BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 59 - 63, 05.06.2015

Arife Deniz , Fatih Taş , Ahmet Tomur Ahmet Koç

Öz

Caffeine is a substance that has a stimulative effect on the central nervous system and is largely absorbed in the small intestine. When it is taken in excessive doses (300 mg/day or more) it may cause various disorders. Studies conducted in this regard indicate that excessive caffeine consumed especially during pregnancy have a lot of unfavorable effects on fetus. A fundamental reason for this is that the caffeine the mother takes passes through the placenta barrier easily. Cytochrome P450 A2, which is an enzyme necessary for caffeine metabolism, does not exist in placenta and fetus. Therefore, it takes a long to metabolize caffeine in the fetus, which devoid of a sufficient enzyme system. This is an important risk factor for the fetus. Among the unfavorable effects that excessive consumption caffeine has are intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birth-weight baby (LBB), premature birth, spontaneous abortion and stillbirth can be cited. On the basis of these data, we can say that low and medium level caffeine consumption during pregnancy has no pathological effect on fetus. However, when caffeine is taken in excessive doses it crosses the placenta barrier rapidly and is responsible for various different unfavorable results notably retardation in fetal growth. Although medium level caffeine taken daily may not have any serious side effects on fetus, the daily recommended caffeine intake for pregnant women is 125 mg and it should not be exceeded. This article is aimed at raising awarenes about caffein consumption levels and its effects on health among parents and medical professionals

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caffeine pregnancy toxic effect

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy M. Ansiklopedik Beslenme, Diyet ve Gıda Sözlüğü. Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 2007; 300-1.
  • Garipağaoğlu M ve Kuyrukçu N. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Kafein. Ço- cuk Dergisi. 2009;9(3); 110-115.
  • Coelho A, Fraichard S, Le Goff G, Faure P, Artur Y, Ferveur JF, Heydel JM.Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster.PLoS One. 2015;11;10(2); e0117328.
  • International Food Information Council Foundation Caffeine & Health: Clarifying The Controversies. Washington DC. March. 2008.
  • Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A. Caffeineas a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(7- 8); 857-72.
  • Ogeil RP, Phillips JG. Commonly used stimulants: Sleep problems, dependence and psychological distress. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; S0376-8716.
  • Clausson B, Granath F, Ekbom A, Lundgren S, Nordmark A, Signorello LB, et al. Effect of caffeine exposure during pregnancy on birth weight and gestational age. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155; 429-36.
  • Krzysztof M. Kuczkowski. CaVeine in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280; 695–698.
  • Drapeau C, Hamel-Hebert I, Robillord R, Selamqui B, Filipini D, Carrier J. Chalenging sleepin aging: the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in young and middle aged moderate caffeine con sumers. J Sleep Res. 2006;15(2); 133
  • Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine. In: Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG eds. Substance Abu se: A Comprehensi ve Text book. 4th ed. by Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkinsi. 2005; 403-21.
  • Barone JJ, Roberst H. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996;34; 119-29.
  • Fulgoni VL 3rd, Keast DR, Lieberman HR. Am J Clin Nutr. Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults.2015;101(5); 1081-7.
  • Şengül E. Kafein Alımının Gebelik Üzerine Olumsuz Etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2009;19(1); 45-9.
  • Escohotado A. A Brief History of Drugs Fromm the Stone Age to the Stoned Age. Rochester VT: Park Street Press. 1999.
  • Cappelletti S, Daria P, Sani G, Aromatario M. Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? CurrNeuropharmacol. 2015;13(1); 71-88.
  • Pennay AE, Lubman DI. Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Med J Aust. 2012;196(7); 442-7.
  • Dalvi RR. Acute and chronic toxicity of caffeine: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1986;28(2); 144-50.
  • Dikici S, Yılmaz L, Aydın, Kutlucan A, Ercan N. Enerji içecek- leri hakkında neler biliyoruz? DicleTıp Dergisi. 2012;39(4); 609-6
  • Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caVeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3); 279.e1–8.
  • Hooshmand H. Chronic pain. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1993.
  • Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, et al. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in the human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147; 939–42.
  • Burdan F. [Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of caffeine: facts and hypotheses]. [Article in Polish] Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2000;9(52); 726-8.
  • Glore S, Richer A. Trigeminal neuralgia: Case study of pain cessation with a low-caffeine diyet. J Am Diyet Assoc. 1991;91; 1120-1121.
  • Alpers DH, Stenson FW, Bier DM. Restrictive diyets. Manual of nutritional therapeutics, Third Edition. 1995; 381.
  • Kuczkowski KM. Anesthetic implications of drug abuse in pregnancy. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15; 382–394.
  • Juliano LM, Huntley ED, Harrell PT, Westerman AT.Development of the caffeine withdrawal symptom questionnaire: caffeine withdrawal symptoms cluster into 7 factors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;1;124(3); 229-34.
  • Kendrick SF, Day CP. A coffee with your brandy, sir? J Hepatol. 2007;46; 980-2.
  • Roehrs T, Roth T. Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12; 153-62.
  • Bolinano D, Cappolino G, Barilla A, et al. Caffeine and the Kidney: What evidence right now? J Ren Nutr. 2007;17; 225
  • Donovan JL, DeVane CL. A primer on caffeine pharmacology and ıts drug ınteractions in clincal psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2001;35(3); 30
  • Neglih A. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23; 563-76.
  • Aldridge A, Bailey J, Neims AH. The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 1981;5; 310–4.
  • CARE Study Group. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. Cite this as: BMJ. 2008;337; 23
  • Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, Garrard L, Keogh G, King LG, Cade JE.Eur J.Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose- response meta-analysis. Epidemiol. 2014;29(10); 725-34.
  • Darren C. Greenwood, Natalie J, Thatcher Jin Ye Lucy Garrard Georgina Keogh Laura G. King Janet E. Cade. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose–response meta- analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29; 725–734.
  • Mau G, Netter P. Kaffee- und Alkoholkonsum: Risikofactoren in der Schwangerschaft? (In German). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1974;34; 1018–22.
  • Jester DM, Grant MM.Caffeine consumption and the risk of spontaneous abort. Fam Pract. 2000;49(3); 204-5.
  • Abdi FB, Pollard I, Wilkinson JM Placental transfer and foetal disposition of caffeine and its metabolites in 20 day pregnant rat: A function of dose. Xenobiotica. 1993;23; 449– 4
  • Eteng MU, Eyong EU, Akpanyung EO, Agıang MAand Aremu CY. Recent advances in caffeine and theobromine toxicities: a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1997;51; 231–243.
  • Bakker R, Eric AP, Obradov A, Raat H, Hofman A, and Vincent WV Jaddoe. Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study1–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91; 1691–8.
  • Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15; 460–
  • Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. The effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Arch Toxocol Suppl. 1982;5; 187–92.
  • McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med. 1985;312; 82–90.
  • Vik T, Bakketeig LS, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Jacobsen G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: genderspecific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2003;17; 324-31.
  • Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, Pastuszak A, Koren G, Einarson T. Moderate to heavy caffei ne consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth. A metaanaly sis. Reprod Toxicol. 1998;12(4); 435-44.
  • Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and still birth and infant death in first year of life: Prospective Study. BMJ. 2003;326(7386); 420-2.
  • Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Annerén G, et al. Caffeine consumption and risk of first trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343; 1839–45.
  • Cook DG, Peacock JL, Feyerabend C, Carey IM, Jarsiv MJ, Anderson HR, et al. Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine concentrations during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective population based study. BMJ. 1996; 313; 1358-62.
  • Peacock JL, Bland JM, Anderson HR. Effects on birthweight of alcohol and caffeine consumption in smoking women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1991;45; 159-63.
  • Committee on Toxicity. COT statement on the reproductive effects of caffeine. London: Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. uk/cotstatements/cotstatementsyrs/cotstatements2001/caff eine
  • Directorate MFS. Survey of caffeine and other methylxanthines containingproducts (updated).Food Surveillance Information Sheet. 1998; 144.
  • Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effect of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20(1); 1-30.
  • ADA Report. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108; 553-61.
  • Leviton A, Covan LA. Caffeine consumption by women to their risk of reproductive hazards. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(9); 1271-310.
  • Christian MS, Brent RL. Teratogen update: Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. Teratology. 2001;64(1); 51-78. http://cot.food.gov. in energy drinksandother caffeine
  • Mevlana Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Fizyoloji AD, Konya email: adeniz@mevlana.edu.tr Geliş Tarihi:5 Haziran 2015
  • Kabul Edildiği Tarih:24 Temmuz 2015 Çıkar Çatışması
  • Hiç bir yazarın açıklayacağı finansal ilişkisi veya beyanı yoktur.

KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 59 - 63, 05.06.2015

Arife Deniz , Fatih Taş , Ahmet Tomur Ahmet Koç

Öz

Kafein, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde uyarıcı etki yapan ve emilimi büyük oranda ince bağırsakta gerçekleşen bir maddedir. Kafein yaklaşık 60 kadar bitkide, değişik oranlarda yer almaktadır. Bir alkaloid olan kafein doğal olarak kahve, çay, kakao ve kola gibi gazlı içeceklerde bulunmaktadır. Kafein tüketimine ilişkin ilk bilgiler, MÖ 2700’ lü yıllara uzansa da,  ilk olarak Alman kimyager Friedich Ferdinand Runge tarafından 1819 yılında tanımlanmıştır. Kafein vücutta hafif ve orta dereceli dozlarda alındığında herhangi bir yan etki oluşturmazken, yüksek dozlarda alındığında baş ağrısı, huzursuzluk, sinirlilik, yüzde kızarma, poliüri, sindirim sistemi rahatsızlıkları, kas kitle kaybı, konuşma akıcılığında azalma, kardiyak aritmi, oryantasyon bozukluğu, halüsinasyon ve psikoz gibi birçok rahatsızlıklara neden olabilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar özellikle gebelik döneminde tüketilen aşırı kafeinin, fetüs üzerinde birçok olumsuz etkilere yol açtığını göstermektedir. Bunun temel nedeni ise annenin aldığı kafeinin, plasenta bariyerini kolayca geçmesine dayanmaktadır. Kafein metabolizması için gerekli enzim olan, Sitokrom P450 A2, plasenta ve fetüste yoktur. Dolayısıyla yeterli enzim sisteminden yoksun olan fetüste, kafeinin metabolize edilmesi oldukça uzun zaman almaktadır. Bu da fetüs için önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Kafeinin gebelikte aşırı tüketiminin neden olduğu olumsuz etkiler arasında intrauterin gelişim geriliği (IUGR), düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebek (DDA), prematüre doğum, spontan abortus ve ölü doğum sayılabilir. Bütün bu sayılan patolojik etkilerin yanında, sıçanlar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar,  aşırı kafein alımının nöral tüp kapanmasında gecikme ile birlikte kalp, göz ve bacak gelişimini de olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu verilerden yola çıkarak gebelikte alınan, düşük ve orta düzeyli kafein alımının, fetüs üzerinde herhangi bir patolojik etkisi olmadığını söyleyebiliriz. Ancak yüksek dozlarda alınan kafein, plasenta bariyerini hızla geçerek, fetal gelişim geriliği başta olmak üzere pek çok olumsuz tablodan sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Her ne kadar, günlük olarak alınan orta düzeydeki kafeinin, fetüs üzerinde ciddi bir yan etkisi olmasa da, gebeler için alınması önerilen günlük kafein miktarı 125 mg’ı aşmaması yönündedir. Bu makalenin amacı anneleri ve sağlık profesyonellerini kafein tüketiminin sağlık üzerine etkileri konusunda bilinçlendirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafein gebelik toksik etki

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy M. Ansiklopedik Beslenme, Diyet ve Gıda Sözlüğü. Hatipoğlu Yayınları, Ankara, 2007; 300-1.
  • Garipağaoğlu M ve Kuyrukçu N. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Kafein. Ço- cuk Dergisi. 2009;9(3); 110-115.
  • Coelho A, Fraichard S, Le Goff G, Faure P, Artur Y, Ferveur JF, Heydel JM.Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster.PLoS One. 2015;11;10(2); e0117328.
  • International Food Information Council Foundation Caffeine & Health: Clarifying The Controversies. Washington DC. March. 2008.
  • Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A. Caffeineas a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(7- 8); 857-72.
  • Ogeil RP, Phillips JG. Commonly used stimulants: Sleep problems, dependence and psychological distress. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; S0376-8716.
  • Clausson B, Granath F, Ekbom A, Lundgren S, Nordmark A, Signorello LB, et al. Effect of caffeine exposure during pregnancy on birth weight and gestational age. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155; 429-36.
  • Krzysztof M. Kuczkowski. CaVeine in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280; 695–698.
  • Drapeau C, Hamel-Hebert I, Robillord R, Selamqui B, Filipini D, Carrier J. Chalenging sleepin aging: the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in young and middle aged moderate caffeine con sumers. J Sleep Res. 2006;15(2); 133
  • Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine. In: Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG eds. Substance Abu se: A Comprehensi ve Text book. 4th ed. by Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkinsi. 2005; 403-21.
  • Barone JJ, Roberst H. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol. 1996;34; 119-29.
  • Fulgoni VL 3rd, Keast DR, Lieberman HR. Am J Clin Nutr. Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults.2015;101(5); 1081-7.
  • Şengül E. Kafein Alımının Gebelik Üzerine Olumsuz Etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2009;19(1); 45-9.
  • Escohotado A. A Brief History of Drugs Fromm the Stone Age to the Stoned Age. Rochester VT: Park Street Press. 1999.
  • Cappelletti S, Daria P, Sani G, Aromatario M. Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug? CurrNeuropharmacol. 2015;13(1); 71-88.
  • Pennay AE, Lubman DI. Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Med J Aust. 2012;196(7); 442-7.
  • Dalvi RR. Acute and chronic toxicity of caffeine: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1986;28(2); 144-50.
  • Dikici S, Yılmaz L, Aydın, Kutlucan A, Ercan N. Enerji içecek- leri hakkında neler biliyoruz? DicleTıp Dergisi. 2012;39(4); 609-6
  • Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caVeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3); 279.e1–8.
  • Hooshmand H. Chronic pain. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1993.
  • Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, et al. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in the human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147; 939–42.
  • Burdan F. [Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of caffeine: facts and hypotheses]. [Article in Polish] Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2000;9(52); 726-8.
  • Glore S, Richer A. Trigeminal neuralgia: Case study of pain cessation with a low-caffeine diyet. J Am Diyet Assoc. 1991;91; 1120-1121.
  • Alpers DH, Stenson FW, Bier DM. Restrictive diyets. Manual of nutritional therapeutics, Third Edition. 1995; 381.
  • Kuczkowski KM. Anesthetic implications of drug abuse in pregnancy. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15; 382–394.
  • Juliano LM, Huntley ED, Harrell PT, Westerman AT.Development of the caffeine withdrawal symptom questionnaire: caffeine withdrawal symptoms cluster into 7 factors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;1;124(3); 229-34.
  • Kendrick SF, Day CP. A coffee with your brandy, sir? J Hepatol. 2007;46; 980-2.
  • Roehrs T, Roth T. Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12; 153-62.
  • Bolinano D, Cappolino G, Barilla A, et al. Caffeine and the Kidney: What evidence right now? J Ren Nutr. 2007;17; 225
  • Donovan JL, DeVane CL. A primer on caffeine pharmacology and ıts drug ınteractions in clincal psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2001;35(3); 30
  • Neglih A. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23; 563-76.
  • Aldridge A, Bailey J, Neims AH. The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 1981;5; 310–4.
  • CARE Study Group. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. Cite this as: BMJ. 2008;337; 23
  • Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, Garrard L, Keogh G, King LG, Cade JE.Eur J.Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose- response meta-analysis. Epidemiol. 2014;29(10); 725-34.
  • Darren C. Greenwood, Natalie J, Thatcher Jin Ye Lucy Garrard Georgina Keogh Laura G. King Janet E. Cade. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose–response meta- analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29; 725–734.
  • Mau G, Netter P. Kaffee- und Alkoholkonsum: Risikofactoren in der Schwangerschaft? (In German). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1974;34; 1018–22.
  • Jester DM, Grant MM.Caffeine consumption and the risk of spontaneous abort. Fam Pract. 2000;49(3); 204-5.
  • Abdi FB, Pollard I, Wilkinson JM Placental transfer and foetal disposition of caffeine and its metabolites in 20 day pregnant rat: A function of dose. Xenobiotica. 1993;23; 449– 4
  • Eteng MU, Eyong EU, Akpanyung EO, Agıang MAand Aremu CY. Recent advances in caffeine and theobromine toxicities: a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1997;51; 231–243.
  • Bakker R, Eric AP, Obradov A, Raat H, Hofman A, and Vincent WV Jaddoe. Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study1–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91; 1691–8.
  • Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15; 460–
  • Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. The effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Arch Toxocol Suppl. 1982;5; 187–92.
  • McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. N Engl J Med. 1985;312; 82–90.
  • Vik T, Bakketeig LS, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Jacobsen G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: genderspecific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2003;17; 324-31.
  • Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, Pastuszak A, Koren G, Einarson T. Moderate to heavy caffei ne consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth. A metaanaly sis. Reprod Toxicol. 1998;12(4); 435-44.
  • Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and still birth and infant death in first year of life: Prospective Study. BMJ. 2003;326(7386); 420-2.
  • Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Annerén G, et al. Caffeine consumption and risk of first trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343; 1839–45.
  • Cook DG, Peacock JL, Feyerabend C, Carey IM, Jarsiv MJ, Anderson HR, et al. Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine concentrations during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective population based study. BMJ. 1996; 313; 1358-62.
  • Peacock JL, Bland JM, Anderson HR. Effects on birthweight of alcohol and caffeine consumption in smoking women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1991;45; 159-63.
  • Committee on Toxicity. COT statement on the reproductive effects of caffeine. London: Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. uk/cotstatements/cotstatementsyrs/cotstatements2001/caff eine
  • Directorate MFS. Survey of caffeine and other methylxanthines containingproducts (updated).Food Surveillance Information Sheet. 1998; 144.
  • Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effect of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20(1); 1-30.
  • ADA Report. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108; 553-61.
  • Leviton A, Covan LA. Caffeine consumption by women to their risk of reproductive hazards. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(9); 1271-310.
  • Christian MS, Brent RL. Teratogen update: Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. Teratology. 2001;64(1); 51-78. http://cot.food.gov. in energy drinksandother caffeine
  • Mevlana Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Fizyoloji AD, Konya email: adeniz@mevlana.edu.tr Geliş Tarihi:5 Haziran 2015
  • Kabul Edildiği Tarih:24 Temmuz 2015 Çıkar Çatışması
  • Hiç bir yazarın açıklayacağı finansal ilişkisi veya beyanı yoktur.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Arife Deniz

Fatih Taş

Ahmet Tomur Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Koç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Deniz, A., Taş, F., Tomur, A., Koç, A. (2015). KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(3), 59-63.
AMA Deniz A, Taş F, Tomur A, Koç A. KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. Ağustos 2015;1(3):59-63.
Chicago Deniz, Arife, Fatih Taş, Ahmet Tomur, ve Ahmet Koç. “KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ”. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 1, sy. 3 (Ağustos 2015): 59-63.
EndNote Deniz A, Taş F, Tomur A, Koç A (01 Ağustos 2015) KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 1 3 59–63.
IEEE A. Deniz, F. Taş, A. Tomur, ve A. Koç, “KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ”, İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 3, ss. 59–63, 2015.
ISNAD Deniz, Arife vd. “KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ”. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 1/3 (Ağustos 2015), 59-63.
JAMA Deniz A, Taş F, Tomur A, Koç A. KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;1:59–63.
MLA Deniz, Arife vd. “KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ”. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 59-63.
Vancouver Deniz A, Taş F, Tomur A, Koç A. KAFEİNİN GEBELİKTEKİ TOKSİK ETKİLERİ. İbni Sina Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;1(3):59-63.