Optimizing Thermal Efficiency and Emissions in Hybrid HCCI-DI Combustion with Biodiesel-Diethyl Ether-Nanoparticle Blends

Öz

This study used a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition-Direct Injection (HCCI-DI) engine to test the combustion, performance, and emissions of neem oil biodiesel blends. Analysis of engine behaviour was conducted based on the biodiesel blending ratio, combustion mode, and addition of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nano additive. It has been found that peak in-cylinder pressures (Pmax) and heat release rates decreased with increasing biodiesel content, both in Direct Injection (DI) and HCCI-DI. Compared to DI, the HCCI-DI improved combustion characteristics, while the nano Al2O3 provided further improvements. In DI and HCCI-DI, pure biodiesel reduced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 2.01% and 1.68%, respectively. However, diesel and biodiesel BTE increased when HCCI-DI was used, as well as Al2O3 nano additive. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from biodiesel increased by 18.3% in DI mode but decreased by 4.3% in HCCI-DI mode when nano additives were used. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are reduced by 52.17% by biodiesel, however they are increased by HCCI-DI mode. On the other hand, HC emissions are reduced by up to 19.51% by nano additives. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced by up to 55.56%, and smoke emissions decreased by 22.7% in DI mode and 39.1% in HCCI-DI mode due to using biodiesel, HCCI-DI mode, and the nano additive. Combining biodiesel and HCCI-DI combustion in engines with Al2O3 nano additive enhances performance and reduces emissions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• neem oil biodiesel
• HCCI-DI combustion
• nano additive
• performance
• emissions

Kaynakça

1. Ağbulut, Ü., Sarıdemir, S., & Albayrak, S. (2019). Experimental investigation of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel–biodiesel–alcohol blends. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 41(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/S40430-019-1891-8
2. Al-Dawody, M. F., Al-Farhany, K. A., Hamza, N. H., & Hamzah, D. A. (2021a). Numerical study for the spray characteristics of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel fuels under different injection pressures. Journal of Engineering Research. https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.9821
3. Algayyim, S. J. M., Saleh, K., Wandel, A. P., Fattah, I. M. R., Yusaf, T., & Alrazen, H. A. (2024). Influence of natural gas and hydrogen properties on internal combustion engine performance, combustion, and emissions: A review. Fuel, 362. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2023.130844
4. Bakar, R. A., Widudo, Kadirgama, K., Ramasamy, D., Yusaf, T., Kamarulzaman, M. K., Sivaraos, Aslfattahi, N., Samylingam, L., & Alwayzy, S. H. (2024). Experimental analysis on the performance, combustion/emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine using hydrogen in dual fuel mode. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52, 843–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2022.04.129
5. Bazdidi-Tehrani, F., Sharifi-Sedeh, E., & Abedinejad, M. S. (2023). Effects of alumina nanoparticles on evaporation and combustion characteristics of diesel fuel droplets. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 143, 104713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104713
6. Beyaz, M., Aydın, S., & Şener, R. (2025). Influence of ethyl proxitol on cold filter plugging point, combustion, emissions characteristics of biodiesel blends in CI engines. Petroleum Science and Technology, 43(3), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2023.2292783
7. Bhikuning, A., Irhashi, Z. R., & Aldebaran, D. (2022). The Simulation of Combustion Characteristics from Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel in Different Engine Rotation. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 11(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.13170/aijst.11.3.22711
8. Chen, G., Kong, W., Xu, Y., Shen, Y., & Wei, F. (2024). Thermal efficiency and emissions improvement of the lean burn high compression ratio HPDI NG engine at different combustion modes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 247, 123061. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2024.123061

9. Coskun, G., Soyhan, H. S., Demir, U., Turkcan, A., Ozsezen, A. N., & Canakci, M. (2014). Influences of second injection variations on combustion and emissions of an HCCI-DI engine: Experiments and CFD modelling. Fuel, 136, 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.042
10. Da Silva Medeiros, D. C. C., Usman, M., Chelme-Ayala, P., & Gamal El-Din, M. (2025). Biochar-enhanced removal of naphthenic acids from oil sands process water: Influence of feedstock and chemical activation. Energy & Environmental Sustainability, 1(2), 100028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eesus.2025.100028
11. Dash, S. K., Elumalai, P. V., Ranjit, P. S., Das, P. K., Kumar, R., Kunar, S., & Papu, N. H. (2021). Experimental investigation on synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible Neem seed oil: Production optimization and evaluation of fuel properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 2463–2466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.551
12. Dhahad, H. A., Ali, S. A., & Chaichan, M. T. (2020). Combustion analysis and performance characteristics of compression ignition engines with diesel fuel supplemented with nano-TiO2 and nano-Al2O3. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 20, 100651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100651
13. Dubey, A., Prasad, R. S., Singh, J. K., & Nayyar, A. (2022). Combined effects of biodiesel − ULSD blends and EGR on performance and emissions of diesel engine using Response surface methodology (RSM). Energy Nexus, 7, 100136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEXUS.2022.100136
14. Fang, J., Wang, K., Chen, P., Xu, X., Zhang, C., Wu, Y.,... Zuo, Z. (2025). Oxidation of Soot by Cerium Dioxide Synthesized Under Different Hydrothermal Conditions. Molecules, 30(5), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051161
15. Farokhi, G., Saidi, M., & Najafabadi, A. T. (2023). Application of spinel Type NixZn1−xFe2O4 magnetic nanocatalysts for biodiesel production from neem seed oil: Catalytic performance evaluation and optimization. Industrial Crops and Products, 192, 116035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.116035
16. G M, L. L., M, C. Das, Jayabal, R., S, M., D, S., & N, M. (2023). Experimental evaluation and neural network modelling of reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine using cashew nut shell oil biodiesel-alumina nanoparticle blend and gasoline injection. Energy, 282, 128923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128923
17. Hariharan, D., Rajan Krishnan, S., Kumar Srinivasan, K., & Sohail, A. (2021). Multiple injection strategies for reducing HC and CO emissions in diesel-methane dual-fuel low temperature combustion. Fuel, 305, 121372. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2021.121372
18. Hosseini, S. H., Tsolakis, A., Alagumalai, A., Mahian, O., Lam, S. S., Pan, J., Peng, W., Tabatabaei, M., & Aghbashlo, M. (2023). Use of hydrogen in dual-fuel diesel engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 98, 101100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PECS.2023.101100
19. Jairam, K., Mohammed Musthafa, F., Annanth Vijayan, K., & Renganathan, M. (2021). Computational investigations on port injected DEE in a biogas inducted HCCI engine. International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, 12, 9. https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2021010
20. Jayabal R. (2024). Optimization and impact of modified operating parameters of a diesel engine emissions characteristic utilizing waste fat biodiesel/di-tert-butyl peroxide blend. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 186, 694-705. https://doi.org/j.psep.2024.04.019
21. Jayabal R. (2025). Environmental impact of adding hybrid nanoparticles and hydrogen to the algae biodiesel-diesel blend on engine emissions. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 198, https://doi.org/j.psep.2025.107102
22. Jokubynienė, V., Slavinskas, S., & Kreivaitis, R. (2023). The Effect of Nanoparticle Additives on the Lubricity of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels. Lubricants, 11(7), 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11070290
23. Leo, G. M. L., Sekar, S., & Arivazhagan, S. (2020). Experimental investigation and ANN modelling of the effects of diesel/gasoline premixing in a waste cooking oil-fuelled HCCI-DI engine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 141(6), 2311–2324. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10973-020-09418-Z
24. Leo, G. M. L., Thodda, G., & Murugapoopathi, S. (2021). Experimental investigation on effects of gasoline premixed - Al2O3 additive blended fish oil biodiesel fuelled HCCI-DI engine. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2054(1), 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012040
25. Li, Z., Liu, J., Ji, Q., Sun, P., Wang, X., & Xiang, P. (2023). Influence of hydrogen fraction and injection timing on in-cylinder combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 252, 107990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107990
26. Liao, H., Hu, F., Wu, X., Li, P., Ding, C., Yang, C., Zhang, T., & Liu, Z. (2024). Effects of H2 addition on the characteristics of the reaction zone and NOx mechanisms in MILD combustion of H2-rich fuels. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 58, 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.154
27. Lionus Leo, G. M., Jayabal, R., Srinivasan, D., Chrispin Das, M., Ganesh, M., & Gavaskar, T. (2024). Predicting the performance and emissions of an HCCI-DI engine powered by waste cooking oil biodiesel with Al2O3 and FeCl3 nano additives and gasoline injection – A random forest machine learning approach. Fuel, 357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129914
28. Lionus Leo, G. M., Murugapoopathi, S., Thodda, G., Baligidad, S. M., Jayabal, R., Nedunchezhiyan, M., & Devarajan, Y. (2023). Optimisation and environmental analysis of waste cashew nut shell oil biodiesel/cerium oxide nanoparticles blends and acetylene fumigation in agricultural diesel engine. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 58, 103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103375
29. Lionus Leo G.M., Jayabal R., Kathapillai A., Sekar S. (2025a). Performance and emissions optimization of a dual-fuel diesel engine powered by cashew nut shell oil biodiesel/hydrogen gas using response surface methodology. Fuel, 384, https://doi.org/j.fuel.2024.133960
30. Lionus Leo G.M., Jayabal R., Chrispin Das M., Arivazhagan S. (2025b). An experimental investigation on enhancing diesel engine performance and emissions with cashew nut shell oil biodiesel and hydrogen fumigation. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/s10668-024-05565-7
31. Luo, J., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Xu, H., Tie, Y., Yang, D., Zhang, Z., Zhang, C., & Wang, H. (2022). Investigation of hydrogen addition on the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a heavy-duty engine fueled with diesel/natural gas. Energy, 260, 125082. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2022.125082
32. Madihi, R., Pourfallah, M., Gholinia, M., Armin, M., & Ghadi, A. Z. (2022). Thermofluids analysis of combustion, emissions, and energy in a biodiesel (C11H22O2) / natural gas heavy-duty engine with RCCI mode (Part II: Fuel injection time/ Fuel injection rate). International Journal of Thermofluids, 16, 100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100200
33. Mary, L. L. G., Manivel, S., Garg, S., Nagam, V. B., Garse, K., Mali, R., Yunus Khan, T. M., & Baig, R. U. (2023). Exploring the Impact of Al2O3 Additives in Gasoline on HCCI-DI Engine Performance: An Experimental, Neural Network, and Regression Analysis Approach. ACS Omega, 8(50), 47701–47713. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSOMEGA.3C05959
34. Mathiyazhagan, M., Meenakshi Sundaram, K., & Bupesh, G. (2022). Production and emission evaluation of neem biodiesel blends in a single cylinder diesel engine. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 2124–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.047
35. Mishra, A., Kulshrestha, S., Patel, F. M., Tiwari, N., & Sharma, A. (2024). Effect of piston bowl geometry and spray angle on engine performance and emissions in HCCI engine using multi‐stage injection strategy. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14203
36. Mohankumar, D., Indharajith, P., Sabarishankar, P., Sanjaykumar, V. T., Vignesh kumar, N., & Udhayakumar, N. (2023). Experimental investigation on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of neem oil bio diesel using ethanol blend. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80, 1525–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.352
37. Mohanrajhu N., Sekar S., Jayabal R., Sureshkumar R. (2024). Impact of Aluminum Nitrate and Graphene Oxide Nanoplate on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDI Diesel Engine Powered by Industrial Leather Waste Fat Biodiesel. International Journal of Automotive Technology, https://doi.org/s12239-024-00205-5
38. Vellaiyan, S. (2025a). Optimization of hydrogen-enriched biodiesel-diesel dual-fuel combustion with EGR for sustainable engine performance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 128, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.239
39. Vellaiyan, S. (2025b). Performance enhancement of a diesel engine using nanoparticle-enriched algae biodiesel-diesel blends with an electrostatic precipitator for nanoparticle emission control. Energy Conversion and Management, 326, 119457.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119457
40. Savaş, A., Uslu, S., & Şener, R. (2025). Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with MgCO3 nanoparticle doped second generation biodiesel from jojoba by using response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel, 381, 133658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133658
41. Sekar, S., Chandrasekar, P., Kumar, S., Jospher, A. J. S., Sheeja, R., Valarmathi, T. N., & Lionus Leo, G. M. (2021). Entropy Generation Minimization of Vapour Absorption Heat Transformer. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4165-4_25
42. ŞENER, R. (2021). Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blend used in a CI Engine. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 33(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.829006
43. Sheik, M. A., Beemkumar, N., Gupta, A., Gill, A., Devarajan, Y., Jayabal, R., & Lionus Leo, G. M. (2024). Study the Effect of Silicon Nanofluid on the Heat Transfer Enhancement of Triangular-Shaped Open Microchannel Heat Sinks. Silicon, 16(1), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12633-023-02663-5
44. Shivkumar, C., Amar, P., & Mitesh, G. (2021). Experimental Investigation on VCR Engine by Using Different Blend Proportions of Mexicana Oil Biodiesel. In Techno-Societal 2020 (pp. 437–443). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_43
45. Simhadri, K., Rao, P. S., & Paswan, M. (2024). Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine with TiO2 nanoparticle blended Mahua biodiesel at different injection pressures. International Journal of Thermofluids, 21, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100563
46. SivaPrasad, K., Rao, S. S., & Raju, V. R. K. (2022). Enhancement of mixture homogeneity for DI-CI engine to achieve Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion characteristics: a numerical approach. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 44(2), 4318–4333. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.2075058
47. Spanò, S., Savarese, M., Parente, A., Contino, F., & Jeanmart, H. (2024). Experimental and numerical investigation of methane combustion in a HCCI engine under enriched oxygen conditions. Fuel, 362, 130772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130772
48. Subramani, S., Dana, S. S., Natesan, V. T., & Mary, L. L. G. (2020). Energy and exergy analysis of greenhouse drying of ivy gourd and turkey berry. Thermal Science, 24(1 Part B), 645–656. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190602459S Tai, M., Vo, C., Duong, L., Do, A., Huynh, V., & Nguyen, H. (2023). Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel–Ethanol Dual Fuel: An Overview. Journal of Technical Education Science, 75A, 50–60. https://doi.org/10.54644/jte.75A.2023.1269
49. Varpe, B. R., & Kharde, Y. R. (2023). Combined effect of DEE and Jatropha biodiesel–diesel fuel blends on the enhancement of VCR diesel engine parameters at varying loads and compression ratios. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 21(5), 1843–1860. https://doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2022.2038405
50. Venkatesan, S. P., & Kadiresh, P. N. (2015). Effects of Nano-Sized Metal Oxide Additive on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of C I Engine. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 766–767, 389–395. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.766-767.389
51. Veza, I., Irianto, Tuan Hoang, A., Yusuf, A. A., Herawan, S. G., Soudagar, M. E. M., Samuel, O. D., Said, M. F. M., & Silitonga, A. S. (2023). Effects of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) addition on HCCI-DI engine performance, combustion and emission. Fuel, 333, 126377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126377
52. Yasar, F., Uguz, G., & Kayunoglu, C. (2022). Change in Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI) Depending on Cetane Indexes of Biodiesel Fuels of Different Origins. 2022 Global Energy Conference (GEC), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1109/GEC55014.2022.9986785
53. Zhang, L., Zhu, G., Chao, Y., Chen, L., & Ghanbari, A. (2023). Simultaneous prediction of CO2, CO, and NOx emissions of biodiesel-hydrogen blend combustion in compression ignition engines by supervised machine learning tools. Energy, 282, 128972. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2023.128972
54. Zhang, S., Li, J., Tian, Y., Fang, S., Li, C., Yu, X.,... Yang, L. (2025). Probing the combustion characteristics of micron-sized aluminum particles enhanced with graphene fluoride. Combustion and Flame, 272, 113858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113858
55. Zhang, W., Shi, L., Xia, W., Du, Y., & Yao, L. (2025). Research on the anharmonic effect of main reactions of important intermediate species in NH3/DME mixed combustion. Chemical Physics Letters, 874-875, 142170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2025.142170
56. Zhang, Y., Zhong, Y., Wang, J., Tan, D., Zhang, Z., & Yang, D. (2021). Effects of Different Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fuel on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine. Processes, 9(11), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111984
57. Zhu, L., Song, Y., Chen, H., Wang, M., Liu, Z., Wei, X.,... Ai, T. (2025). Optimization of power generation and sewage treatment in stacked pulsating gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed microbial fuel cell using response surface methodology. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 101, 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.397