Yaya Güvenliği; Sınıflandırılması, Etkili Faktörler ve Koruyucu Önlemler
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 113 - 129, 31.12.2023
Tunahan Özyer
,
Gökhan Bilge
Öz
Dünya çapında, otomotiv alanındaki gelişmeler hızla artıyor. Bu gelişmeler ile halen önemini korumaya devam eden yaya güvenliğindeki konular ise istatistiksel sonuçları itibariyle bir azalım gösterse de gelişen teknoloji göz önünde bulundurulduğunda göstermesi gereken büyük kırınımları halen göstermemekte.
Yaya güvenliği alanındaki bu teknolojilerin zaman boyunca gelişimini anlamak ve gelecek beklenti ve öngörülere ışık tutmak amacıyla, bu çalışmada yaya güvenliğine önce genel bir bakış sağlanmış daha sonra son 20 sene içerisinde geliştirilen teknolojiler ortaya konmuştur.
Destekleyen Kurum
TOFAŞ Türk Otomobil Fabrikası Anonim Şirketi
Teşekkür
Destekleri için TOFAŞ Türk Otomobil Fabrikası Anonim Şirketi’ne teşekkür ederiz
Kaynakça
- [1] AAAM (2008). The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 - Update 2008. Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
- [2] Anderson, R. W., A. J. McLean, et al. (1997). Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes. Accid Anal Prev 29(5): 667-74.
- [3] Davis, G. A. (2001). Relating severity of pedestrian injury to impact speed in vehicle-pedestrian crashes: Simple threshold model. Transportation research record, 1773(1), 108-113.
- [4] European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) Pedestrian Testing Protocol Version 8.5, October 2018.
- [5] European Road Safety Observatory, Annual statistical report on road safety in the EU 2020.
- [6] Evrard, B. (2011). Innovative Bonnet Active Actuator (B2A) For Pedestrian Protection. The 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. Stuttgart, Germany.
- [7] Fredriksson, R., Håland, Y. (2001). "Evaluation Of A New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System With A Sensor In The Bumper And Lifting Of The Bonnet’s Rear Part." SAE2001-06-0089. Society of Automotive Engineers. Warrendale, PA. Geneva, Switzerland.
- [8] Hannawald, L.,Kauer, F. (2004). Equal Effectiveness Study on Pedestrian Protection. Technische Universität Dresden. Dresden, Germany.
- [9] Helmer, T., Ebner, A., 2010. Injury risk to specific body regions of pedestrians in frontal vehicle crashes modeled by empirical, in-depth accident data. Stapp Car Crash J 54: 93-117.
- [10] Hu, J., Klinich, K. D. (2015). Toward designing pedestrian–friendly vehicles. International journal of vehicle safety, 8(1), 22-54.
- [11] Huang, S., Yang, J. (2010). "Optimization of a reversible hood for protecting a pedestrian's head during car collisions." Accid Anal Prev 42(4): 1136-43.
- [12] Huang, T.J., Wu, J.T., Hsiao, C.Y., Wang, M.S., Lee, K.C. 2011. Design of a bumper system for pedestrian lower-leg protection using the Taguchi method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225(12), pp.1578-1586.
- [13] Inomata, Y., Iwai, N., Maeda, Y., Kobayashi, S., Okuyama, H., Takahashi, N., (2009). Development Of The Pop-Up Engine Hood For Pedestrian Head Protection. The 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. Stuttgart, Germany. International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles.
- [14] Jakobsson, L., Broberg, T., Karlsson, H., Fredriksson, A., Gråberg, N., Gullander, C., Lindman, M. (2013). Pedestrian airbag technology–a production system. In 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (No. 13-0447).
- [15] Lee, C., Abdel-Aty, M. (2005). "Comprehensive analysis of vehicle pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida." Accid Anal Prev 37(4): 775-86.
- [16] McCarthy, M., Simmons, I. (2005). Active Pedestrian Protection. The 19th
- [17] Mizuno, Y. (2005) Summary of IHRA Pedestrian Safety WG Activities (2005) - Proposed Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded By Passenger Cars. The 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington, D.C.
- [18] Moxey, E., Johnson, N., McCarthy, M.G., Galloway, L., Parker, G.A., McLundie, W.M. (2006). Advanced protection for vulnerable road users: a case study. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of automobile engineering, 220(6), pp.723-734.
- [19] Oh, C., Kang, Y. S., Youn, Y., Konosu A., (2008). "Development of probabilistic pedestrian fatality model for characterizing pedestrian-vehicle collisions." International Journal of Automotive Technology 9(2): 191-196.
- [20] Pasanen, E., Salmivaara, H. (1993). "Driving speeds and pedestrian safety in the city of Helsinki." Traffic Eng. Control 34: 308-310.
- [21] Rosen, E., Sander, U. (2009). Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accid Anal Prev 41(3): 536-42.
- [22] Schuster, P.J. (2006). Current Trends in Bumper Design for Pedestrian Impact (No. 2006-01-0464). SAE Technical Paper.
- [23] Shin, M. K., Park, K. T., ve ark. (2008). "Design of the active hood lift system using orthogonal arrays." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D-Journal of Automobile Engineering 222(D5): 705-717.
- [24] The European Parliament and of The Council (2009), 2003/102/EC and 2005/66/EC on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users.
- [25] UNECE (2006). Informal Group on Pedestrian Safety - 10th meeting, EEVC Working Group 17 Report: Improved Test Methods To Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded By Passenger Cars.
- [26] United Nations (2015). Status of United Nations Regulation Ece 127-00 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of: Motor Vehicles With Regard To Their Pedestrian Safety Performance, Washington, D.C.
Pedestrian Safety; Classification, Effective Factors and Protective Precautions
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 113 - 129, 31.12.2023
Tunahan Özyer
,
Gökhan Bilge
Öz
Developments in the automotive field are increasing rapidly. Although the issues in pedestrian safety, which still maintains its importance with these developments, show a decrease in terms of statistical results, it still does not show the major breakdowns that it should show when the developing technology is considered.
To understand the development of these technologies and to shed light on future technologies, in this study, first an overview of pedestrian safety was provided and then the technologies developed in the last 20 years were revealed.
Destekleyen Kurum
TOFAŞ Türk Otomobil Fabrikası Anonim Şirketi
Teşekkür
Destekleri için TOFAŞ Türk Otomobil Fabrikası Anonim Şirketi’ne teşekkür ederiz
Kaynakça
- [1] AAAM (2008). The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005 - Update 2008. Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
- [2] Anderson, R. W., A. J. McLean, et al. (1997). Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes. Accid Anal Prev 29(5): 667-74.
- [3] Davis, G. A. (2001). Relating severity of pedestrian injury to impact speed in vehicle-pedestrian crashes: Simple threshold model. Transportation research record, 1773(1), 108-113.
- [4] European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) Pedestrian Testing Protocol Version 8.5, October 2018.
- [5] European Road Safety Observatory, Annual statistical report on road safety in the EU 2020.
- [6] Evrard, B. (2011). Innovative Bonnet Active Actuator (B2A) For Pedestrian Protection. The 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. Stuttgart, Germany.
- [7] Fredriksson, R., Håland, Y. (2001). "Evaluation Of A New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System With A Sensor In The Bumper And Lifting Of The Bonnet’s Rear Part." SAE2001-06-0089. Society of Automotive Engineers. Warrendale, PA. Geneva, Switzerland.
- [8] Hannawald, L.,Kauer, F. (2004). Equal Effectiveness Study on Pedestrian Protection. Technische Universität Dresden. Dresden, Germany.
- [9] Helmer, T., Ebner, A., 2010. Injury risk to specific body regions of pedestrians in frontal vehicle crashes modeled by empirical, in-depth accident data. Stapp Car Crash J 54: 93-117.
- [10] Hu, J., Klinich, K. D. (2015). Toward designing pedestrian–friendly vehicles. International journal of vehicle safety, 8(1), 22-54.
- [11] Huang, S., Yang, J. (2010). "Optimization of a reversible hood for protecting a pedestrian's head during car collisions." Accid Anal Prev 42(4): 1136-43.
- [12] Huang, T.J., Wu, J.T., Hsiao, C.Y., Wang, M.S., Lee, K.C. 2011. Design of a bumper system for pedestrian lower-leg protection using the Taguchi method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225(12), pp.1578-1586.
- [13] Inomata, Y., Iwai, N., Maeda, Y., Kobayashi, S., Okuyama, H., Takahashi, N., (2009). Development Of The Pop-Up Engine Hood For Pedestrian Head Protection. The 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference. Stuttgart, Germany. International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles.
- [14] Jakobsson, L., Broberg, T., Karlsson, H., Fredriksson, A., Gråberg, N., Gullander, C., Lindman, M. (2013). Pedestrian airbag technology–a production system. In 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (No. 13-0447).
- [15] Lee, C., Abdel-Aty, M. (2005). "Comprehensive analysis of vehicle pedestrian crashes at intersections in Florida." Accid Anal Prev 37(4): 775-86.
- [16] McCarthy, M., Simmons, I. (2005). Active Pedestrian Protection. The 19th
- [17] Mizuno, Y. (2005) Summary of IHRA Pedestrian Safety WG Activities (2005) - Proposed Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded By Passenger Cars. The 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Washington, D.C.
- [18] Moxey, E., Johnson, N., McCarthy, M.G., Galloway, L., Parker, G.A., McLundie, W.M. (2006). Advanced protection for vulnerable road users: a case study. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of automobile engineering, 220(6), pp.723-734.
- [19] Oh, C., Kang, Y. S., Youn, Y., Konosu A., (2008). "Development of probabilistic pedestrian fatality model for characterizing pedestrian-vehicle collisions." International Journal of Automotive Technology 9(2): 191-196.
- [20] Pasanen, E., Salmivaara, H. (1993). "Driving speeds and pedestrian safety in the city of Helsinki." Traffic Eng. Control 34: 308-310.
- [21] Rosen, E., Sander, U. (2009). Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accid Anal Prev 41(3): 536-42.
- [22] Schuster, P.J. (2006). Current Trends in Bumper Design for Pedestrian Impact (No. 2006-01-0464). SAE Technical Paper.
- [23] Shin, M. K., Park, K. T., ve ark. (2008). "Design of the active hood lift system using orthogonal arrays." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D-Journal of Automobile Engineering 222(D5): 705-717.
- [24] The European Parliament and of The Council (2009), 2003/102/EC and 2005/66/EC on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users.
- [25] UNECE (2006). Informal Group on Pedestrian Safety - 10th meeting, EEVC Working Group 17 Report: Improved Test Methods To Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded By Passenger Cars.
- [26] United Nations (2015). Status of United Nations Regulation Ece 127-00 Uniform Provisions Concerning The Approval Of: Motor Vehicles With Regard To Their Pedestrian Safety Performance, Washington, D.C.