İnegöl'de Mevsimsel Atmosferik PCB Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi

Öz

Kalıcı organik kirleticiler (KOK'lar), doğada uzun süre kalabilen ve insan sağlığı ile ekosistemler üzerinde ciddi riskler oluşturan kimyasal bilesşiklerdir. Bu çalışma, Bursa'nın İnegöl ilçesinde atmosferik poliklorlu bifenil (PCB) konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek ve mevsimsel farklılıklarını ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaz (29 Haziran - 28 Ağustos 2020) ve kış (17 Aralık 2020 - 18 Şubat 2021) dönemlerinde dokuz farklı noktada pasif hava örnekleyiciler kullanılarak örnekleme yapılmış ve toplam 41 PCB türü analiz edilmiştir. Yaz aylarında ortalama toplam PCB konsantrasyonu 256.37±136.6 pg/m3, kış aylarında ise 161.62±89.84 pg/m3 olarak bulunmuştur. Yaz döneminde kış dönemine göre 1.56 kat daha yüksek konsantrasyonlar kaydedilmiştir. İnegöl'ün endüstriyel yapısı ve atmosferik dinamikleri, çevresel PCB konsantrasyonlarına önemli ölçülerde katkı sağlamıştır. Bulgular, uluslararası literatür ile karşılaştırılmış ve sektörel farklılıkların etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• PCB
• Pasif Hava Örnekleyici
• Mevsimsel Karşılaştırma

Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric PCB Concentrations in İnegöl

Öz

This study investigated the seasonal variations and regional differences in atmospheric PCB concentrations in the İnegöl district. The results showed that PCB concentrations were 1.56 times higher in summer compared to winter. During the summer sampling campaign, the average total ∑41 PCB concentration was determined as 256.37±136.6 pg/m³, whereas it was measured as 161.62±89.84 pg/m³ in winter. The dominant homolog group in summer was 5-chlorinated PCBs (5-Cl), while in winter, 3-chlorinated PCBs (3-Cl) were predominant. The data revealed the impact of industries, urban areas, and treatment facilities on PCB concentrations. For example, in the summer period, the highest average PCB concentration was measured in urban areas (309.63±108.12 pg/m³), whereas in winter, concentrations were highest near treatment facilities (290.53±116.10 pg/m³). The study demonstrated that the seasonal distribution of PCB types varied depending on regional sources. Compared to previous literature, the obtained concentrations exhibited both lower and higher values. These differences were attributed to sampling periods, meteorological conditions, and changes in regional industrial activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• PCB
• Passive Air Sampler
• Seasonal Comparison

Kaynakça

1. [1] S.L. Kuzu, A. Saral, G. Güneş, A. Karadeniz, Evaluation of background soil and air polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations on a hill at the outskirts of a metropolitan city, Chemosphere 154 (2016) 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.095.
2. [2] M.A. Ashraf, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): a global issue, a global challenge, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24 (2017) 4223–4227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5225-9.
3. [3] E. Gregoris, E. Argiriadis, M. Vecchiato, S. Zambon, S. De Pieri, A. Donateo, D. Contini, R. Piazza, C. Barbante, A. Gambaro, Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols, Sci. Total Environ. 476–477 (2014) 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.036.
4. [4] P. Swaminaathan, A. Saravanan, P.R. Yaashikaa, A.S. Vickram, Recent advances in photocatalytic degradation of persistent organic pollutants: Mechanisms, challenges, and modification strategies, Sustain. Chem. Environ. 8 (2024) 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100171.
5. [5] Z. Zhang, L. Liu, Y.F. Li, D. Wang, H. Jia, T. Harner, E. Sverko, X. Wan, D. Xu, N. Ren, J. Ma, K. Pozo, Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in concurrently sampled Chinese air and surface soil, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 6514–6518. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8004078.
6. [6] IARC, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 107, 2015.
7. [7] Y.M. Aydin, M. Kara, Y. Dumanoglu, M. Odabasi, T. Elbir, Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air of an industrial region in Turkey, Atmos. Environ. 97 (2014) 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.032.
8. [8] I. Çok, M. Hakan ̧Satirǒglu, Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in adipose tissue of primiparous women in Turkey, Environ. Int. 30 (2004) 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00140-5.

9. [9] M. Bokare, N. Lombard, S. Magee, D. Murali, U. Ghosh, Seasonal trends of PCBs in air over Washington DC reveal localized urban sources and the influence of Anacostia River, Environ. Pollut. 316 (2023) 120490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120490.
10. [10] T. Luarte, A. Hirmas-Olivares, J. Höfer, R. Giesecke, M. Mestre, S. Guajardo-Leiva, E. Castro-Nallar, A. Pérez-Parada, G. Chiang, R. Lohmann, J. Dachs, S.B. Nash, J. Pulgar, K. Pozo, P.P. Přibylová, J. Martiník, C. Galbán-Malagón, Occurrence and diffusive air-seawater exchanges of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, Sci. Total Environ. 908 (2024) 168323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168323.
11. [11] K. Yacine, M. Yacine, S. Georges, E. Gauthier, Determination of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in ash and particle samples generated by an incineration plant for hospital and industrial waste in Northern of Algeria, Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9 (2018) 968–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.01.017.
12. [12] B. Cetin, S. Yurdakul, M. Keles, I. Celik, F. Ozturk, C. Dogan, Atmospheric concentrations, distributions and air-soil exchange tendencies of PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized area in Kocaeli, Turkey, Chemosphere 183 (2017) 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.103.
13. [13] K. Christensen, L.M. Carlson, G.M. Lehmann, The role of epidemiology studies in human health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, Environ. Res. 194 (2021) 110662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110662.
14. [14] G. Ross, The public health implications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 59 (2004) 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.003.
15. [15] M. A, R. Cao, N. Geng, X. Zhu, J. Chen, Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in atmospheric fine particulate matter in Dalian, China, Chemosphere 288 (2022) 132488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132488.
16. [16] A. Dreyer, A. Minkos, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in ambient air and deposition in the German background, Environ. Pollut. 316 (2023) 120511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120511.
17. [17] Y. Qin, Y. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Lu, Z. Xu, Emission of PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and heavy metals in air, water and soil around a waste plastic recycling factory in an industrial park, Eastern China, Chemosphere 294 (2022) 133734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133734.
18. [18] S.S. Cindoruk, A.E. Sakin, Y. Tasdemir, Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air, Environ. Pollut. 256 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418.
19. [19] M.F. Sari, F. Esen, B. Cetin, Concentration levels, spatial variations and exchanges of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ambient air, surface water and sediment in Bursa, Türkiye, Sci. Total Environ. 880 (2023) 163224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163224.
20. [20] A. Birgül, P.B. Kurt-Karakus, H. Alegria, E. Gungormus, H. Celik, T. Cicek, E.C. Güven, Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive samplers derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in the ambient air of Bursa-Turkey: Spatial and temporal variations and health risk assessment, Chemosphere 168 (2017) 1345–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.124.
21. [21] S. Siddik Cindoruk, Y. Tasdemir, Characterization of gas/particle concentrations and partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) measured in an urban site of Turkey, Environ. Pollut. 148 (2007) 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.018.
22. [22] G. Eker Sanli, S.N. Erkul, Y. Tasdemir, Spatio-Temporal Variations, Fugacity Fractions and Air-Soil Exchanges of PCBs in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Rural Sites, Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 44 (2024) 1019–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2023.2185267.
23. [23] A.E. Sakin, F. Esen, Y. Tasdemir, Effects of sampling interval on the passive air sampling of atmospheric PCBs levels, J. Environ. Sci. Heal. - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Subst. Environ. Eng. 52 (2017) 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1297148.
24. [24] A.E. Sakin, Y. Tasdemir, Determination of Atmospheric PCB Level Variations in Continuously Collected Samples, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71 (2016) 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-016-0291-7.
25. [25] A. Küçük, Mobilya kenti İnegöl atmosferinde poliklorlu Bifenil (PCB) konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi, (2020).
26. [26] İnegöl Ti̇caret ve Sanayi̇ Odası, İnegöl Ekonomi̇ Raporu 2023, (2023). https://www.itso.org.tr/dosyalar/2023EkonomiRaporu.pdf.
27. [27] B. Caliskan, A. Kücük, Y. Tasdemir, S.S. Cindoruk, PAH levels in a furniture-manufacturing city atmosphere, Chemosphere 240 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124757.
28. [28] B. Caliskan, G. Artun, H. Durmuş, E.O. Gaga, S.S. Cindoruk, Atmospheric volatile organic compounds levels in furniture-manufacturing city in Turkey, Urban Clim. 43 (2022) 101163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101163.
29. [29] Y. Dumanoglu, E.O. Gaga, E. Gungormus, S.C. Sofuoglu, M. Odabasi, Spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and carcinogenic risk assessment for PAHs and PCBs in air and soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the province of thermal power plants, Sci. Total Environ. 580 (2017) 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.040.
30. [30] M. Odabasi, Y. Dumanoglu, E. Ozgunerge Falay, G. Tuna, H. Altiok, M. Kara, A. Bayram, D. Tolunay, T. Elbir, Investigation of spatial distributions and sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a heavily polluted industrial region using tree components, Chemosphere 160 (2016) 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.076.
31. [31] F. Wania, L. Shen, Y.D. Lei, C. Teixeira, D.C.G. Muir, Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 1352–1359. https://doi.org/10.1021/es026166c.
32. [32] Y. Tasdemir, M. Odabasi, N. Vardar, A. Sofuoglu, T.J. Murphy, T.M. Holsen, Dry deposition fluxes and velocities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) associated with particles, Atmos. Environ. 38 (2004) 2447–2456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.006.
33. [33] A.T. Simpson, M.D. Wright, Diffusive sampling of C7-C16 hydrocarbons in workplace air: Uptake rates, wall effects and use in oil mist measurements, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52 (2008) 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men009.
34. [34] B. Cetin, F. Ozturk, M. Keles, S. Yurdakul, PAHs and PCBs in an Eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: Their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects, Environ. Pollut. 220 (2017) 1322–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.002.
35. [35] S.S. Cindoruk, Y. Tasdemir, Atmospheric gas and particle phase concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey, Environ. Forensics 9 (2008) 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920801888442.
36. [36] Y. Tasdemir, G. Salihoglu, N.K. Salihoglu, A. Birgül, Air-soil exchange of PCBs: Seasonal variations in levels and fluxes with influence of equilibrium conditions, Environ. Pollut. 169 (2012) 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.022.
37. [37] A. Birgül, P. Kurt-Karakus, H. Alegria, E.G.- Chemosphere, undefined 2017, Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive samplers derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in the ambient air of Bursa-Turkey: Spatial and, Elsevier (y.y.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516316678 (erişim 12 Ekim 2021).
38. [38] C. Xu, L. Niu, D. Zou, S. Zhu, W. Liu, Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks, Sci. Total Environ. 684 (2019) 486–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334.
39. [39] S. Mao, G. Zhang, J. Li, X. Geng, J. Wang, S. Zhao, Z. Cheng, Y. Xu, Q. Li, Y. Wang, Occurrence and sources of PCBs, PCNs, and HCB in the atmosphere at a regional background site in east China: Implications for combustion sources, Environ. Pollut. 262 (2020) 114267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114267.