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Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 71 - 88, 01.12.2012

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, gemi sökümü endüstrisindeki çevre, sağlık ve güvenlik şartlarının iyileştirilmesi sorununa, Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri’nin yanıt olabilme potansiyeli üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapmaktır. Söz konusu düzenlemeler soruna etkin bir çözüm üretilme konusunda ciddi bir ikilemle karşı karşıyadır. Gemi söküm işlemi belirli standartlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirildiğinde ekonomik açıdan yapılabilir bir faaliyet olmaktan çıkmaktadır. Ancak diğer taraftan, dünya deniz filosu hacmindeki genişlemeye bağlı olarak sökümü ve geri dönüşümü gereken gemi miktarı giderek artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla ilgili düzenlemeler bir yandan bu işin ekonomik açıdan yapılabilir bir faaliyet olarak kalmasını, öte yandan da işçi sağlığı ve güvenliği ile çevreye ilişkin şartların iyileştirilmesini sağlamalıdırlar. Doğal olarak bu ikilem, Sözleşmelerin gücünü ve etkinliğini zayıflatmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkeler, yüksek maliyetler ve sektörün taşıdığı riskler sebebiyle gemi söküm işlemi yapmamakta ve hurda gemileri gelişmekte olan ülkelere ihraç etmektedir. Söküm işlemi yapılan gelişmekte olan ülkeler ise düşük standartların yarattığı maliyet avantajını kullanarak bu işten kazanç sağlamakta ancak bu süreçte sektörle bütünleşen ciddi çevre ve sağlık sorunlara maruz kalmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Andersen, Aage Bjİrn (2001), Worker Safety in the Ship-breaking Industries, ILO, Geneva.
  • Bhattacharjee, Saurabh (2009), “From Basel To Hong Kong: International Environ- mental Regulation of Ship-Recycling Takes One Step Forward And Two Steps Back”, Trade, Law and Develop- ment,Volume 1, Issue 2, ss. 193-230.
  • Christensen, Ingrid (2010), “Ship Recycling from an ILO Perspective”, Secretariat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). July, Turkey.
  • CIEL - The Center For International Envi- ronmental Law (2011), Shipbreaking and The Basel Convention: Analysis of The Level of Control Established Under The http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Shi pbreaking_22Apr11.pdf, (13.11.2011).
  • Çeviker, Ersin (2010) “Ship Recycling in Tur- key The Industry Perspective”, Secreta- riat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 July, Turkey. http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011).
  • ÇOB - Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2007), Türkiye Çevre Durum Raporu, Ankara.
  • ÇSGB - Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakan- lığı (2007), Gemi Söküm İşyerlerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Teftiş Projesi - 2 Genel Değerlendirme Raporu, Ankara.
  • DDK - Devlet Denetleme Kurumu (2008), Tersanecilik Sektörü ile İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından Tuzla Tersaneler Bölgesinin İncelenmesi ve Değerlendi- rilmesi Hakkında Araştırma ve İnce- leme http://www.tccb.gov.tr/ddk/ddk25.p df (08.12.2011). Raporu.
  • EC - Commission of The European Commu- nities (2007a), Green Paper On Better Ship Dismantling, Brussels.
  • EC (2007b), Ship Dismantling and Pre-clea- Ships ning http://ec.europa.eu/environment/wa ste/ships/pdf/ship_dismantling_re- port.pdf, (18.12.2011) Final Report,
  • EC (2008), An EU Strategy for Better Ship Dismantling, Brussels.
  • EC (2010), An Assessment of the Link Bet- ween the IMO Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, the Basel Convention and the EU Waste Ship- ment http://ec.europa.eu/environment/wa s t e / s h i p s / p d f / r e p o r t 0 3 1 0 . p d f , (28.11.2011). Brussels.
  • ILO (2003), Safety and Health in Ship-brea- king: Guidelines for Asian Countries and Turkey, Geneva.
  • Jacobson, Harold K., Weiss, Edith Brown (1997), “Compliance with International Environmental Accords: Achievements and Strategies”, International Gover- nance on Environmental Issues, (ed.), Mats Rolén, Helen Sjöberg and Uno Svedin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ss. 78–110.
  • Kummer, Katharina (1992), “The Internatio- nal Regulation of Transboundary Traf- fic in Hazardous Wastes: The 1989 Basel Convention”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3, ss. 530–562.
  • Küçükgül, Enver Yaser., Güneş, Fatma (2007), “Gemi Sökümü ve Tehlikeli Atık Yönetimi”, 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendis- liği Kongresi, 24–27 Aralık 2007, İzmir, ss. 318–326.
  • Lawrence, Peter (1998), “Negotiating of a Protokol on Liability and Compensa- tion For Damage Resulting From Trans- boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal”, RECIEL, Vol.7, Issue 3, ss. 249–255.
  • Lück, Nele Matz (2010), “Safe and Sound Scrapping of Rusty Buckets? The 2009 Hong Kong Ship Recycling Conven- tion”, RECIEL, 19/1, ss. 95-103.
  • Mikelis, Nikos (2010) Introduction To The Hong Kong Convention And Its Requi- rements, Secretariat of The Basel Con- vention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 July, http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). Turkey.
  • Moen, Amy E. (2008), “Breaking Basel: The Elements of the Basel Convention and its Application to Toxic Ships”, Marine Policy, 32. ss. 1053-1062.
  • Neşer, Gökdeniz; Ünsalan, Deniz, vd. (2008), “The Shipbreaking Industry in Turkey: Environmental Safety, Health Issues”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, ss. 350–358.
  • Öztürk, Ayşe (2010), Employers’ Health & Safety Responsibilities, Secretariat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). July, Turkey.
  • Sand, Peter H. (1992), The Effectiveness of International Environmental Agree- ments, Grotius Publications, Cam- bridge.
  • SBC - Secretary of Basel Convention (1995), Report of the Third Meeting of the Con- ference of the Parties to the Basel Con- vention, meetings/cop/cop1-4/cop3repe.pdf (22.10.2011). SBC (2004),
  • Report of the Seventh Mee
  • ting of the Conference of the Parties to the
  • http://www.basel.int/meetings/cop/
  • cop7/docs/33eRep. pdf (22.10.2011). SBC (2008),
  • The Basel Convention At a
  • Glance, http://www.basel.int/conven
  • tion/ bc_glance.pdf (07.10.2011).
  • UNCTAD - United Nations Conferance on Trade and Development (2010), Review of Maritime Transport, United Nations Publications.
  • Vardar, Erdem (2004), “Türkiye’de ve Dün- yada Gemi Söküm Sanayi ve Çevre”, Gemi Mühendisliği ve Sanayimiz Sem- pozyumu, 24–25 Aralık 2004, ss. 322– 333.
  • Weiss, Edith Brown, Jacobson, Harold K. (1999), “Getting Countries to Comply With International Agreements”, Envi- ronment, 41: 6, ss. 16–45.
  • Wettestad, Jorgen (1999), Designing Effec- tive Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK.
  • Young, Oran R., Demko, George J. (1996), “Improving the Effectiveness of Inter- national Environmental Governance Systems”, Change and International Governance, (ed.) Oran R. Young, George J. Demko and Kilaparti Ramakrishna, University Press of New England, Hanover, ss. 229–246. Environmental

Ship-Breaking Industry in The Context Of Basel And Hong Kong Conventions: An Environment, Health And Safety-Based Analysis

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 71 - 88, 01.12.2012

Öz

This study aims to make a comparative analysis on the Basel and Hong Kong conventions’ potential to improve the conditions related to health, safety and environment in ship-breaking industry. These arrangements face a severe dilemma in producing an effective solution to the problem. Because of high standards and strict obligations, ship recycling process is not an economically viable activity. On the other side, the number of fleets has been increasing day by day in the world because of the rise in sea transportation. Thus these regulations should be made in order to keep the ship-breaking as an economically executable process on the one hand and to ameliorate the conditions related to worker’s health and security, and environmental compliance on the other hand. Naturally, this situation weakened the strength and effectiveness of these conventions. The developed countries prefer not to make any ship-breaking because of the high costs and risks, and they export the scrap vessels to the developing states. Because of poor standards in developing states, ship-breaking can be executed less costly and they can profit from this industry, but they are exposed to severe environmental and health problems.

Kaynakça

  • Andersen, Aage Bjİrn (2001), Worker Safety in the Ship-breaking Industries, ILO, Geneva.
  • Bhattacharjee, Saurabh (2009), “From Basel To Hong Kong: International Environ- mental Regulation of Ship-Recycling Takes One Step Forward And Two Steps Back”, Trade, Law and Develop- ment,Volume 1, Issue 2, ss. 193-230.
  • Christensen, Ingrid (2010), “Ship Recycling from an ILO Perspective”, Secretariat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). July, Turkey.
  • CIEL - The Center For International Envi- ronmental Law (2011), Shipbreaking and The Basel Convention: Analysis of The Level of Control Established Under The http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Shi pbreaking_22Apr11.pdf, (13.11.2011).
  • Çeviker, Ersin (2010) “Ship Recycling in Tur- key The Industry Perspective”, Secreta- riat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 July, Turkey. http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011).
  • ÇOB - Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2007), Türkiye Çevre Durum Raporu, Ankara.
  • ÇSGB - Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakan- lığı (2007), Gemi Söküm İşyerlerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Teftiş Projesi - 2 Genel Değerlendirme Raporu, Ankara.
  • DDK - Devlet Denetleme Kurumu (2008), Tersanecilik Sektörü ile İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından Tuzla Tersaneler Bölgesinin İncelenmesi ve Değerlendi- rilmesi Hakkında Araştırma ve İnce- leme http://www.tccb.gov.tr/ddk/ddk25.p df (08.12.2011). Raporu.
  • EC - Commission of The European Commu- nities (2007a), Green Paper On Better Ship Dismantling, Brussels.
  • EC (2007b), Ship Dismantling and Pre-clea- Ships ning http://ec.europa.eu/environment/wa ste/ships/pdf/ship_dismantling_re- port.pdf, (18.12.2011) Final Report,
  • EC (2008), An EU Strategy for Better Ship Dismantling, Brussels.
  • EC (2010), An Assessment of the Link Bet- ween the IMO Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, the Basel Convention and the EU Waste Ship- ment http://ec.europa.eu/environment/wa s t e / s h i p s / p d f / r e p o r t 0 3 1 0 . p d f , (28.11.2011). Brussels.
  • ILO (2003), Safety and Health in Ship-brea- king: Guidelines for Asian Countries and Turkey, Geneva.
  • Jacobson, Harold K., Weiss, Edith Brown (1997), “Compliance with International Environmental Accords: Achievements and Strategies”, International Gover- nance on Environmental Issues, (ed.), Mats Rolén, Helen Sjöberg and Uno Svedin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ss. 78–110.
  • Kummer, Katharina (1992), “The Internatio- nal Regulation of Transboundary Traf- fic in Hazardous Wastes: The 1989 Basel Convention”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3, ss. 530–562.
  • Küçükgül, Enver Yaser., Güneş, Fatma (2007), “Gemi Sökümü ve Tehlikeli Atık Yönetimi”, 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendis- liği Kongresi, 24–27 Aralık 2007, İzmir, ss. 318–326.
  • Lawrence, Peter (1998), “Negotiating of a Protokol on Liability and Compensa- tion For Damage Resulting From Trans- boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal”, RECIEL, Vol.7, Issue 3, ss. 249–255.
  • Lück, Nele Matz (2010), “Safe and Sound Scrapping of Rusty Buckets? The 2009 Hong Kong Ship Recycling Conven- tion”, RECIEL, 19/1, ss. 95-103.
  • Mikelis, Nikos (2010) Introduction To The Hong Kong Convention And Its Requi- rements, Secretariat of The Basel Con- vention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 July, http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). Turkey.
  • Moen, Amy E. (2008), “Breaking Basel: The Elements of the Basel Convention and its Application to Toxic Ships”, Marine Policy, 32. ss. 1053-1062.
  • Neşer, Gökdeniz; Ünsalan, Deniz, vd. (2008), “The Shipbreaking Industry in Turkey: Environmental Safety, Health Issues”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, ss. 350–358.
  • Öztürk, Ayşe (2010), Employers’ Health & Safety Responsibilities, Secretariat of The Basel Convention Ship Recycling Technology & Knowledge Transfer Workshop, 14-16 http://archive.basel.int/ships/ktw/in dex.html, (22.10.2011). July, Turkey.
  • Sand, Peter H. (1992), The Effectiveness of International Environmental Agree- ments, Grotius Publications, Cam- bridge.
  • SBC - Secretary of Basel Convention (1995), Report of the Third Meeting of the Con- ference of the Parties to the Basel Con- vention, meetings/cop/cop1-4/cop3repe.pdf (22.10.2011). SBC (2004),
  • Report of the Seventh Mee
  • ting of the Conference of the Parties to the
  • http://www.basel.int/meetings/cop/
  • cop7/docs/33eRep. pdf (22.10.2011). SBC (2008),
  • The Basel Convention At a
  • Glance, http://www.basel.int/conven
  • tion/ bc_glance.pdf (07.10.2011).
  • UNCTAD - United Nations Conferance on Trade and Development (2010), Review of Maritime Transport, United Nations Publications.
  • Vardar, Erdem (2004), “Türkiye’de ve Dün- yada Gemi Söküm Sanayi ve Çevre”, Gemi Mühendisliği ve Sanayimiz Sem- pozyumu, 24–25 Aralık 2004, ss. 322– 333.
  • Weiss, Edith Brown, Jacobson, Harold K. (1999), “Getting Countries to Comply With International Agreements”, Envi- ronment, 41: 6, ss. 16–45.
  • Wettestad, Jorgen (1999), Designing Effec- tive Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK.
  • Young, Oran R., Demko, George J. (1996), “Improving the Effectiveness of Inter- national Environmental Governance Systems”, Change and International Governance, (ed.) Oran R. Young, George J. Demko and Kilaparti Ramakrishna, University Press of New England, Hanover, ss. 229–246. Environmental
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA23DT76MB
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dr.Yasemin Kaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, D. (2012). Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 14(4), 71-88.
AMA Kaya D. Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz. isguc. Aralık 2012;14(4):71-88.
Chicago Kaya, Dr.Yasemin. “Basel Ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 14, sy. 4 (Aralık 2012): 71-88.
EndNote Kaya D (01 Aralık 2012) Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 14 4 71–88.
IEEE D. Kaya, “Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz”, isguc, c. 14, sy. 4, ss. 71–88, 2012.
ISNAD Kaya, Dr.Yasemin. “Basel Ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 14/4 (Aralık 2012), 71-88.
JAMA Kaya D. Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz. isguc. 2012;14:71–88.
MLA Kaya, Dr.Yasemin. “Basel Ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık Ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, c. 14, sy. 4, 2012, ss. 71-88.
Vancouver Kaya D. Basel ve Hong Kong Sözleşmeleri Bağlamında Gemi Söküm Endüstrisi: Çevre, Sağlık ve Güvenlik Odaklı Bir Analiz. isguc. 2012;14(4):71-88.