, s.1161-1174.
8. Bańka, Augustyn ve Orłowski, Karol (2012), The Structure of The Teacher Machiavellianism Model in Social Interactions in a School Environment, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 43:4, s.215- 222.

9. Bennett, Rebecca ve Stamper, Christina L. (2001), Corporate Citizenship and Deviancy: A Study of Discretionary Work Behavior, Strategies and Organizations in Transition, 3, s.265-284.
10. Berkman, Ümit ve Arslan, Mahmut (2009), Dünyada ve Türkiye’de İş Etiği ve Etik Yönetimi, İstanbul: Tüsiad Yayınları.
11. Biegelman, Martin T. ve Bartow, Joel T. (2006), Executive Roadmap to FraudPrevention and Internal Control, New Jersey: John Wiley ve Sons.
12. Blenkinsopp, John ve Edwards, Marissa S. (2008), On not Blowing The Whistle: Quiescent Silence as an Emotion Episode, In Emotions, Ethics and Decision-Making, Zerbe, Wilfred J., Hartel, Charmine E. J. ve Ashkanasy, Neal M. (eds.), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, s.181-206.
13. Bloodgood, James M., Turnley, William H. ve Mudrack, Peter E. (2010), Ethics Instruction and The Perceived Acceptability of Cheating, Journal of Business Ethics, 95, s.23-37
14. Brabeck, Mary (1984), Ethical Characteristics of Whistleblowers, Journal of Research in Personality, 18, s.41-53.
15. Bucka, Dave ve Kleiner, Brian H. (2001), Whistleblowing in The Aerospace and Defence Industries, Managerial Law,43:1/2, s.50-56.
16. Burney, Laurie L., Henle, C.hristine A. ve Widener, Sally K. (2009), A Path Model Examining The Relations Among Strategic Performance Measurement System Characteristics, Organizational Justice, and Extra- and in-Role Performance, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34, s.305-321.
17. Chiu, Randy K. (2002), Ethical Judgement, Locus of Control, and Whistleblowing Intention: A Case Study of Mainland Chinese MBA Students, Managerial Auditing Journal, 17:9, s.581-587.
18. Chiu, Randy ve Erdener, Carolyn (2003), The Ethics of Peer Reporting in Chinese Societies: Evidence from Hong Kong and Shanghai, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14:2, s.335-353.
19. Christie, Richard ve Geis, Florence L. (1970), Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
20. Curtis, Mary B. (2006), Are Audit-Related Ethical Decisions Dependent Upon Mood?, Journal of Business Ethics, 68, s.191-209.
21. Dahling, Jason, Whitaker, Brian G. ve Levy, Paul E. (2009), The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale, Journal of Management, 35:2, s.219- 257.
22. Fehr, Beverley, Samson, Deborah, ve Paulhus, Delroy L. (1992), The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty Years Later. In Advances in Personality Assessment, C. Spielberger ve J. Butcher (eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, s.77- 116.
23. Gautschi, Frederick H. ve Jones, Thomas M. (1998), Enhancing The Ability of Business Students to Recognize Ethical İssues: An Empirical Assessment of The Effectiveness of A Course in Business Ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 17:2, s.205-216.
24. Grafton, Jennifer, Lillis, Anne M. ve Widener, Sally K. (2010), The Role of Performance Measurement and Evaluation in Building Organizational Capabilities and Performance, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35, s.689-706.
25. Gunnthorsdottir, Anna, McCabe, Kevin ve Smith, Vernon (2002), Using the Machiavellianism Instrument to Predict Trustworthiness in A Bargaining Game, Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, s.49- 66.
26. Harmon, Harry A., Brown, Gene, Widing, Robert E. ve Hammond Kevin L. (2002), Exploring The Sales Manager's Feedback to A Failed Sales Effort, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 17:1, s.43-55.
27. Hersh, M.A. (2002), Whistleblowers-heroes or Traitors?: Individual and Collective Responsibility for Ethical Behaviour, Annual Reviews in Control, 26, s.243-262.
28. Jubb, Peter B. (1999), Whistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition and Interpretation, Journal of Business Ethics, 21:1, s.77-94.
29. Jukiewicz, Carole L., Giacalone, Robert A. ve Knouse, Stephen B. (2004), Transforming Personal Experience into A Pedagogical Tool: Ethical Complaints, Journal of Business Ethics, 53, s.283-295.
30. Kaplan, Steven ve Whitecotton, Stacey M. (2001), An Examination of Auditors’ Reporting Intentions When Another Auditor is Offered Client Employment, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 20:1, s.45-63.
31. Kareshki, Hossein (2011), Relation Among Machiavellianism Belief and Goal Orientations in Academic Situations, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, s.414-418.
32. Lacayo, Richard ve Ripley, Amanda (2002), Persons of the Year 2002: The Whistleblowers, Time, Monday, Dec. 30.
33. Lewis, David ve Uys, Tina (2007), Protection Whistleblower at Work: A Comparison of The Impact of British and South African Legislation, Managerial Law, 3, s.76-92.
34. Liyanarachchi, Gregory ve Newdick, Chris (2009), The Impact of Moral Reasoning and Retaliation on Whistle-Blowing: New Zealand Evidence, Journal of Business Ethics, 89, s.37-57.
35. MacNab, Brent R. ve Worthley, Reginald (2008), Self-Efficacy as an Intrapersonal Predictor for Internal Whistleblowing: A US and Canada Examination, Journal of Business Ethics, 79, s.407-421.
36. Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica R. ve Viswesvaran, Chockalingam (2005), Whistleblowing in Organizations: An Examination of Correlates of Whistleblowing Intentions, Actions, and Retaliation, Journal of Business Ethics, 62, s.277-297.
37. Nam, Dae-il ve Lemak, David J. (2007), The Whistle-Blowing Zone: Applying Barnard’s Insights to a Modern Ethical Dilemma, Journal of Management History, 13:1, s.33-42.
38. O’Connor, Peter J., ve Athota, Vidya S. (2013), The Intervening Role of Agreeableness in The Relationship Between Trait Emotional Intelligence and Machiavellianism: Reassessing The Potential Dark Side Of EI. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, s.750-754.
39. O’Fallon, Michael J. ve Butterfield, Kenneth D. (2005), A Review of The Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59, s.375-413.
40. Özgener, Şevki, Tanç, Ahmet ve Ulu, Seher (2012), Çalışma Yaşamında Sorun Bildirme Sistemi, Çalışma Yaşamında Davranış: Güncel Yaklaşımlar içinde, Keser, Aşkın, Yılmaz, Gözde ve Yürür, Senay (ed.), Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
41. Paal, Tunde ve Bereczkei, Tamas (2007), Adult Theory of Mind, Cooperation, Machiavellianism: The Effect of Mindreading on Social Relations, Personality and Individual Differences, 4:3, s.541-551.
42. Park, Heungsik, Rehg, Michael T. ve Lee, Donggi (2005), The Influence of Confucian Ethics and Collectivism on Whistleblowing Intentions: A Study of South Korean Public Employees, Journal of Business Ethics, 58, s.387-403.
43. Podsakoff, Philip M., MacKenzie, Scott B., Lee, Jeong-Yeon ve Podsakoff. Nathan P. (2003), Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of The Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88:5, s.879-903.
44. Rauthmann, John F. (2012), Towards Multifaceted Machiavellianism: Content, Factorial, and Construct Validity of a German Machiavellianism Scale, Personality and Individual Differences, 52:3, s.345-351.
45. Robbins, Stephen P. (1998), Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies, Applications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
46. Robinson, Shani N., Robertson, Jesse C. ve Curtis, Mary B. (2012), The Effects of Contextual and Wrongdoing Attributes on Organizational Employees’ Whistleblowing Intentions Following Fraud, Journal of Business Ethics, 106, s.213-227.
47. Schermerhorn, John R. (1989), Management for Productivity, Third Edition, Carbondale: Southern Illionis John WileyveSons Inc.
48. Schultz, Joseph J., Johnson, Douglas A., Morris, Deigan ve Dyrnes, Sverre (1993), An Investigation of the Reporting of Questionable Acts in an International Setting, Journal of Accounting Research, 31, s.75-103.
49. Seifert, Deborah L., Sweeney, John T., Joireman, Jeff ve Thornton, John M. (2010), The Influence of Organizational Justice on Accountant Whistleblowing, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35, s.707-717.
50. Sims, Randi L. ve Keenan, John P. (1998), Predictors of External Whistleblowing: Organizational and Intrapersonal Variables. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, s.411-422.
51. Street, Marc ve Street, Vera L. (2006), The Effects of Escalating Commitment on Ethical Decision-Making, Journal of Business Ethics, 64, s.343-356.
52. Tang, Thomas Li-Ping ve Liu, Hsi (2012), Love of Money and Unethical Behavior Intention: Does an Authentic Supervisor’s Personal Integrity and Character (ASPIRE) Make a Difference?, Journal of Business Ethics, 107, s.295-312.
53. Tavakoli, A., Keenan, John P. ve CrnjakKaranovic, B. (2003), Culture and Whistleblowing: An Empirical Study of Croatian and United States Managers Utilizing Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, Journal of Business Ethics, 43, s.49-64.
54. Taylor, Eileen Z. ve Curtis, Mary B. (2010), An Examination of The Layers of Workplace Influences in Ethical Judgments: Whistleblowing Likelihood and Perseverance in Public Accounting, Journal of Business Ethics, 93, s.21-37.
55. Teven, Jason J. (2007), Teacher Machiavellianism and Social Influence in the College Classroom: Implications for Measurement, Communication Research Reports, 24:4, s.341-352.
56. Wakefield, Robin (2008), Accounting and Machiavellianism, Behavioral Research in Accounting, 20, s.115-129.
57. Winter, S., Stylianou, A., ve Giacalone, R. (2004), Individual Differences in the Acceptability of Unethical Information Technology Practices: The Case of Machiavellianism and Ethical Ideology, Journal of Business Ethics, 54, s.279-301.