Drag Reduction of Truck and Trailer Combination with Different Passive Flow Control Methods

Öz

In this study, drag force and surface pressure measurements were conducted on a 1/32 scaled truck-trailer combination model. The experimental tests were carried out between the ranges of 312×103- 844×103 Reynolds Numbers in a suction type wind tunnel. The aerodynamic drag coefficient (CD) and distribution of pressure coefficient (CP) were experimentally determined for the truck and trailer combination. The regions with a large amount of pressure coefficients were determined on the truck-trailer by using flow visualizations. The aerodynamic structure of truck-trailer combination models was improved by passive flow control methods on 4 different models. By using a newly designed spoiler on Model 1, the drag coefficient was reduced by 10.01 %. On Model 2, after adding a trailer rear extension with a spoiler, the reduction was obtained at 11.35 %. For the model 3 which is obtained by adding a side skirt to model 2, the improvement reached 18.85 %. The model 4 was composed of model 2 and a bellow between the truck and trailer. The drag force improvement was obtained at 22.80 % for Model 4.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drag force
• wind tunnel
• passive flow control
• truck-trailer
• drag coefficient

Teşekkür

This study was prepared as a part of Cihan Bayindirli’s Doctoral Thesis. (Advisor: Prof. Dr. M. Sahir SALMAN) The writers thank for their support.

Drag Reduction of Truck and Trailer Combination with Different Passive Flow Control Methods

Öz

In this study, drag force and surface pressure measurements were conducted on a 1/32 scaled truck-trailer combination model. The experimental tests were carried out between the ranges of 312×103- 844×103 Reynolds Numbers in a suction type wind tunnel. The aerodynamic drag coefficient (CD) and distribution of pressure coefficient (CP) were experimentally determined on the truck and trailer combination. The regions where has big pressure coefficients were determined on the truck-trailer by using flow visualizations. The aerodynamic structure of truck-trailer combination models was improved by passive flow control methods on 4 different models. By using newly designed spoiler on the model 1, drag coefficient was reduced 10.01 %. On the model 2, adding trailer rear extension with a spoiler, the reduction was obtained as 11.35 %. For the model 3 which is obtained adding side skirt to model 2, the improvement reached 18.85 %. The model 4 was composed of model 2 and a bellow between the truck and trailer. The drag force improvement was obtained as 22.80 % for model 4.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drag force
• wind tunnel
• passive flow control
• truck-trailer
• drag coefficient

Kaynakça

1. Altaf A., Omar A., and Asrar1 W. (2022). Passive Drag Reduction of the Square Back Truck Body. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 19-3, 9892- 9908.
2. Altaf A., Omar A., and Asrar W. (2014). Review of passive drag reduction techniques for bluff road vehicles. IIUM Engineering Journal, 15(1). 61-69.
3. Barden J., and Gerova K. (2016). An On-Road İnvestigation İnto The Conditions Experienced By A Heavy Goods Vehicle Operating Within The United Kingdom. Transportation Research Part D, 48. 284–297.
4. Bayindirli C., Akansu Y.E., Celik M. (2020). Experimental And Numerical Studies On Improvement Of Drag Force Of A Bus Model Using Different Spoiler Models. Int. J. Heavy Vehicle Systems, 27-6. 743-776.
5. Bayindirli C., Akansu Y.E., Salman M.S., Colak D. (2015). The Numerical Investigation Of Aerodynamic Structures Of Truck And Trailer Combinations. International Journal Of Automotive Engineering And Technologies, 4-3. 139 – 145.
6. Bayindirli C., Akansu Y.E., Salman, M.S. (2016). The Determination Of Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient Of Truck And Trailer Model By Wind Tunnel Tests. International Journal Of Automotive Engineering And Technologies, 5-2. 53 – 60.
7. Cengel A.Y., and Cimbala J.M. (2008). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications, Güven Bilimsel.
8. Chen D., Chen H., and Cui X. (2022). Dual-coupling drag reduction inspired by tuna skin: Fan-shaped imbricated fish scale composited with flexible coating. AIP Advances 12, 035218 doi: 10.1063/5.0066195

9. Chilbule C., Upadhyay A., Mukkamala Y. (2014). Analyzing The Profile Modification Of Truck-Trailer To Prune The Aerodynamic Drag And Its Repercussion On Fuel Consumption. Procedia Engineering, 97. 1208 – 1219.
10. Chowdhury H., Moria H., Ali A., Khan I., Alam F., and Watkins S. (2013). A Study On Aerodynamic Drag Of A Semi-Trailer Truck. 5th Bsme International Conference On Thermal Engineering. 56. 201–205.
11. Edwige S., Gilotte P., Mortazavi, I. (2022). Computational Analysis of Actuation Techniques Impact on the Flow Control around the Ahmed Body. Fluids, 7, 52,doi.org/10.3390/ fluids
12. Gilhaus A. (1981). The Influence Of Cab Shabe On Air Drag Of Trucks. Journal Of Wind Engineering And Industrial Aerodynamics, 9. 77-87.
13. Hu X.X., and Wong E.T.T. (2011). A Numerical Study On Rear-Spoiler Of Passenger Vehicle. World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology, 57. 636-641.
14. Hucho W.H., and Sovran G. (1993). Aerodynamics of road vehicles. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 25(1). 485-537.
15. Jeong J.K., Sangseung L., Myeongkyun K., Donghyun Y., Sang J.L. (2017). Drag Reduction Of A Heavy Vehicle Using Modified Cab-Roof Fairings. Journal Of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, 164. 138–151.
16. Liu X., Han Y., Cai C.S., Levitan M., and Nikitopoulos D. (2016). Wind Tunnel Tests For Mean Wind Loads On Road Vehicles. Journal Of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, 150. 15–21.
17. Lokhande B., Sovani S., and Khalighi B. (2003). Transient Simulation Of The Flow Field Around A Generic Pickup Truck. Sae Technical Paper Series, 01-1313. 1- 19.
18. Marklund J., Lofdahl L., Danielsson H., and Olsson G. (2013). Performance of an automotive under-body diffuser applied to a sedan and a wagon vehicle. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars, 6(1). 293-307.
19. Mccallen R., Flowers, D., Owens T.D., Owens J., Browand F., Hammache M., Leonard A., Brady M., Salari K., Rutledge W., Ross J., Storms B., Heineck J.T., Driver D., Bell J., Walker S., and Zilliac G. (2000). Aerodynamic Drag Of Heavy Vehicles Class 7-8: Simulation And Benchmarking, Sae Technical Paper Series, 01-2209. 1-19.
20. Miralbes R. (2012). Analysis Of Some Aerodynamic Improvements For Semi-Trailer Tankers. Proceedings Of The World Congress On Engineering 3, 4-6 July. London U.K.
21. Modi V.J., Hill S.St., and Yokomimizo T. (1995). Drag Reduction Of Trucks Through Boundary-Layer Control. Journal Of Wind Engineering And Industrial Aerodynamics, 54/55. 583-594.
22. Ogburn M.J., and Ramroth L.A. (2007). A Truck Efficiency And Ghd Reduction Opportunities In The Canadian Truck Fleet (2004-2007), Rocky Mountain Instutue Report, Canadian. 1-13.
23. Palanivendhan M., Chandradass J., Saravanan C., Philip J., and Sharan R. (2021). Reduction in aerodynamic drag acting on a commercial vehicle by using a dimpled surface. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 7072–7078.
24. Perzon S., and Davidson L. (2000). On Transient Modeling Of The Flow Around Vehicles Using The Reynolds Equation, International Conference On Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (Acfd), Beijing China. 720-727.
25. Sahin C. (2008). Prediction Of Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient For Heavy Vehicles With Computational Fluid Dynamics Method, İstanbul Technical Universty. Institute Of Science And Technology, Master Thesis. 3-21.
26. Sari M.F. (2007). The Aerodynamic Analysis Of Air Resistance Affecting The Front Form Of Light Commercial Vehicles And Its Effect On Fuel Consumption, Osmangazi University. Institute Of Science And Technology. Master Thesis. Eskişehir. 28-54.
27. Solmaz H. (2010). Determination Drag Coefficient Of Different Vehicle Models In A Wind Tunnel. Gazi University. Institute Of Science And Technology. Master Thesis. Ankara. 43-47.
28. Wahba C. E. M., Al-Marzooqı H., Shaath M. Shahın., and El Dhamashawy T. (2012). Aerodynamic Drag Reduction For Ground Vehicles Using Lateral Guide Vanes. Cfd Letters. 4-2. 68-78.
29. Wood R.M., and Bauer S.X.S. (2003). Simple And Low Cost Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Devices For Tractor-Trailer Trucks. Sae Technical Paper, 01–3377. 1-18
30. Yadav R., Islam A., Chaturvedi, R. (2021). Efficient reduction of the consumption of fuel in road vehicles using aerodynamic behavior in CDF analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings 45, 2773–2776
31. Yanqing W., Ding W., Yuju W., Yuan M., Lei C., and Jiadao, W. (2023). Aerodynamic Drag Reduction on Speed Skating Helmet by Surface Structures. Applied Sciences, 13, 130, doi.org/10.3390/app1301013