Sürdürülebilir ulaşım için yenilenebilir dietil eter yakıtlı arazi dışı CI motorlarının sayısal optimizasyonu ve deneysel incelenmesi

Öz

Fosil dizel yakıtına bağımlılığı en aza indirmek için dizel yerine yenilenebilir dietil eter (DEE) kullanan bu çalışmanın amaçlarından biri, hafif hizmet arazi dizel motorlarında daha temiz enerji üretimidir. Hava soğutmalı tek silindirli bir dizel motorda, %5, 10, 15, 20 ve 25'lik çeşitli DEE karışımları denenmiş ve değişen yükler altında (%0, 25, 50, 75 ve 100) değerlendirilmiştir. Tarımsal dizel motorların performans ve emisyon özelliklerini azaltarak zararlı emisyonların çevresel etkisini azaltır. Enjeksiyon basıncı, hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (CFD) kullanılarak optimize edildi ve performans ve emisyon sonuçları, yanıt yüzeyi metodolojisi (RSM) teknikleri aracılığıyla optimize edildi. Deney sonuçları, artan yükler altında daha yüksek oranda DEE karışımı için fren termal verimliliğinin ve spesifik yakıt tüketiminin arttığını buldu. Ayrıca motor yükünün arttırılması CO emisyonlarını azaltırken karbondioksit (CO2), hidrokarbon (HC) ve nitrojen oksit (NOx) emisyonlarını artırdı. Artan DEE yüzdelerinde, saf dizel yakıtla karşılaştırıldığında, harmanlanmış yakıt örneklerinde CO, NOx ve HC emisyonlarında azalma ve CO2 artışı elde edildi. Özetle, %15 DEE karışımının kullanılması ve enjeksiyon basıncının 210 bar'a optimizasyonu, diğer parametrelerle karşılaştırıldığında termal verimlilikte %10'luk kayda değer bir iyileşme ve emisyonlarda %5'lik bir azalma ile sonuçlandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dizel motor
• dietil eter
• performans
• emisyon
• NOx
• CFD

Numerical optimization and experimental investigation of renewable diethyl ether-fueled off-road CI engines for sustainable transportation

Öz

Cleaner energy generation on light-duty off-road diesel engines is one of the objectives of this study, which utilizes renewable diethyl ether (DEE) as a replacement for diesel to minimize the reliance on fossil diesel fuel. In an air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine, various DEE mixes of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% were attempted and evaluated under varying loads (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in an effort to enhance the performance and emission characteristics of agriculture diesel engines and lower the environmental effect of harmful emissions. The injection pressure was optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and performance and emission outcomes were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) techniques. The experimental results found that brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were enhanced for a higher proportion of DEE blends under increasing loads. In addition, increasing the engine load decreased CO emissions while increasing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Reduced CO, NOx, and HC emissions and increased CO2 were realized in the blended fuel samples compared to those of pure diesel fuel at increasing DEE percentages. In summary, the utilization of a 15% DEE blend and the optimization of the injection pressure to 210 bar resulted in a notable improvement of 10% in thermal efficiency and a decrease in emissions by 5% when compared to other parameters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diesel engine
• diethyl ether
• performance
• emission
• NOx
• CFD

Kaynakça

1. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, & Krishn Chandra. (2022). Di-ethyl ether-diesel blends fuelled off-road tractor engine: Part-I: Technical feasibility. Fuel, 308: 121972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121972.
2. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Hardikk Valera, & Nirendra Nath Mustafi. (2022). Di-ethyl ether-diesel blends fuelled off-road tractor engine: Part-II: Unregulated and particulate emission characteristics. Fuel, 308: 121973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121973.
3. Ali, Obed M., Rizalman Mamat, Haji Hassan Masjuki, & Abdul Adam Abdullah. (2016). Analysis of blended fuel properties and cycle-to-cycle variation in a diesel engine with a diethyl ether additive. Energy Conversion and Management, 108: 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.035.
4. Carvalho, Márcio, Felipe Torres, Vitor Ferreira, Júlio Silva, Jorge Martins, & Ednildo Torres. (2020). Effects of diethyl ether introduction in emissions and performance of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blends. Energies, 13(15): 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153787.
5. Dinesha, P., Shiva Kumar, & Marc A. Rosen. (2019). Combined effects of water emulsion and diethyl ether additive on combustion performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine using biodiesel blends. Energy, 179: 928-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.071.
6. Dinesha, P., Shiva Kumar, & Marc A. Rosen. (2019). Combined effects of water emulsion and diethyl ether additive on combustion performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine using biodiesel blends. Energy, 179: 928-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.071. Emaish, Haitham, Khamael M. Abualnaja, Essam E. Kandil, & Nader R. Abdelsalam. (2021). Evaluation of the performance and gas emissions of a tractor diesel engine using blended fuel diesel and biodiesel to determine the best loading stages. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 9811. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89287-0.
7. Firew, Deresse, N. Ramesh Babu, & Mukesh Didwania. (2016). The performance evaluation of diethyl-ether (DEE) additive with diesel blends using diesel engine test rig. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(6): 23-29.
8. Gainey, Brian, & Benjamin Lawler. (2021). The role of alcohol biofuels in advanced combustion: An analysis. Fuel, 283: 118915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118915.

9. Göktaş, Meltem, Mustafa Kemal Balki, Cenk Sayin, & Mustafa Canakci. (2021). An evaluation of the use of alcohol fuels in SI engines in terms of performance, emission and combustion characteristics: A review. Fuel, 286:119425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119425.
10. Górski, Krzysztof, & Marcin Przedlacki. (2014). Evaluation of the influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition on selected physicochemical properties of diesel oil and ignition delay period. Energy & Fuels, 28(4): 2608-2616. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef4025036.
11. Nanthagopal, K., B. Ashok, Raghuram Srivatsava Garnepudi, Kavalipurapu Raghu Tarun, & B. Dhinesh. (2019). Investigation on diethyl ether as an additive with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel for CI engine application. Energy Conversion and Management, 179: 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.064.
12. Huse, Cristian. (2018). Fuel choice and fuel demand elasticities in markets with flex-fuel vehicles. Nature Energy, 3(7): 582-588. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0175-3.
13. Ibrahim, Amr. (2016). Investigating the effect of using diethyl ether as a fuel additive on diesel engine performance and combustion. Applied Thermal Engineering, 107: 853-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.061.
14. Ibrahim, Amr. (2018). An experimental study on using diethyl ether in a diesel engine operated with diesel-biodiesel fuel blend. Engineering science and technology, an international journal, 21(5): 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.07.004.
15. Iranmanesh, Masoud, J. P. Subrahmanyam, & M. K. G. Babu. (2008). Potential of Diethyl ether as supplementary fuel to improve combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines. Fuel, 1: 7. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-28-0044.
16. Jawre, Sandip S., Amit Bhagat, Sachin M. Moghe, & Vikram A. Pakhale. (2016). Diethyl ether as additive and its effect on diesel engine performance-a review. Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, 1(5): 27-31.
17. Lee, Seokhwan, & Tae Young Kim. (2017). Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine operated with diesel/DEE blended fuel. Applied Thermal Engineering, 121: 454-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2017.04.112.
18. Mofijur, M., M. G. Rasul, J. Hyde, & M. M. K. Bhuyia. (2015). Role of biofuels on IC engines emission reduction. Energy Procedia, 75: 886-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.211.
19. Nanthagopal, K., R. Susanth Kishna, A. E. Atabani, H. Ala'a, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, & B. Ashok. (2020). A compressive review on the effects of alcohols and nanoparticles as an oxygenated enhancer in compression ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management 203:112244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112244.
20. Negi, Himani, & Raj Kumar Singh. (2020). A review on lignin utilization in petroleum exploration, petroleum products formulation, bio-fuel production, and oil spill clean-up. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01126-w.
21. Prabakaran, Rajendran, G. Manikandan, P. Somasundaram, Poongavanam Ganesh Kumar, Mohammad Salman, C. Jegadheesan, & Sung Chul Kim. (2022). Feasibility of tea tree oil blended with diethyl ether and diesel as fuel for diesel engine. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 31: 101819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.101819.
22. Praveen, R, & Natarajan, S. (2014). Experimental study of selective catalytic reduction system on CI engine fuelled with diesel-ethanol blend for NOx reduction with injections of urea solutions. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 975(4024): 895-904.
23. Praveen, R & Vivek, S. (2014). Experimental study on macroscopic spray characteristics in a direct injection diesel engine. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 9(22): 7633-7637.
24. Rakopoulos, D. C., C. D. Rakopoulos, E. G. Giakoumis, & A. M. Dimaratos. (2013). Studying combustion and cyclic irregularity of diethyl ether as supplement fuel in diesel engine. Fuel, 109: 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.012.
25. Rami Reddy, S., G. Murali, & V. Dhana Raju. (2022). "Assessment of diethyl ether as a fuel additive on the diverse characteristics of diesel engine powered with waste mango seed biodiesel blend. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1): 3365-3376. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1824944.
26. Sezer, İsmet. (2018). A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on NOx emissions. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7(4): 164-183.
27. Sezer, İsmet. (2019). A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, 3(1): 6-20. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..507799.
28. Subramanian, K. A., & A. Ramesh. (2002). Use of diethyl ether along with water-diesel emulsion in a DI diesel engine. SAE Transactions, 1361-1367.
29. Unglert, Martin, Dieter Bockey, Christine Bofinger, Bert Buchholz, Georg Fisch, Rolf Luther, Martin Mueller et al. (2020). Action areas and the need for research in biofuels. Fuel, 268 : 117227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117227.