SİLİNDİR DEVRE DIŞI BIRAKMA METODU İLE KIVILCIM-ATEŞLEMELİ BİR MOTOR SİSTEMİNDE YAKIT-VERİMLİ EGZOZ ARITMA YÖNETİMİ

Öz

Günümüz karayolu otomotiv motorları genellikle sıkı emisyon yönetmeliklerini karşılamak için egzoz arıtma sistemlerine gereksinim duyarlar. Bu sistemlerin önemli bir dezavantajı, düşük yüklerde düşük egzoz sıcaklıkları (Tgaz < 250oC) nedeniyle verimsiz performans göstermeleridir. Geç yakıt enjeksiyonu, egzoz gazı devridaimi ve erken egzoz valfi açıklığı gibi tipik motor teknikleri egzoz sıcaklığı iyileştirmesi için yakıt tüketimi artışı gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma, egzoz sıcaklıklarının düşük yüklerde silindir devre dışı bırakılması (CDA) metodu ile yakıt tasarrufu sağlayan bir şekilde arttırılabileceğini bir kıvılcımlı-ateşlemeli motor üzerinde göstermektedir. Lotus Motor Simülasyonu (LES) yazılımı, motor modelinin oluşturulması ve 1500 RPM motor hızı ve bir dizi sabit motor torku üzerinde (5 Nm'den 25 Nm'ye) motor performans hesabı için kullanılmıştır. CDA modunda, aktif silindirlerin artan yakıt-hava oranı 110oC'a kadar egzoz sıcaklık artışına neden olmakta (Tegzoz > 250oC) ki bu da düşük yüklerde verimli egzoz arıtımını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, artan ısı transfer oranları ile egzoz arıtım katalizör yatağının ısınması hızlandırılmaktadır. CDA tekniği, azaltılmış hava endüksiyonu yoluyla motor pompalama kaybında önemli bir azalmaya sebep olmakta ve bu nedenle yakıt tasarrufu sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, daha düşük hava endüksiyonu düşük egzoz akış oranına neden olmakta ve bu da bazı yüklerde arıtma sisteminin ısınmasını olumsuz etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Silindir devre dışı bırakma
• kıvılcım-ateşlemeli motorlar
• yakıt verimliliği
• egzoz gazı sıcaklığı
• egzoz arıtma yönetimi

FUEL-SAVING EXHAUST AFTER-TREATMENT MANAGEMENT ON A SPARKIGNITION ENGINE SYSTEM VIA CYLINDER DEACTIVATION METHOD

Öz

Current on-road automotive engines generally require exhaust after-treatment systems to meet the stringent emission regulations. One major drawback of those systems is their inefficient performance at low loads due to low exhaust temperatures (Texhaust < 250oC). Typical on-engine techniques such as late fuel injection, exhaust gas recirculation and early exhaust valve opening require fuel consumption rise for exhaust temperature improvement. This study demonstrates that exhaust temperatures at light loads can be increased in a more fuel-saving manner via cylinder deactivation (CDA) method on a spark-ignition (SI) engine. Lotus Engine Simulation (LES) software is used to build the engine model and predict performance at 1500 RPM engine speed and over a range of constant engine torques (5 Nm to 25 Nm). In CDA mode, increased equivalence ratio of active cylinders results in up to 110oC exhaust temperature rise (Texhaust > 250oC) which maintains effective after-treatment at low loads. Also, after-treatment catalyst bed warm-up is improved through increased heat transfer rates. CDA technique causes a significant reduction on engine pumping loss through decreased air induction and hence is highly fuel-efficient. However, lower air induction also causes reduced exhaust flow rate which affects after-treatment warm-up negatively at some loads. ,

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cylinder deactivation
• spark-ignition engines
• fuel efficiency
• exhaust gas temperature
• exhaust after-treatment management

Kaynakça

1. Annand W. J. D., 1963, Heat transfer in the cylinders of reciprocating internal combustion engines, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 177(1), 983-990.
2. Barnes-Moss H. W., 1975, A designer's viewpoint, Passenger car engines, Conference Proceedings, 133-147.
3. Basaran H. U. and Ozsoysal O. A., 2017, Effects of application of variable valve timing on the exhaust gas temperature improvement in a low-loaded diesel engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, 122, 758-767.
4. Benajes J., Molina S., Garcia A., Monsalve-Serrano J., Durrett R., 2014, Performance and engine-out emissions evaluation of the double injection strategy applied to the gasoline partially premixed compression ignition spark assisted combustion concept, Applied Energy, 134, 90-101.
5. Benajes J., Pastor J. V., Garcia A., Monsalve-Serrano J., 2015, The potential of RCCI concept to meet EURO VI NOx limitation and ultra-low soot emissions in a heavy-duty engine over the whole engine map, Fuel, 159, 952-961.
6. Benaqqa C., Gomina M., Beurotte A., Boussuge M. et al., 2014, Morphology, physical, thermal and mechanical properties of the constutive of diesel particulate filters, Applied Thermal Engineering, 62, 599-606.
7. Bharath A. N., Kalva N., Reitz R. D., Rutland C. J., 2014, Use of early exhaust valve opening to improve combustion efficiency and catalyst effectiveness in a multi-cylinder RCCI engine system - a simulation study, ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 97
8. Boriboonsomsin K. et al., 2018, Real-world exhaust temperature profiles of on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with selective catalytic reduction, Science of the Total Environment, 634, 909-921.

9. Buono D., Senotore A., Prati M. V., 2012, Particulate filter behaviour of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel, Applied Thermal Engineering, 49, 147-153.
10. Dieselnet, accessed June 2018, Emission standards, European Union, passenger cars (2014.09), https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php#stds.
11. Ding C., Roberts L., Fain D. J., Ramesh A. K., Shaver G. M., McCarthy J., Ruth M. et al., 2017, Fuel-efficient exhaust thermal management for compression ignition engines during idle via cylinder deactivation and flexible valve actuation, International Journal of Engine Research, 17(6), 619-633.
12. Douglas K., Milavanovic N., Turner J. and Blundell D., 2005, Fuel economy improvement using combined CAI and Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) - An initial study, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2005-01-0110.
13. Dubey P. and Gupta R., 2017, Effects of dual bio-fuel (Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil) on a single cylinder naturally aspirated diesel engine without EGR, Applied Thermal Engineering, 115, 1037-1047.
14. E J., Zuo W., Gao J., Peng Q., Zhang Z., Hieu P. M., 2016, Effect analysis on pressure drop of the continuous regeneration-diesel particulate filter based on NO2 assisted regeneration, Applied Thermal Engineering, 62, 599-606.
15. Garg A. et al., 2016, Fuel-efficient exhaust thermal management using cylinder throttling via intake valve closing timing modulation, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 230 (4), 470-478.
16. Gehrke S. et al., 2013, Investigation of VVA-based exhaust management strategies by means of a HD single cylinder research engine and rapid prototyping systems, SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 6(1), 47-61.
17. Geok H. H., Mohamad T. I., Abdullah S., Ali Y., Shamsudeen A. and Adril E., 2009, Experimental investigation of performance emission of a sequential port-injection natural gas engine, European Journal of Scientific Research, 30(2), 204-214.
18. Ghojel J., 2010, Review of the development and applications of the Wiebe function: A tribute to the contribution of Ivan Wiebe to engine research, International Journal of Engine Research, 11(4), 297-312.
19. Girard J., Cavataio G., Snow R., Lambert C., 2009, Combined Fe-Cu SCR systems with optimized ammonia to NOx ratio for diesel NOx control, SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., 1(1), 603-610.
20. Gosala et al., 2017, Diesel engine aftertreatment warm-up through early exhaust valve opening and internal exhaust gas recirculation during idle operation, International Journal of Engine Research, DOI: 10.1177/1468087417730240.
21. Gosala D. B., Allen C. M., Ramesh A. K., Shaver G. M., Jr J. M., Stretch D., Koeberlein E. and Farrell L., 2017, Cylinder deactivation during dynamic diesel engine operation, International Journal of Engine Research, 18(10), 991-1004. DOI: 10.1177/1468087417694000.
22. Guan et al., 2017, Investigation of EGR and Miller cycle for NOx emissions and exhaust temperature control of a heavy-duty diesel engine, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2017-01-2227.
23. Heywood J. B., 1988, Internal combustion engine fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Book Company, New York.
24. Honardar S. et al., 2011, Exhaust temperature management for diesel engines assessment of engine concepts and calibration strategies with regard to fuel penalty, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2011-24-0176.
25. Joshi A., Chatterjee S., Sawant A., Akerlund C. et al., 2006, Development of an actively regenerating DPF system for retrofit applications, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2006-01-3553.
26. Joshi M. C., Gosala D. B., Allen C. M., Vos K., Voorhis M. V., Taylor A., Shaver G M. et al., 2017, Reducing diesel engine drive cycle fuel consumption through use of cylinder deactivation to maintain aftertreatment component temperature during idle and low load operating conditions, Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 3:8. DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2017.00008.
27. Kuruppu C., Pesiridis A. and Rajoo S., 2014, Investigation of cylinder deactivation and variable valve actuation on gasoline engine performance, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2014-01-1170.
28. Leone T. and Pozar M., 2001, Fuel economy benefit of Cylinder Deactivation - Sensitivity to vehicle application and operating constraints, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2001-24-0176.
29. Lotus Engineering Software, Lotus Engine Simulation (LES) 2013 version. Lotus Engineering, Hethel, Norfolk. 98
30. Lotus Engineering, accessed June 2018, Getting started with Lotus Engine Simulation, https://lotusproactive.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/getting-started-with-lotus-engine-simulation.pdf.
31. Lu X., Ding C., Ramesh A. K., Shaver G. M., Holloway E. et al., 2015, Impact of cylinder deactivation on active diesel particulate filter regeneration at highway cruise conditions, Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 1:9. DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2015.00009.
32. Magee M., 2014, Exhaust Thermal Management using Cylinder Deactivation and Late Intake Valve Closing, Master Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
33. Magno A., Mancaruso E. and Vaglieco B. M., 2015, Effects of a biodiesel blend on energy distribution and exhaust emissions of a small CI engine, Energy Conversion and Management, 96, 72-80.
34. Millo F. et al., 2016, Engine displacement modularity for enhancing automotive s.i. engines efficiency at part load, Fuel, 180, 645-652.
35. Palma V., Ciambelli P., Meloni E., Sin A., 2015, Catalytic DPF microwave assisted active regeneration, Fuel, 140, 50-61.
36. Parks J., Huff S., Kass M., Storey J., 2007, Characterization of in-cylinder techniques for thermal management of diesel after-treatment, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2007-01-3997.
37. Piano A., Millo F., Di Nunno D., Gallone A., 2017, Numerical analysis on the potential of different variable valve actuation on a light-duty diesel engine for improving exhaust system warm up, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2017-24-0024.
38. Pipitone E. and Genchi G., 2016, NOx reduction and efficiency improvements by means of the Double Fuel HCCI combustion of natural gas-gasoline mixtures, Applied Thermal Engineering, 102, 1001-1010.
39. Ramesh A. K., Shaver G. M., Allen C. M., Nayyar S., Gosala D. B. et al., 2017, Utilizing low airflow strategies, including cylinder deactivation, to improve fuel efficiency and aftertreatment thermal management, International Journal of Engine Research, 18(10), 1005-1016.
40. Roberts L. et al., 2015, Modeling the impact of early exhaust valve opening on exhaust after-treatment thermal management and efficiency for compression ignition engines, International Journal of Engine Research, 16(6), 773-794.
41. Song X., Surenahalli H., Naber J., Parker G., Johnson J. H., 2013, Experimental and modeling study of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) under transient and CPF active regeneration conditions, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2013-01-1046.
42. Stadlbauer S., Waschl H., Schilling A., del Re L., 2013, DOC temperature control for low temperature operating ranges with post and main injection actuation, SAE Technical Paper, No. 2013-01-1580.
43. Stanton D. W., 2013, Systematic development of highly efficient and clean engines to meet future commercial vehicle greenhouse gas regulations, SAE Int. J. Engines, 6(3), 1395-1480.
44. Watson N. and Pilley A. D., 1980, A combustion correlation for diesel engine simulation, SAE Technical Paper, No. 800029.
45. Winterbone D. E. and Pearson R. J., 2000, Theory of engine manifold design - Wave action methods for IC Engines, Professional Engineering Publications, London.
46. Zammit J. P., McGhee M. J., Shayler P. J. and Pegg I., 2014, The influence of cylinder deactivation on the emissions and fuel economy of a four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 228(2), 206-217.
47. Zammit J. P., McGhee M. J., Shayler P. J., Law T. and Pegg I., 2015, The effects of early inlet valve closing and cylinder disablement on fuel economy and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine, Energy, 79, 100-110.