BİYODİZEL-DİZEL YAKIT KARIŞIMLARINA ETANOL KATILMASININ PERFORMANS, YANMA VE EMİSYON KARAKTERİSTİKLERİNE ETKİLERİNİN DENEYSEL İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Fosil kökenli yakıtların sınırlı ve yakın bir gelecekte tükenecek olması, petrol krizleri ve fiyat artışları, taşıtlardan kaynaklı hava kirliliklerinin artması yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu kaynaklar içerisinden en büyük teknik potansiyele sahip enerji kaynağı biyodizeldir. Bu çalışmada, biyodizel üretiminde hammadde olarak ülkemizde ticari olarak üretimi bulunmayan sarı hardal (Sinapis alba L.) tohumları kullanılmıştır. Sarı hardal tohumlarından vidalı pres yardımı ile elde edilen sarı hardal ham yağından tek aşamalı transesterifikasyon yöntemi ile biyodizel üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerde hacimsel olarak %2 biyodizel, %20 biyodizel, %2 biyodizel ile %5 etanol, %2 biyodizel ile %10 etanol, %20 biyodizel ile %5 etanol, %20 biyodizel ile %10 etanol içeren altı farklı yakıt karışımı ve dizel yakıtı kullanılmıştır. Bu yakıtların bazı önemli fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri standart metotlar kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Ardından test yakıtları tek silindirli, dört zamanlı, su soğutmalı, direkt enjeksiyonlu bir dizel motorda farklı motor devirlerinde test edilerek performans, yanma ve egzoz emisyon karakteristikleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, dizel yakıtına biyodizel ilavesi ile ısıl değer, kinematik viskozite, su içeriği, yoğunluk, asit sayısı ve soğuk akış özelliklerinin olumsuz yönde etkilendiği; parlama noktası değerinin iyileştiği belirlenmiştir. Karışım yakıtlara etanol ilavesi ile kinematik viskozite, yoğunluk ve soğuk akış özelliklerinin iyileştiği; su içeriği, parlama noktası ve ısıl değer özelliklerinin kötüleştiği belirlenmiştir. Dizel yakıtına %2 oranında biyodizel katılması ile performans değerlerinin iyileştiği, biyodizel oranının daha da artması ve alkol katılması ile performans değerlerinin olumsuz yönde etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. Test yakıtlarının yanma karakteristikleri dizel yakıtınınki ile benzerlik göstermiştir. Ayrıca, alkol ilavesinin egzoz gazı sıcaklığını, duman koyuluğunu, CO, CO2 ve NOX emisyonlarını azalttığı ve O2 emisyonlarını ise artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Motor gürültü emisyonları ise motor devrine bağlı olarak dalgalanmalar göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyodizel
• etanol
• dizel yakıtı
• performans
• yanma
• egzoz emisyonları

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ADDITION INTO BIODIESEL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS ON THE PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

Öz

Fossil-based fuels are limited and will be consumed in the near future, the petroleum crises and price increases, the increase of air pollution caused by the vehicles necessitate the investigation of new and renewable energy sources. The energy source, which is the greatest technical potential, is biodiesel among these sources. In this study, yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds which are not commercially produced in our country were used as a feedstock in the biodiesel production. The biodiesel production carried out from yellow mustard seed crude oil obtained from yellow mustard seeds with using a screw press by single-step transesterification method. A commercial diesel fuel and six different fuel blends prepared with 2% biodiesel, 20% biodiesel, 2% biodiesel and 5% ethanol, 2% biodiesel and 10% ethanol, 20% biodiesel and 5% ethanol, and 20% biodiesel and 10% ethanol used in the tests. Some important physical and chemical properties of these fuels have been measured using standard methods. Afterwards, the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics were examined in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine fueled with the test fuels at different engine speeds. As a result, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, water content, density, acid value and cold flow properties adversely affected by biodiesel addition into the diesel fuel, and the improvement of the flash point value was determined. The kinematic viscosity, density and cold flow properties improved by ethanol addition to the blended fuels, however water content, flash point and calorific value deteriorated. The addition of 2% biodiesel into the diesel fuel improved 130 performance, and increasing the rate of biodiesel and addition to alcohol were negatively affected the performance. The combustion characteristics of the test fuels were similar to those of diesel fuel. Furthermore, it has been found that alcohol additions reduced exhaust gas temperature, smoke opacity, CO, CO2 and NOX emissions and increased O2 emissions. Engine noise emissions were fluctuated depending on the engine speed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biodiesel
• ethanol
• diesel fuel
• performance
• combustion
• exhaust emissions

Kaynakça

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