Araştırma Makalesi
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Güney Afrika’da Irkçılığın Tarihsel Kökenleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 79 - 120, 15.01.2019

Öz

Bu çalışma Güney Afrika’da etnik ayrımcılığın kökenlerini ve geçmişten günümüze

kadar olan tarihsel dönüşümünün bir analizini ortaya koymak maksadıyla kaleme

alınmıştır. Bilindiği üzere 1652 yılında Güney Afrika’nın Hollandalılar tarafından

işgaliyle Afrika’nın, özellikle Ümit Burnunun yerli halkları Hollanda Doğu Ticareti

Şirketi tarafından sümürgeleştirilmiştir. Mezkur coğrafyanın halkları 1795 senesi

İngiliz işgaline kadar türlü şekillerde muazzam bir ırkçılık ve ayrımcılıkla yüzleşmiştir.

Yüzyıllarca ne Hollanda sömürgecileri ne de işgalci İngilizler, Güney Afrika halklarının

kendi dil, kültür ve inançsal öğelerinin yaşamasına da izin vermişlerdir. Daha fazlası

1948 yılından 1994 senesine kadar Güney Afrika’da devletin ırksal ayrımcılığı

yürürlüğe koyması ile halkların beyaz, siyah, melez ve Asyalı olarak sınıfl andırılmaları

ile toplumda Avrupalı beyaz halka karşı nefret farklı boyutlarda bir düşmanlığa

dönüşmüştür. En nihayetinde Nelson Mandela’nın 1994 senesinde demokratik

seçimlerden sonra Afrika Milli Kongresinin başına geçip idareyi ele almasıyla Güney

Afrikada bu sancılı dönem sona ermiştir. Bu çalışmada Güney Afrikadaki tüm bu

ırkçılık hareketlerinin tarihi süreç içerisinde gelişimi ve ayrımcılığın çeşitli şekillerde

toplum içerisindeki tesirleri ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • BOA, Y. PRK.TKM. 49 87 H-29-12-1324
  • Cumhuriyet Arşivi, 208-48-4- 01.07.1967
  • GG 1726 51/6505 Sentences: Mahmoud Pasha, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1922.
  • Adhikari Muhammed, (2011), The anotomy of a South African Genocide, UCT Press, South Africa.
  • Ataöv Türkkaya, (1977), Afrika ulusal kurtuluş mücadeleleri, A.Ü.S.B. F.
  • Ataöv Türkkaya, 2(010), Emperyalizmin Afrika Sömürüsü, İleri Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Australian Dictionary of Biography, ‘Grey, Sir George (1812–1898) Volume 1, MUP, 1966
  • Boyce A. N. (1971), Europe and South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Davids Achmad, (1980), Mosque of the Bo-Kaap, Cape Town.
  • De Villiers, G.E. (2000). Servant of Africa. The life and times of Sol T Plaatje. Pretoria.
  • Desai Barney&Marney &Cardiff, (1978), The Killing of the Imam, Quartet Books, USA.
  • Dubow Saul, (1995), Scientific racism in modern South Africa, Cambridge University Press, US.
  • Elphick Richard, Gliomee Hermann, (1984), The Shaping of South African Society, (1652-1820) Maskew Miller Logman Press, Cape Town.
  • Fanon Frantz, (2012) Black Skin White Masks, Ed. Max Silverman, Manchester University Press.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2006), Güney Afrikada Osmanlı İzleri, Tezkire, İstanbul.
  • Isaac Schapera, (1965), The Khoisan peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots, G. Routledge & K. Paul.
  • Jacops Sean, (2015), Apartheid Israel, The Politics of an Analogy, Haymarket Books.
  • Jonathan Goldberg, Tony Balshaw, (2013), Broad-Based BEE, South Africa.
  • Lodge, Tom (1983). Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945, New York: Longman.
  • Louw, P. Eric (2004). The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of Apartheid. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Mandela Nelson, (2009), Long Walk to Fredoom, Philadelphia.
  • Michael Hutchinson (2006). Bo-Kaap: Colourful Heart of Cape Town. New Africa Books.
  • Nasson Bill, (2014), WWI and the people of South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Pinnock Don, (2016), Gang Town, Tafelberg. Cape Town.
  • Plaatje Sol, (2007), Native Life in South Africa, South Africa.
  • Ransford, Oliver. (1972), The Great Trek,. John Murray Press,. Great Britain.
  • Van der Waag IJ, (1994), South Africa and the War in Asia Minor. 1920 -1923, Militaria, South Africa.
  • Welsh David, (2009), The rise and fall of Apartheid, Cape Town.
  • Welsh Frank, (2000), A history of South Africa, Great Britain.
  • Wheleer Tom, (2005), Turkey and South Africa, Development of Relations 1860-2005, South African Institute of International Affairs.
  • Williams, Basil, (1946.) Botha Smuts and South Africa, Hodder and Stoughton, United Kingdom.
  • Wilson Monica &Thompson Leonard, (1975), The Oxford History of South Africa, (1870-1966) Oxford University Press.
  • Worden Nigel, (1985), Slavery in Dutch South Africa, Cambridge University Press.
  • Worden Nigel, (2009), The Making of Modern South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Worden Nigel, E. Van Heyningen, V. Bickford Smith, (2004) The making of a city, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Ali Kemal Aydın, (March-May 2003) Turkey and South Africa, towards the second Decades s. 1.
  • Davids Achmat, (1992) Muslim-Chirstian Relations in Nineteenth Century Cape Town (1825-1925) University of Western Cape Stable.
  • Gençoğlu, Halim. (2015). Birinci Cihan Harbi yıllarında Osmanlı – Güney Afrika ilişkileri. Askeri Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25 sayı. S. 168, Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yüzüncü Yıl Sayısı. Ankara.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2015), The first Muslim politician of South Africa Ahmet Ataullah Bey, 1865 – 1903, New contree: a journal of historical and human sciences for Southern Africa. No, 73. p. 169.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2015), New evidence on first black medical doctors at UCT & in South African history. Vol. 69, N0, 1.Bulleten of the Quarterly, Library of South Africa.
  • Johan M van der Merwe, (1/2 2014), Vol 7, The Church order of De Mist and the advent of religious freedom in South Africa, An important contribution to the common good in South African society, JRF
  • S Afr Med J, (1967 Dec 30) “A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town”, Barnard CN, 41(48): 1271–74.
  • Boyraz Hacı Mehmet,( 02 Temmuz 2014) Apartheid Afrika, Gediz Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler 2. sınıf, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Çift Ana Dal Öğrencisi.
  • Kirk, Jason; Joakin Ruiz; John Chesley and Spencer Titley; (Nov.-Dec 2003) The Origin of Gold in South Africa, Vol 91, s. 534-531, American Scientist.

Historical Roots of The Racial Discirimination in South Africa

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 79 - 120, 15.01.2019

Öz

This paper attempts to analyse the genesis of racial discrimination and its historical

transformation process in South Africa from past to present. As it is known, after the

Dutch occupation in South Africa in 1652, African native people particularly at the

Cape of Good Hope, were colonised by the Dutch East Indian Company. Until the

British occupation of the territory in 1795, natives faced the tremendous racism and

discrimination in various ways. Neither Dutch rulers nor British colonialists allowed

South African natives to keep their culture, language and religious faiths for centuries.

Furthermore, from 1948 to 1994, the Apartheid regime officially segregated South

African people from each other as white-black-coloured-asian, which in turn caused

antagonism against people of European origin or descent, white South Africans.

Eventually, the Apartheid regime ended in 1994 and South African political leader

Nelson Mandela’s party (ANC) managed to take over the ruling of South Africa. In

this paper, the origins of racial discrimination in South Africa will be examined in a

historical context.

Kaynakça

  • BOA, Y. PRK.TKM. 49 87 H-29-12-1324
  • Cumhuriyet Arşivi, 208-48-4- 01.07.1967
  • GG 1726 51/6505 Sentences: Mahmoud Pasha, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1922.
  • Adhikari Muhammed, (2011), The anotomy of a South African Genocide, UCT Press, South Africa.
  • Ataöv Türkkaya, (1977), Afrika ulusal kurtuluş mücadeleleri, A.Ü.S.B. F.
  • Ataöv Türkkaya, 2(010), Emperyalizmin Afrika Sömürüsü, İleri Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Australian Dictionary of Biography, ‘Grey, Sir George (1812–1898) Volume 1, MUP, 1966
  • Boyce A. N. (1971), Europe and South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Davids Achmad, (1980), Mosque of the Bo-Kaap, Cape Town.
  • De Villiers, G.E. (2000). Servant of Africa. The life and times of Sol T Plaatje. Pretoria.
  • Desai Barney&Marney &Cardiff, (1978), The Killing of the Imam, Quartet Books, USA.
  • Dubow Saul, (1995), Scientific racism in modern South Africa, Cambridge University Press, US.
  • Elphick Richard, Gliomee Hermann, (1984), The Shaping of South African Society, (1652-1820) Maskew Miller Logman Press, Cape Town.
  • Fanon Frantz, (2012) Black Skin White Masks, Ed. Max Silverman, Manchester University Press.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2006), Güney Afrikada Osmanlı İzleri, Tezkire, İstanbul.
  • Isaac Schapera, (1965), The Khoisan peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots, G. Routledge & K. Paul.
  • Jacops Sean, (2015), Apartheid Israel, The Politics of an Analogy, Haymarket Books.
  • Jonathan Goldberg, Tony Balshaw, (2013), Broad-Based BEE, South Africa.
  • Lodge, Tom (1983). Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945, New York: Longman.
  • Louw, P. Eric (2004). The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of Apartheid. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Mandela Nelson, (2009), Long Walk to Fredoom, Philadelphia.
  • Michael Hutchinson (2006). Bo-Kaap: Colourful Heart of Cape Town. New Africa Books.
  • Nasson Bill, (2014), WWI and the people of South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Pinnock Don, (2016), Gang Town, Tafelberg. Cape Town.
  • Plaatje Sol, (2007), Native Life in South Africa, South Africa.
  • Ransford, Oliver. (1972), The Great Trek,. John Murray Press,. Great Britain.
  • Van der Waag IJ, (1994), South Africa and the War in Asia Minor. 1920 -1923, Militaria, South Africa.
  • Welsh David, (2009), The rise and fall of Apartheid, Cape Town.
  • Welsh Frank, (2000), A history of South Africa, Great Britain.
  • Wheleer Tom, (2005), Turkey and South Africa, Development of Relations 1860-2005, South African Institute of International Affairs.
  • Williams, Basil, (1946.) Botha Smuts and South Africa, Hodder and Stoughton, United Kingdom.
  • Wilson Monica &Thompson Leonard, (1975), The Oxford History of South Africa, (1870-1966) Oxford University Press.
  • Worden Nigel, (1985), Slavery in Dutch South Africa, Cambridge University Press.
  • Worden Nigel, (2009), The Making of Modern South Africa, Cape Town.
  • Worden Nigel, E. Van Heyningen, V. Bickford Smith, (2004) The making of a city, Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Ali Kemal Aydın, (March-May 2003) Turkey and South Africa, towards the second Decades s. 1.
  • Davids Achmat, (1992) Muslim-Chirstian Relations in Nineteenth Century Cape Town (1825-1925) University of Western Cape Stable.
  • Gençoğlu, Halim. (2015). Birinci Cihan Harbi yıllarında Osmanlı – Güney Afrika ilişkileri. Askeri Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25 sayı. S. 168, Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yüzüncü Yıl Sayısı. Ankara.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2015), The first Muslim politician of South Africa Ahmet Ataullah Bey, 1865 – 1903, New contree: a journal of historical and human sciences for Southern Africa. No, 73. p. 169.
  • Gencoglu Halim, (2015), New evidence on first black medical doctors at UCT & in South African history. Vol. 69, N0, 1.Bulleten of the Quarterly, Library of South Africa.
  • Johan M van der Merwe, (1/2 2014), Vol 7, The Church order of De Mist and the advent of religious freedom in South Africa, An important contribution to the common good in South African society, JRF
  • S Afr Med J, (1967 Dec 30) “A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town”, Barnard CN, 41(48): 1271–74.
  • Boyraz Hacı Mehmet,( 02 Temmuz 2014) Apartheid Afrika, Gediz Üniversitesi Uluslararası İlişkiler 2. sınıf, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Çift Ana Dal Öğrencisi.
  • Kirk, Jason; Joakin Ruiz; John Chesley and Spencer Titley; (Nov.-Dec 2003) The Origin of Gold in South Africa, Vol 91, s. 534-531, American Scientist.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Halim Gençoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gençoğlu, H. (2019). Güney Afrika’da Irkçılığın Tarihsel Kökenleri. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 79-120.