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PİRİDİN VE İZOBÜTANOL KATKILI BENZİN-ETANOL-SU KARIŞIMLARININ TEK SİLİNDİRLİ BENZİN MOTORUNDAKİ PERFORMANS VE EMİSYONLARININ İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 11 - 21, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.979291

Öz

Su toleransını artırmak amacıyla piridin ve izobütanol ile katkılandırılmış benzin-etanol-su yakıt karışımlarının faz dengesi, motor performansı ve gaz emisyonları incelenmiştir. İzobütanol ile kıyaslandığında, piridin katkısının daha yüksek oranda etanol ve su içeren kararlı yakıt karışımları oluşturduğu, katkı miktarının artırılması ile su oranının da arttığı görülmüştür. Yakıt karışımlarının motor performansı ve yanma karakteristikleri tek silindirli, dört zamanlı, buji ateşlemeli (SI) benzin motorunda, değişen motor hızlarında ölçülmüş ve ticari benzin ile karşılaştırılmıştır. En iyi motor performans sonuçları %8,94 etanol, %4,26 su ve %4,21 piridin içeren HEP2 karışımından elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu yakıt karışımı kullanılarak, düşük devirlerde motor torkunda %8,3 artış, yüksek devirlerde ise motor efektif gücünde %5 artış görülmüş, ayrıca optimum devirde özgül yakıt sarfiyatının %14 oranında azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ticari benzin karışımı ile kıyaslandığında, NOx, CO ve HC emisyonlarında sırasıyla %32, %17,9 ve %45,9’a varan oranlarda düşüş kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, piridin ve izobütanol katkılandırılmış benzin-etanol-su karışımlarında yakıt özelliklerinin artan etanol ve su oranına bağlı olarak iyileştiğini ve HEP2 karışımının buji ateşlemeli motorlarda daha yüksek motor performansı ve daha düşük emisyon oranı avantajı ile ticari benzin karışımlarına alternatif olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alleman T. L., Singh A., Christensen E. D., Simmons E. and Johnston G., 2020, Octane Modeling of Isobutanol Blending into Gasoline, Energy Fuels, 34(7), 8424–8431.
  • Ambros W., Lanzanova T., Fagundez J., Sari R., Pinheiro D. Martins M. and Salau N., 2015, Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Internal Combustion Engine Operating with Wet Ethanol, Fuel, 158, 270-278.
  • Arning J.,P., Peters W., Rieger B., Schmidt T., Schopf N. and Sternberg J., 2009, Saacke Combustion and Energy Systems Pocket Formula Guide, Saacke GmbH, Bremen.
  • Awad O.I., Mamat R., M. Ali O., Sidik N.A.C., Yusaf T., Kadirgama K. and Kettner M., 2018, Alcohol and Ether as Alternative Fuels in Spark Ignition Engine: A Review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 82, 2586-2605.
  • Bayraktar H., 2005, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Using Gasoline Ethanol Blends in Spark Ignition Engines. Renew. Energy, 30(11), 1733-1747.
  • Bechtold R.L., 1997, Alternative Fuels Guidebook, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., pp. 47-56.
  • Belincanta J., Alchorne J.A. and da Silva M.T., 2016, The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol Fuel: Aspects of Production, Use, Quality and Distribution Logistics, Braz. J. of Chem. Eng., 33(4), 1091-1102.
  • Bergthorson J.M. and Thomson, M.J., 2015, A Review of the Combustion and Emissions Properties of Advanced Transportation Biofuels and Their Impact on Existing and Future Engines. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 42, 1393-1417.
  • Chen R.H., Chiang L.B., Wu M.H. and Lin T.H., 2010, Gasoline Displacement and NOx Reduction in an SI Engine by Aqueous Alcohol Injection. Fuel, 89 (3), 604-610.
  • Clairotte M., Adam T.W., Zardini A.A., Manfredi U., Martini G., Krasenbrink A., et al., 2013, Effects of Low Temperature on the Cold Start Gaseous Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles Fuelled by Ethanol-Blended Gasoline. Appl. Energy, 102:44–54.
  • Costa R.C. and Sodré J.R., 2010, Hydrous Ethanol vs. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend: Engine Performance and Emissions. Fuel, 89(2), 287–293.
  • Costagliola M.A., Prati M.V., Florio S., Scorletti P. and Terna D., 2016, Iodice P., Buono D. and Senatore, A. Performances and Emissions of a 4-Stroke Motorcycle Fuelled with Ethanol/Gasoline Blends. Fuel, 183, 470–477.
  • Çelikten İ., Karaaslan E., Solmaz H., Okur M. and Polat S., 2015, Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Gasoline Additives on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions. J. Therm. Sci. Tech., 35(1), 87-95.
  • Deng X., Chen Z., Wang X., Zhen H. and Xie R., 2018, Exhaust Noise, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Pure Gasoline and Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends, Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 12, 55-63.
  • Durbin T.D, Miller J.W., Younglove T., Huai T. and Cocker K., 2007, Effects of Fuel Ethanol Content and Volatility on Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions for the Latest Technology Gasoline Vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41:4059–64.
  • El-Faroug M.O, Yan F., Luo M. and Turkson R.F., 2016, Spark Ignition Engine Combustion, Performance and Emission Products from Hydrous Ethanol and Its Blends with Gasoline, Energies, 9, 984.
  • Elfasakhany A., 2015, Investigations on the Effects of Ethanol-Methanol-Gasoline Blends in a Spark-Ignition Engine: Performance and Emissions Analysis. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., 18(4), 713-719.
  • Elfasakhany A., 2018, Exhaust Emissions and Performance of Ternary Isobutanol-Biomethanol-Gasoline and n-butanol-Bioethanol-Gasoline Fuel Blends in Spark-Ignition Engines: Assessment and Comparison, Energy, 830-844.
  • Eyidogan M., Ozsezen, A.N., Canakci, M. and Turkcan, A., 2010, Impact of Alcohol–Gasoline Fuel Blends on the Performance and Combustion Characteristics of an SI Engine. Fuel, 89(10), 2713–2720.
  • Gnansounou E. and Dauriat A., 2005, Ethanol Fuel from Biomass: A Review. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 64(11), 809-821.
  • İnternet-1, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/702.
  • İnternet-2, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isobutanol.
  • İnternet-3, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1049.
  • Koç M., Sekmen Y., Topgül T. and Yücesu H.S., 2009, The Effects of Ethanol–Unleaded Gasoline Blends on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Spark-Ignition Engine. Renew. Energy, 34(10), 2101–2106.
  • Kyriakides A., Dimas V., Lymperopoulou E., Karonis D. and Lois E., 2013, Evaluation of Gasoline–Ethanol–Water Ternary Mixtures Used as a Fuel for an Otto Engine. Fuel, 108, 208–215.
  • Lanzanova T., Vielmo H., Sari R., Dornelles H., Tatsch G., Martins M. and Michels L., 2013, Performance Analysis of a Spark Ignited Engine Running on Different Water-in ethanol Mixtures, Society of Automotive Engineers Papers, Warrendale, USA.
  • Lemaire R., Therssen E. and Desgroux P., 2010, Effect of Ethanol Addition in Gasoline and Gasoline–Surrogate on Soot Formation in Turbulent Spray Flames. Fuel, 89(12), 3952–3959.
  • Li L., Wang M., Peng Z., Song Y., Zhang L. and Yuan W., 2015, Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions from Motorcycles Fueled with Ethanol Gasoline Blends. Sci. Total Environ, 502, 627–631.
  • Lin C.Y. and Wang K.H., 2004, Effects of Diesel Engine Speed and Water Content on Emission Characteristics of Three-Phase Emulsions. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 39(5):1345-1359.
  • Liu H., Hu B. and Jin C., 2016, Effects of Different Alcohols Additives on Solubility of Hydrous Ethanol/Diesel Fuel Blends, Fuel, 184, 440-448.
  • Luo M., El-Faroug M. O., Yan F. and Wang Y., 2017, Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emission of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends Fuel in a Port Injection Gasoline Engine. Energies, 10, 1263.
  • Martins F., Felgueiras C., Smitkova M. and Caetano N., 2019, Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries, Energies, 12, 964.
  • de Melo T.C., Machado G.B., Belchior C.R.P., Colaço M.J., Barros J.E.M., de Oliveira E.J., et al., 2012, Hydrous Ethanol–Gasoline Blends – Combustion and Emission Investigations on a Flex-Fuel Engine. Fuel, 97:796–804.
  • Muzikova Z., Pospisil M. and Sebor G., 2009, Volatility and Phase Stability of Petrol Blends with Ethanol, Fuel, 88(8), 1351-1356.
  • Nour M., Attia A.M.A. and Nada S., 2019, Pentanol and Octanol Addition to Hydrous Ethanol/Diesel Blend Achieves Better Blending Stability with Improved Engine Performance and Reduced Emissions. Fuel, 251, 10-22.
  • Olberding, J., Beyerlein, D., Steciak, J. and Cherry, M., 2005, Dynamometer Testing of an Ethanol-Water Fueled Transit Van, SAE Tech., 2005-01-3706.
  • Rajan S. and Saniee F.F., 1983, Water–Ethanol–Gasoline Blends as Spark Ignition Engine Fuels. Fuel, 62 (1), 117–121.
  • Rao, R.N., Silitonga, A.S., Shamsuddin, A.H., Milano J., Riayatsyah M.I., Sebayang A.H., Bin Nur T., Sabri M., Yulita M.R. and Sembiring R.W., 2020, Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine. Arab. J. Sci Eng., 45, 5793–5802.
  • SAE, 2004, Engine Power Test Code – Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition – Net Power Rating, SAE J 1349.
  • Schifter I., Diaz L., Gomez J.P. and Gonzalez U., 2013, Combustion Characterization in a Single Cylinder Engine with Mid-Level Hydrated Ethanol–Gasoline Blended Fuels. Fuel, 103, 292-298.
  • Shirazi S.A., Abdollahipoor B., Martinson J., Reardon K.F. and Windom B., 2018, Physiochemical Property Characterization of Hydrous and Anhydrous Ethanol Blended Gasoline, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57(32), 11239–11245.
  • Suarez-Bertoa R., Zardini A.A., Keuken H. and Astorga C., 2015, Impact of Ethanol Containing Gasoline Blends on Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle Tested over the Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle (WLTC). Fuel, 143, 173-182.
  • Thakur A. K., Kaviti A. K., Mehra R. and Mer K. K. S., 2017, Progress in Performance Analysis of Ethanol Gasoline Blends on SI Engine, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 69, 324-340.
  • Venugopal, T., Sharma A., Satapathy S., Ramesh A. and Gajendra Babu M., 2013, Experimental Study of Hydrous Ethanol-Gasoline Blend (E10) in a Four-Stroke Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine, Int. J. Energy Res., 37(6): 638-644.
  • Wang B., Sun L. S., Su S., Xiang J., Hu S. and Fei H., 2012, A Kinetic Study of NO Formation During Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Pyridine. Appl. Energy, 92, 361-368.
  • Wang X., Chen Z., Ni J., Liu S. and Zhou H., 2015, The Effects of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Port Injection Gasoline Engine. Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 6, 147-154.
  • Wicker R.B., Hutchison, P.A., Acosta, O.A. and Matthews, R.D., 1999, Practical Considerations for an E85-Fueled Vehicle Conversion. SAE Tech. Pap., 1999-01-3517.
  • Yüksel F. and Yüksel B., 2004, The Use of Ethanol–Gasoline Blend as a Fuel in an SI Engine. Renew. Energy, 29(7), 1181–1191.
  • Zhang, W., Shu, G., Chen, Z., Shen, Y. and Weng, J., 2012, Chemical Kinetics of Ignition Timing of Diesel Engine Fueled with Water Emulsion Diesel. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 28, 59-66.
  • Zhuang Y. and Hong G., 2013, Primary Investigation to Leveraging Effect of Using Ethanol Fuel on Reducing Gasoline Fuel Consumption. Fuel, 105, 425–431.

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 11 - 21, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.979291

Öz

The phase equilibria, engine performance and gas emissions of gasoline-ethanol-water blends with pyridine and isobutanol added for increased water tolerance, were investigated. It was observed that pyridine addition produced slightly higher ratios of ethanol and water in the stable fuel blend when compared to isobutanol, and the water ratio increased with the additive amount. Engine performances and combustion characteristics of the fuel blends were measured in a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engine using different engine speeds and compared with the commercial gasoline. The best engine performance results were obtained from the HEP2 blend, consisting of 8.94% ethanol, 4.26% water and 4.21% pyridine. Using this fuel blend, engine torque increased by 8.3% at low speeds, engine effective power increased by %5 at high speeds while specific fuel consumption decreased by 14% at optimum engine speeds. Compared to the commercial gasoline blend, NOx, CO and HC emissions were found to be reduced by as much as %32, %17.9 and %45.9, respectively. Results showed that the fuel properties of pyridine and isobutanol added gasoline-ethanol-water blends were enhanced due to increased ethanol and water content and the HEP2 blend can be used in SI engines as an alternative to commercially available gasoline, with advantages of increased engine performance and reduced emission rates.

Kaynakça

  • Alleman T. L., Singh A., Christensen E. D., Simmons E. and Johnston G., 2020, Octane Modeling of Isobutanol Blending into Gasoline, Energy Fuels, 34(7), 8424–8431.
  • Ambros W., Lanzanova T., Fagundez J., Sari R., Pinheiro D. Martins M. and Salau N., 2015, Experimental Analysis and Modeling of Internal Combustion Engine Operating with Wet Ethanol, Fuel, 158, 270-278.
  • Arning J.,P., Peters W., Rieger B., Schmidt T., Schopf N. and Sternberg J., 2009, Saacke Combustion and Energy Systems Pocket Formula Guide, Saacke GmbH, Bremen.
  • Awad O.I., Mamat R., M. Ali O., Sidik N.A.C., Yusaf T., Kadirgama K. and Kettner M., 2018, Alcohol and Ether as Alternative Fuels in Spark Ignition Engine: A Review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 82, 2586-2605.
  • Bayraktar H., 2005, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Using Gasoline Ethanol Blends in Spark Ignition Engines. Renew. Energy, 30(11), 1733-1747.
  • Bechtold R.L., 1997, Alternative Fuels Guidebook, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., pp. 47-56.
  • Belincanta J., Alchorne J.A. and da Silva M.T., 2016, The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol Fuel: Aspects of Production, Use, Quality and Distribution Logistics, Braz. J. of Chem. Eng., 33(4), 1091-1102.
  • Bergthorson J.M. and Thomson, M.J., 2015, A Review of the Combustion and Emissions Properties of Advanced Transportation Biofuels and Their Impact on Existing and Future Engines. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 42, 1393-1417.
  • Chen R.H., Chiang L.B., Wu M.H. and Lin T.H., 2010, Gasoline Displacement and NOx Reduction in an SI Engine by Aqueous Alcohol Injection. Fuel, 89 (3), 604-610.
  • Clairotte M., Adam T.W., Zardini A.A., Manfredi U., Martini G., Krasenbrink A., et al., 2013, Effects of Low Temperature on the Cold Start Gaseous Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles Fuelled by Ethanol-Blended Gasoline. Appl. Energy, 102:44–54.
  • Costa R.C. and Sodré J.R., 2010, Hydrous Ethanol vs. Gasoline-Ethanol Blend: Engine Performance and Emissions. Fuel, 89(2), 287–293.
  • Costagliola M.A., Prati M.V., Florio S., Scorletti P. and Terna D., 2016, Iodice P., Buono D. and Senatore, A. Performances and Emissions of a 4-Stroke Motorcycle Fuelled with Ethanol/Gasoline Blends. Fuel, 183, 470–477.
  • Çelikten İ., Karaaslan E., Solmaz H., Okur M. and Polat S., 2015, Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Gasoline Additives on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions. J. Therm. Sci. Tech., 35(1), 87-95.
  • Deng X., Chen Z., Wang X., Zhen H. and Xie R., 2018, Exhaust Noise, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Pure Gasoline and Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends, Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 12, 55-63.
  • Durbin T.D, Miller J.W., Younglove T., Huai T. and Cocker K., 2007, Effects of Fuel Ethanol Content and Volatility on Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions for the Latest Technology Gasoline Vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41:4059–64.
  • El-Faroug M.O, Yan F., Luo M. and Turkson R.F., 2016, Spark Ignition Engine Combustion, Performance and Emission Products from Hydrous Ethanol and Its Blends with Gasoline, Energies, 9, 984.
  • Elfasakhany A., 2015, Investigations on the Effects of Ethanol-Methanol-Gasoline Blends in a Spark-Ignition Engine: Performance and Emissions Analysis. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., 18(4), 713-719.
  • Elfasakhany A., 2018, Exhaust Emissions and Performance of Ternary Isobutanol-Biomethanol-Gasoline and n-butanol-Bioethanol-Gasoline Fuel Blends in Spark-Ignition Engines: Assessment and Comparison, Energy, 830-844.
  • Eyidogan M., Ozsezen, A.N., Canakci, M. and Turkcan, A., 2010, Impact of Alcohol–Gasoline Fuel Blends on the Performance and Combustion Characteristics of an SI Engine. Fuel, 89(10), 2713–2720.
  • Gnansounou E. and Dauriat A., 2005, Ethanol Fuel from Biomass: A Review. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 64(11), 809-821.
  • İnternet-1, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/702.
  • İnternet-2, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isobutanol.
  • İnternet-3, 2020, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1049.
  • Koç M., Sekmen Y., Topgül T. and Yücesu H.S., 2009, The Effects of Ethanol–Unleaded Gasoline Blends on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Spark-Ignition Engine. Renew. Energy, 34(10), 2101–2106.
  • Kyriakides A., Dimas V., Lymperopoulou E., Karonis D. and Lois E., 2013, Evaluation of Gasoline–Ethanol–Water Ternary Mixtures Used as a Fuel for an Otto Engine. Fuel, 108, 208–215.
  • Lanzanova T., Vielmo H., Sari R., Dornelles H., Tatsch G., Martins M. and Michels L., 2013, Performance Analysis of a Spark Ignited Engine Running on Different Water-in ethanol Mixtures, Society of Automotive Engineers Papers, Warrendale, USA.
  • Lemaire R., Therssen E. and Desgroux P., 2010, Effect of Ethanol Addition in Gasoline and Gasoline–Surrogate on Soot Formation in Turbulent Spray Flames. Fuel, 89(12), 3952–3959.
  • Li L., Wang M., Peng Z., Song Y., Zhang L. and Yuan W., 2015, Exhaust and Evaporative Emissions from Motorcycles Fueled with Ethanol Gasoline Blends. Sci. Total Environ, 502, 627–631.
  • Lin C.Y. and Wang K.H., 2004, Effects of Diesel Engine Speed and Water Content on Emission Characteristics of Three-Phase Emulsions. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 39(5):1345-1359.
  • Liu H., Hu B. and Jin C., 2016, Effects of Different Alcohols Additives on Solubility of Hydrous Ethanol/Diesel Fuel Blends, Fuel, 184, 440-448.
  • Luo M., El-Faroug M. O., Yan F. and Wang Y., 2017, Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emission of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline Blends Fuel in a Port Injection Gasoline Engine. Energies, 10, 1263.
  • Martins F., Felgueiras C., Smitkova M. and Caetano N., 2019, Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries, Energies, 12, 964.
  • de Melo T.C., Machado G.B., Belchior C.R.P., Colaço M.J., Barros J.E.M., de Oliveira E.J., et al., 2012, Hydrous Ethanol–Gasoline Blends – Combustion and Emission Investigations on a Flex-Fuel Engine. Fuel, 97:796–804.
  • Muzikova Z., Pospisil M. and Sebor G., 2009, Volatility and Phase Stability of Petrol Blends with Ethanol, Fuel, 88(8), 1351-1356.
  • Nour M., Attia A.M.A. and Nada S., 2019, Pentanol and Octanol Addition to Hydrous Ethanol/Diesel Blend Achieves Better Blending Stability with Improved Engine Performance and Reduced Emissions. Fuel, 251, 10-22.
  • Olberding, J., Beyerlein, D., Steciak, J. and Cherry, M., 2005, Dynamometer Testing of an Ethanol-Water Fueled Transit Van, SAE Tech., 2005-01-3706.
  • Rajan S. and Saniee F.F., 1983, Water–Ethanol–Gasoline Blends as Spark Ignition Engine Fuels. Fuel, 62 (1), 117–121.
  • Rao, R.N., Silitonga, A.S., Shamsuddin, A.H., Milano J., Riayatsyah M.I., Sebayang A.H., Bin Nur T., Sabri M., Yulita M.R. and Sembiring R.W., 2020, Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine. Arab. J. Sci Eng., 45, 5793–5802.
  • SAE, 2004, Engine Power Test Code – Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition – Net Power Rating, SAE J 1349.
  • Schifter I., Diaz L., Gomez J.P. and Gonzalez U., 2013, Combustion Characterization in a Single Cylinder Engine with Mid-Level Hydrated Ethanol–Gasoline Blended Fuels. Fuel, 103, 292-298.
  • Shirazi S.A., Abdollahipoor B., Martinson J., Reardon K.F. and Windom B., 2018, Physiochemical Property Characterization of Hydrous and Anhydrous Ethanol Blended Gasoline, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57(32), 11239–11245.
  • Suarez-Bertoa R., Zardini A.A., Keuken H. and Astorga C., 2015, Impact of Ethanol Containing Gasoline Blends on Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle Tested over the Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle (WLTC). Fuel, 143, 173-182.
  • Thakur A. K., Kaviti A. K., Mehra R. and Mer K. K. S., 2017, Progress in Performance Analysis of Ethanol Gasoline Blends on SI Engine, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 69, 324-340.
  • Venugopal, T., Sharma A., Satapathy S., Ramesh A. and Gajendra Babu M., 2013, Experimental Study of Hydrous Ethanol-Gasoline Blend (E10) in a Four-Stroke Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine, Int. J. Energy Res., 37(6): 638-644.
  • Wang B., Sun L. S., Su S., Xiang J., Hu S. and Fei H., 2012, A Kinetic Study of NO Formation During Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Pyridine. Appl. Energy, 92, 361-368.
  • Wang X., Chen Z., Ni J., Liu S. and Zhou H., 2015, The Effects of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Port Injection Gasoline Engine. Case Stud. Therm. Eng., 6, 147-154.
  • Wicker R.B., Hutchison, P.A., Acosta, O.A. and Matthews, R.D., 1999, Practical Considerations for an E85-Fueled Vehicle Conversion. SAE Tech. Pap., 1999-01-3517.
  • Yüksel F. and Yüksel B., 2004, The Use of Ethanol–Gasoline Blend as a Fuel in an SI Engine. Renew. Energy, 29(7), 1181–1191.
  • Zhang, W., Shu, G., Chen, Z., Shen, Y. and Weng, J., 2012, Chemical Kinetics of Ignition Timing of Diesel Engine Fueled with Water Emulsion Diesel. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 28, 59-66.
  • Zhuang Y. and Hong G., 2013, Primary Investigation to Leveraging Effect of Using Ethanol Fuel on Reducing Gasoline Fuel Consumption. Fuel, 105, 425–431.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Amirkhan Garayev Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8442-2638

Silver Güneş Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7608-3779

Çiğdem Güldür Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4404-6882

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Garayev, A., Güneş, S., & Güldür, Ç. (2021). PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE. Isı Bilimi Ve Tekniği Dergisi, 41(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.979291
AMA Garayev A, Güneş S, Güldür Ç. PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi. Nisan 2021;41(1):11-21. doi:10.47480/isibted.979291
Chicago Garayev, Amirkhan, Silver Güneş, ve Çiğdem Güldür. “PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE”. Isı Bilimi Ve Tekniği Dergisi 41, sy. 1 (Nisan 2021): 11-21. https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.979291.
EndNote Garayev A, Güneş S, Güldür Ç (01 Nisan 2021) PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi 41 1 11–21.
IEEE A. Garayev, S. Güneş, ve Ç. Güldür, “PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE”, Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, ss. 11–21, 2021, doi: 10.47480/isibted.979291.
ISNAD Garayev, Amirkhan vd. “PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE”. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi 41/1 (Nisan 2021), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.979291.
JAMA Garayev A, Güneş S, Güldür Ç. PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi. 2021;41:11–21.
MLA Garayev, Amirkhan vd. “PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE”. Isı Bilimi Ve Tekniği Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 11-21, doi:10.47480/isibted.979291.
Vancouver Garayev A, Güneş S, Güldür Ç. PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRIDINE AND ISOBUTANOL ADDED GASOLINE-ETHANOL-WATER BLENDS IN A SINGLE CYLINDER SI GASOLINE ENGINE. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi. 2021;41(1):11-2.