ETİKSEL DAVRANIŞLAR VE ETİKSEL İKLİMİN MOBBİNG ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 116 - 140, 01.09.2015

Dr. Fikret Sözbilir

Öz

Etik uygulamalar çalışma yaşamı için önemlidir. Mobbing olarak adlandırılan işyerlerinde psikolojik taciz son yıllarda çalışma yaşamında olumsuz etkileriyle önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışanların iş yaşamında etiksel davranışlara üst yönetimin desteği, etiksel iklimin bencillik, iyilikseverlik, prensiplilik boyutları, etiksel davranış ve kariyer başarısı arasındaki ilişki gibi etiksel faktörlerin genel mobbing üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Aynı zamanda mobbingi azaltan etik uygulamalar ile ilgili öneriler sunmaktır. Yapılan alan çalışmasında, Türkiye genelinde faaliyet gösteren sulama birliklerindeki 158 çalışandan anket yardımıyla kurumlarındaki etiksel davranış, etiksel iklim ve mobbing algılarına ilişkin veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin içerik analizi SPSS 16 programı ile yapılarak tablolar halinde sunumu yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, etiksel iklim boyutlarından iyilikseverlik ve etiksel davranışla kariyer başarısı arasındaki ilişkinin mobbing üzerinde olumlu etkisi, bencilliğin olumsuz etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna karşın etiksel davranışlara üst yönetimin desteğinin ve etiksel iklimin diğer boyutu olan prensipliliğin genel mobbing üzerinde etkisi bulunmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bencillik, iyilikseverlik, prensiplilik, kariyer başarısı, mobbing

IMPACT OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR AND ETHICAL CLIMATE ON MOBBING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Öz

Ethical practices are important for working life. Psychological harassment at workplace that is called as mobbing has an important place with the negative effects on working life in recent years. This study aims to determine the impact of top management support for ethical behaviour, ethical climate dimensions; egoistic, benevolent, and principled, and association ethical behaviour and career success on overall mobbing. At the same time, it is aimed to provide recommendations, based on ethical practices decreasing of mobbing. In this empirical study, the data on perceptions concerning ethical behaviour, ethical climate (egoistic, benevolence, and principled), and mobbing was gathered by means of a questionnaire from 158 participating employees working in different irrigation unions in Turkey. Data were subjected to analysis with SPSS 16.0 software and presented in tables. The findings showed that one dimension of ethical climate, benevolent and the association between ethical behaviour and career success have positive impact, egoistic have negative impact, on the other hand top management support for ethical behaviour and one another dimension of ethical climate, principled have no significant impact on overall mobbing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethic, egoistic, benevolence, principled, career success, mobbing

Kaynakça

• Appelbaum, Steven H.; Deguire, Kyle J. ve Lay, Mathieu (2005), “The relationship of ethical climate to deviant workplace behaviour”, Corporate Governance, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 43-55, DOI 10.1108/14720700510616587
• Aydemir, Muzaffer ve Acılar, Ali (2009), “The Relationships between Ethical Climate and Sexual Harassment: An Empirical Study with Nurses”, İş Ahlakı Dergisi, Mayıs, Cilt 2, Sayı 3, ss. 75-95.
• Bandura, Albert (1978), “Social Learning Theory of Aggression” Journal of Communication, Vol. 28, Is. 3, pp.12-29.
• Bews, Neville F. ve Rossouw, Gedeon J. (2002). “A Role for Business Ethics in Facilitating Trustworthiness”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp.377-390.
• Bulutlar, Füsun ve Öz, Ela Ü. (2009), “The Effects of Ethical Climates on Bullying Behaviour in the Workplace”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 86, pp.273-295.
• Büte, Mustafa (2011). “Algılanan Örgüt İkliminin Etik Olmayan Davranışlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 25, Sayı: 2, ss.103-122.
• Colonomos, Ariel (2005), “The morality of belief in the profits of virtue”, International Social Science Journal, Volume: 57, Issue: 185, September, pp. 457–467.
• Cronbach, Lee J. (1951), “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests”, Psychometrika, 16(3), ss. 297-334.
• Cullen, John B.; Victor, Bart ve Bronson, James W. (1993), “The Ethical Climate Questionnaire: An assessment of its development and validity”, Psychological Reports, Vol 73(2), 667-674.
• Cullen, John B.; Parboteeah, Praveen K. ve Victor, Bart (2003), ‘The Effects of Ethical Climates on Organisational Commitment: A Two-Study Analysis’, Journal of Business Ethics 46(2), 127–141. doi:10.1023/A:1025089819456.
• Davenport, Noa; Schwartz, Ruth D. ve Elliott, Gail P. (2003), Mobbing: İşyerinde Duygusal Taciz, Sistem Yayıncılık: İstanbul
• D’Aquila, Jill M.; Bean, David F. ve Procario-Foley, Elena G. (2004), ‘Students’ Perception of the Ethical Business Climate: A Comparison with Leaders in the Community’, Journal of Business Ethics 51(2), 155–166. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000033609.90950.54.
• de Wet, Corene (2014), “Educators’ understanding of workplace bullying”, South African Journal of Education, 34(1), pp. 1-16.
• Einarsen, Ståle ve Skogstad, Anders (1996), “Bullying at Work: Epidomological Findings in Public and Private Organizations”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol: 5, No: 2, pp.185-201.
• Einarsen, Stale (1999), “The Nature and Causes of Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 20(1/2), pp. 16–27.
• Einarsen, Stale (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: a review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(5), 379-401.
• Einarsen, Stale; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, D. ve Cooper, Cary L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: the European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace (pp. 3-30). London: Taylor & Francis.
• Ertureten, Aysegul; Cemalcilar, Zeynep ve Aycan, Zeynep (2013). The Relationship of Downward Mobbing with Leadership Style and Organizational Attitudes, Journal of Business Ethics, 116, pp. 205-216
• Field, Andy P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Third edition, Sage Publication, London.
• Galbraith, Diane D. ve Webb, Fred L. (2010), “Business Ethics: A View from the Classroom”, IABR ve ITLC Conference Proceedings, Orlando, FL, USA.
• Guorong, Yang (2006), “On Luo Congyan’s Ethics”, Front. Philos. China, 1, ss.102–113
• Hartog, Mary (2004), “Critical action learning: Teaching business ethic”, Reflective Practice, Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 395 – 407.
• Harvey, Michael; Treadway, Darren; Heames, T. Joyce ve Duke, Allison (2009), “Bullying in the 21st Century Global Organization: An Ethical Perspective”, Journal of Business Ethics, 85, pp.27-40.
• Hoel, Helge; Rayner, Charlotte ve Cooper, Cary L. (1999). Workplace bullying. In C. L. Cooper & I. T.Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 195-230). London: John Wiley.
• House, James S. (1987), “Notes and Insights: Social Support and Social Structure”, Sociological Forum, Volume: 2 Number: 1, pp.135-146.
• Hunt, Shelby D.; Chonko, Lawrence B. ve Wilcox, James B. (1984), “Ethical Problems of Marketing Researchers”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 21, Nu. 3, pp.309-324.
• Inglehart, Ronald ve Baker, Wayne E. (2000), “Modernization, Culture Change And The Persistence Of Traditional Values”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 65, No:1, February, pp. 19–51.
• Kalaycı, Şeref (2002). “Faktör Analizi: Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı”, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim yönetimi, Sayı: 32, ss. 470-483.
• Karcıoğlu, Fatih ve Çelik, Ülke H. (2012). Mobbing (Yıldırma) ve Örgütsel Bağlılığa Etkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 1, ss. 59-75.
• Kırel, Çiğdem (2007). “Örgütlerde Mobbing Yönetiminde Destekleyici ve Risk Azaltıcı Öneriler”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt.:7, Sayı: 2, ss. 317-334
• Koh, Hian C. ve Boo, El’fred H. Y. (2001), The Link Between Organizational Ethics and Job Satisfaction: A Study of Managers in Singapore, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 29, pp.309–324.
• Kuçuradi, Ioanna (2003), “Etik ve ‘Etikler”, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri Dergisi, Sayı:423/1, ss.7-9.
• Lai, Chen (2010), “Virtue Ethics and Confucian Ethics”, Dao, Vol. 9, pp.275–287. DOI 10.1007/S11712- 010-9174-1
• Lussier, Robert N. (2009), Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development, Fourth Edition, South-Western Cengage Learning, USA.
• Luthans, Fred (2002), Organisational Behaviour, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Luthans, Fred ve Stajkovic, Alexander D. (1999), “Reinforce for performance: The need to go beyond
• pay and even rewards”, The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 13, No: 2, pp. 49-57.
• Leymann, Heinz (1990), “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplaces”, Violence and Victims,
• Vol. 5, Nu. 2, pp. 119-126.
• Matthiesen, Stig B. (2006), “Bullying at work: Antecedents and outcomes”, Department of Psychosocial Science Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway, Ph. D Thesis, p.96.
• Martin, Kelly D. ve Cullen, John B. (2006), “Continuities and Extensions of Ethical Climate Theory: A Meta-Analytic Review”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 69(2), pp. 175–194. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7.
• Murry, William D.; Sivasubramaniam, Nagaraj; Jacques, Paul H. (2001), “Supervisory Support, Social Exchange Relationships and Sexual Harassment Consequences: A Test of Competing Models”, The Leadership Quarterly 12(1), pp.1-29. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00062-5.
• Osthaus, Carl R. (2004), “The Work Ethic of the Plain Folk: Labor and Religion in the Old South”, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Nov., 2004), pp. 745-782.
• Özgener, Şevki (2008), İş Ahlakının Kurumsallaşmasında Üst Yönetim Kademesinin Rolü”, İş Ahlakı Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, pp. 31-54,
• Parboteeah, Praveen K. ve Kapp, Edward A. (2007), “Ethical Climates and Safety-Enhancing Behaviours: An Empirical Test”, Journal of Business Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9452-y.
• Peterson, Dane K. (2002), “Deviant Workplace Behaviour and the Organisation’s Ethical Climate”, Journal of Business and Psychology 17(1), 47–61. doi:10.1023/A:1016296116093.
• Putranta, Martinus P. ve Kingshott, Russel P.J. (2011), “The Relationships Between Ethical Climates, Ethical Ideologies and Organisational Commitment within Indonesian Higher Education Institutions”, J Acad Ethics, Vol. 9, pp.43–60. DOI 10.1007/s10805-010-9122-z
• Rayner, Charlotte ve Hoel, Helge (1997). “Summary review of literature related to workplace bullying”, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 181-191-255.
• Robinson, Sandra L. ve Bennett, Rebecca J. (1995), “A Typology of Workplace Deviant Behaviour: A Multidimensional Scaling Study”, Academy of Management Journal 38(2), 555–572. doi:10.2307/256693.
• Schermerhorn, John R. (2007), Exploring Management: in modules, John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
• Schneider, Benjamin (1975), "Organizational climate: An essay" Personnel Psychology, 28, pp. 447- 479.
• Schulze, Nergis (1997), “İşletme Etiği Sorununa Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt:30, Sayı:4, ss.35-51.
• Sekaran, Uma (1999). Research Methods For Business: A skill building approach, (3. Basım). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Şahin, Bayram ve Dündar, Tuğba (2011), “Sağlık Sektöründe Etik İklim ve Yıldırma (Mobbing) Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Vol. 66, Nu. 1, pp. 129-159.
• Tansal, Sabih (2002), “Etik Değerlere Evrensel Yaklaşım”, Executive Excellence Dergisi, Sayı: 64, Temmuz, ss.10-11.
• Tevrüz, Suna; Artan, İnci ve Bozkurt, Tülay (1999), Davranışlarımızdan Seçmeler: Örgütsel Yaklaşım, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul
• Tınar, Mustafa Y. (1999), Çalışma Psikolojisi, Necdet Bükey Yayınları, İzmir.
• Tınaz, Pınar (2006), Mobbing: İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz, Çalışma ve Toplum, Sayı: 4, ss. 13-28.
• Trevino, Linda K. ve Brown, Michael E. (2005), “The Role of Leaders in Influencing Unethical Behavior in the Workplace”, Managing Organizational Deviance, Eds:Roland E. Kidwell ve Christopher L. Martin, Chapter: 3, Sage Publication, USA, pp.69-87.
• Upchurch, Randall S. (1998), “A Conceptual Foundation for Ethical Decision Making: A Stakeholder Perspective in the Lodging Industry (U.S.A.)”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 17, pp.1349–1361.
• Vardi, Yoav (2001), “The Effects of Organizational and Ethical Climates on Misconduct at Work”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 29, pp. 325–337.
• Vartia, Maarit (1996), “Sources of Bullying – Psychological Work Environment and Organisational Climate”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 203–214. doi:10.1080/13594329608414855
• Victor, Bart ve Cullen, John B. (1988), “The Organisational Bases of Ethical Work Climates”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33, 101–125. doi:10.2307/2392857.
• Viswesvaran, Chockalingam; Deshpande, Satish P.; Joseph, Jacob (1998), “Job Satisfaction as a Function of Top Management Support for Ethical Behavior: A Study of Indian Managers”, Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 17, 365-371
• Wimbush, James C. ve Shepard, Jon M. (1994), “Toward an Understanding of Ethical Climate: Its Relationship to Ethical Behaviour and Supervisory Influence”, Journal of Business Ethics 13(8), 637–647. doi:10.1007/BF00871811.
• Wimbush, James C. ve Shepard, Jon M.-Markham, Steven E. (1997), “An Empirical Examination of the Multi- Dimensionality of Ethical Climate in Organisations”, Journal of Business Ethics, 16(1), 67–77. doi:10.1023/A:1017962229330.
• Yamada, David (2008). “Workplace Bullying and Ethical Leadership”, The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, Vol. 1, Iss. 2, Article 5. Retrieved from http://scholar.valpo.edu/jvbl/vol1/iss2/5 (29.12.2014).
• Yaman, Erkan (2008), “Üniversiteler ve Etik: Baskılar ya da Psikolojik Şiddet”, İş Ahlakı Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, pp. 81-97.
• Zapf, D. ve Einarsen, Stale. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying. In S. Einarsen & H. Hoel & D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace (pp. 165-184). London: Taylor & Francis.
• Zapf, D.; Einarsen, Stale; Hoel, Helge ve Vartia, M. (2003). Empirical findings on bullying in the workplace. In S. Einarsen & H. Hoel & D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace (pp. 103-126). London: Taylor & Francis.