An overview to vitamin d deficiency and treatment in pregnant women

Öz

Vitamin D is a lipid soluble prehormone which has a well known role in regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as bone metabolism.   Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem all over the world. In fact, the condition is considered as a pandemia. The most recognized effect of vitamin D is over metabolism of calcium and phosphor and bone mineralization; deficiency causes a clinical presentation called rickets in children and osteomalasia in adults. However, association of vitamin D deficiency with many chronic diseases such as common cancers, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, infectious and autoimmune diseases was found in the recent years. The aim of the present review was to present an updated approach to effects of vitamin D deficiency on pregnant women and fetuses as well as treatment of the deficiency which is very common in adults.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY,PREGNANT WOMEN

Kaynakça

1. Özkan B, Döneray H. D vitamininin iskelet sistemi dışı etkileri Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2011; 54: 99-119
2. Kıdır V. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of vitamin D J Clin Exp Invest 2013; 4 (3): 398-404
3. Champe PC, Harvey RA, Ferrier DR. Biyokimya. Çeviri Editörü: Ulukaya E. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Serisinden. 3. Baskı. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2007.
4. Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Krane SM, Kronenberg HM. Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edition. New York:MCGraw-Hill Companies; 2005. p. 2238-86.
5. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a D-lightful health perspective. Nutr Rev 2008;66:182-94.
6. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ, Berry DJ, Power C. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrom at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Diabetes 2008;57:298-305.
7. Uçar F, Taşlıpınar MY, Soydaş AÖ, Özcan N. Ankara Etlik İhtisas Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi’ne Başvuran Hastalarda 25-OH Vitamin D Düzeyleri. Eur J Basic Med Sci 2012;2:12-5.
8. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357:266–281.

9. Bandeira F, et al. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e etabologia. 2006;50:640–646. [PubMed]
10. Dror DK, Allen LH. Vitamin D inadequacy in pregnancy: biology, outcomes, and interventions. Nutrition Reviews. 2010;68:465–477. [PubMed]
11. Nicholson I, Dalzell AM, El-Matary W. Vitamin D as a therapy for colitis: a systematic review. Journal of Crohns Colitis, 2012; 6(4): 405-411.
12. Özkan B, Döneray H. D Vitaminin iskelet sistemi dışı etkileri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 2011;54:99-119.
13. Suibhne TN, Cox G, Healy M, O'Morain C, O'Sullivan M. Vitamin D deficiency in Crohn's disease: prevalence, risk factors and supplement use in an outpatient setting. Journal of Crohns Colitis, 2012;6(2):182-188.
14. Allen L, De Benoist B, Dary O, Hurrell R. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients WHO Press, 2006; 3: 81-84.
15. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, PhD, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Mohr SB, Holick MF. The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(2): 252–261.
16. Hatun S, Bereket B, Çalıkoğlu AS, Özkan B. Günümüzde D vitamini yetersizliği ve nütrisyonel rikets. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2003; 46: 224–41.
17. Pettifor JM. Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both? Am J Clin Nutr [Review]. 2004; 80(suppl):1725–1729.
18. Açıkgöz A, Günay T, Uçku R Gebelikte D Vitamini Gereksinimi ve Desteklenmesi TAF Prev Med Bull. 2013; 12(5): 597-608
19. Bikle DD. What’s new in vitamin-D: 2006-2007. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19: 383-388.
20. 18. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 2062-2072.
21. Yilmaz H, Bodur S, Karaca G. The association between vitamin D level and chronic pain and depression in premenopausal women. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2014;60:121-5
22. Wacker M, Holick MF. Vitamin D-Effects on Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health and the Need for Supplementation. Nutrients 2013;5:111-48
23. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon MC, Hanley DA, Heaney RP et al. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30.
24. Wagner CL, Greer FR, The Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics [Clinical Report]. 2008; 122: 1142-1152.
25. Fidan F, Alkan BM, Tosun A. Çağın Pandemisi: D Vitamini Eksikliği ve Yetersizliği. Türk Osteoporoz Dergisi. 2014; 20: 71-74
26. Yeşiltepe-Mutlu G, Hatun Ş Perinatal D vitamini yetersizliği Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2011; 54: 87-98
27. Öngen B, Kabaroğlu C, Parıldar Z. D Vitamini’nin Biyokimyasal ve Laboratuvar Değerlendirmesi. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi 2008;6:23-31.
28. Kent GN, Price RI, Gutteridge DH. The efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is increased in late pregnancy but not in established lactation. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 48: 293-295.
29. Naylor KE, Iqbal P, Fledelius C, Fraser RB, Eastell R. The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 129-137.
30. Black AJ, Topping J, Durham B, Farquharson RG, Fraser WD. A detailed assessment of alterations in bone turnover, calcium homeostasis and bone density in normal pregnancy. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 557-563.
31. Shefras J, Farquharson R. Bone density studies in pregnant women receiving heparin. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 65: 171-174.
32. Bjorklund K, Naessen T, Nordstrom ML, Bergstrom S. Pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain and changes in bone density. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78: 681-685.
33. Kolthoff N, Eiken P, Kristensen B, Nielsen SP. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation: a longitudinal cohort study. Clin Sci 1998; 94: 405-412.
34. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Nutritional vitamin D status during pregnancy: reasons for concern. CMAJ 2006;174:1287-290.
35. Bodnar LM, et al. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007;92:3517–3522.
36. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;87:1080S–1086S.
37. MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK. Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001;97:533–538.
38. Baker AM, et al. A nested case-control study of midgestation vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;95:5105–5109.
39. Wei SQ, et al. Longitudinal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia. BJOG: International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;119:832–839.
40. Zhang C, et al. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus.Public Library of Science One. 2008;3:e3753.
41. Dawodu A, Nath R. High prevalence of moderately severe vitamin D deficiency in preterm infants. Pediatrics International. 2011;53:207–210.
42. Morley R, et al. Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations and offspring birth size.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91:906–912.
43. Greer FR. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: functional outcomes in infants and young children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;88:529S–533S.
44. Javaid MK, et al. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. The Lancet. 2006;367:36–43.
45. Wagner CL, et al. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics.2008;122:1142–1152.
46. Cardús A, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway. Kidney International. 2006;69:1377–1384.
47. Evans KN, et al. Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cytokine production by human decidual cells. Biology of Reproduction. 2006;75:816–822.
48. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of Endocrinology. 1992;132:173–175.
49. Li YC, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system.Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002;110:229–238. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
50. Arunabh S, et al. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88:157–161. [PubMed]
51. Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(3):940–5.
52. Scholl TO, Chen X, Stein P. Maternal vitamin D status and delivery by cesarean. Nutrients 2012;4(4):319–30.
53. Feron F, Burne TH, Brown J, et al. Developmental vitamin D3 deficiency alters the adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65: 141-148.
54. Lapillonne A. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74: 71-75.
55. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, et al. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2006; 367: 36-43.
56. Mannion C, Gray-Donald K, Koski KG. Association of low intake of milk and vitamin D during pregnancy with decreased birth weight. CMAJ 2006; 174: 1273-1277.
57. Brooke DG, Brown IR, Bone CD, et al. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J 1980; 280: 751-754.
58. Bowyer L, Catling-Paull C, Diamond T, et al. Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol 2009; 70: 372–377.
59. Yorifuji J, Yorifuji T, Tachibana K, et al. Craniotabes in normal newborns: the earliest sign of subclinical vitamin D deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1784-1788.
60. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon MC, Hanley DA, Heaney RP et al. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30.
61. Wacker M, Holick MF. Vitamin D-Effects on Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health and the Need for Supplementation. Nutrients 2013;5:111-48.
62. Holick MF. Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2012;38:141-60.
63. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin Values. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/DRI-Values.aspx, Erişim 02.06.2014.
64. Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Overview of vitamin D. In: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington DC: The National Academies Press 2011: 345–402.
65. Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 429.e1-9.
66. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Report:Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency: New Guidelines for Vitamin D. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 908-911.
67. Thandrayen K, Pettifor JM. Maternal vitamin D status:implications for the development of infantile nutritional rickets. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:303-320.
68. Kürklü NS, Ayaz A D Vitamini ve Gestasyonel Diyabet Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences: 2015;4(3):454-67