Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2, 288 - 309, 15.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864
https://izlik.org/JA62CX35HY

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdag, S., Tytell, R. (2011). The transmission of financial stress from advanced to emerging economies. Emerging Markets Financeand Trade, 47(2), 40–68. doi: 10.2753/REE1540-496X4703S203. google scholar
  • Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdağ, S., Tytell, I. (2009). The transmission of financial stress from advanced to emerging economies. IMF Working Paper, 1-52. google scholar
  • Basyouni, S. S., & El Keshky, M. E. S. (2021). Job insecurity, work-related flow, and financial anxiety in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 632265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632265 google scholar
  • Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M. (2022). Measuring geopolitical risk. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1194-1225. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191823 google scholar
  • Carlson, M., Lewis, K., Nelson, W. (2014). Policy intervention to identify financial stress. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 19, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1482 google scholar
  • Chadwick, M. G., & Ozturk, H. (2019). Measuring financial systemic stress in Turkey: A search for the best composite indicator. Economic Systems, 43(1), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2018.09.004google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kenc, T. (2016). Financial stress and economic activity in emerging Asian economies. Research in International Business and Finance, 36, 127-139.)[doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.017];.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.017 google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kutan, A. M. (2013a). Measure financial stress in transition economies. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 597-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jfs.2012.10.001. google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kutan, A. M. (2013b). Measure financial stress in Turkey. Journal of Policy Modelling, 35(2), 370-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.06.003. google scholar
  • Daigler, R. T., & Wiley, M. K. (1999). The impact of trader type on the futures volatility‐volume relation. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), 2297-2316. doi: 10.1111/0022-1082.00189. google scholar
  • DeBondt, W. F. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1985). Does the stock market overreact? The Journal of Finance, 40(3), 793-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05004.x. google scholar
  • DeBondt, W. F. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1987). Further evidence on investor overreaction and stock market seasonality. The Journal of Finance, 42(3), 557-581. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04569.x. google scholar
  • Elekdağ, S., Kanlı, İ. B., Samancıoğlu, Z., & Sarıkaya, Ç. (2010). Finansal stres ve iktisadi faaliyet. TCMB Central Bank Reviews, 1-8. google scholar
  • EPU, (2024). Economic policy uncertainty. https://www.policyuncertainty.com/. google scholar
  • Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance, 25, 383-417. doi: 10.2307/2325486. google scholar
  • Filatov, V. (2021). A new financial stress index for Ukraine. Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, 251, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2021.251.03 google scholar
  • FRED, (2024). St. Louis Fed Financial Stress Index. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STLFSI4. google scholar
  • Shapiro G. K., & Burchell B. J. (2012). Measure financial anxiety. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 5(2), 92-103. doi: 10.1037/a0027647. google scholar
  • Grable, J. E., & Joo, S. H. (2004). Environmental and biopsychosocial factors associated with financial risk tolerance. Financial Counselling and Planning, 15(1), 73-82. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2260471. google scholar
  • Grimaldi, M. (2011). Up for count? Central bank words and financial stress. Riksbank Research Paper Series No. 83, (April), Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series No. 252, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1946262 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1946262 google scholar
  • Grimaldi, M. B. (2010). Detecting and interpreting financial stress in the Euro area. ECB Working Paper No. 1214, June. Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1622165 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1622165 google scholar
  • Hanschel, E., & Monnin, P. (2005). Measurement and forecasting stress in the banking sector. BIS Papers 22, 431-449. google scholar
  • Hasler, A., Lusardi, A., & Valdes, O. (2021). Financial anxiety and stress among U.S. households: New evidence from the national financial capability study and focus groups. FINRA Investor Education Foundation, GFLEC Global Financial Literacy Exellence Centre, (September), Available at GFLEC: https://gflec.org/research/?item=26828. google scholar
  • Hollo, D., Manfred, K., & Duca, M.L., (2012). CISS: A composite indicator of systemic stress in the financial system. Working Paper Series No. 1426. European Central Bank. google scholar
  • Hubrich, K., Tetlow, R. J. (2014). Financial stress and economic dynamics: the transmission of crises. European Central Bank Working Paper, 1-4. google scholar
  • INV, (2024). Investing.com. https://www.policyuncertainty.com/ google scholar
  • Huotari, J. (2015). Measuring financial stress: A country-specific stress index for Finland. Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers. google scholar
  • Perry, J. M., Ravat, H., Bridger, E. K., Carter, P., & Aldrovandi, S. (2023). Determinants of UK students' financial anxiety amid COVID-19: Financial literacy and attitudes towards debt. Higher Education Quarterly, 00(1), 1–15. google scholar
  • Grable, J. E., Heo, W., & Rabbani, A. (2014). Financial anxiety, physiological arousal, and planning intention. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(2), 1–18. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237-251. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0034747. google scholar
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006.google scholar
  • Kaplanski, G., Levy, H. (2010). Sentiment and stock prices: The case of aviation disasters. Journal of Financial Economics, 95(2), 174–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.10.002. google scholar
  • Kliesen, K. L., Owyang, M. T., Vermann, E. K. (2012). Disentangling diverse measures: A survey of financial stress indexes. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Louis Review, 94(5), 369–398. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.94.369-398 google scholar
  • Khoo, J., & Cheung, A. (2021). Does geopolitical uncertainty affect corporate financing? Evidence from the MIDAS regression. Global Finance Journal, 47, 100519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100519google scholar
  • Archuleta, K. L., Dale, A., & Spann, S. M. (2013). College students and financial distress: Exploring debt, financial satisfaction, and financial anxiety. Journal of Financial Counselling and Planning, 24(2), 50–62. google scholar
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., & Margalit, M. (2021). COVID-19-related economic anxiety is as high as health anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 14(3), 566–574. google scholar
  • Lo Duca, M., & Peltonen, T. (2011). Macro-financial vulnerabilities and future financial stress: Assessing systemic risks and predicting systemic events (Working Paper Series No. 1311). European Central Bank. Available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1311.pdf. google scholar
  • Louzis, D. P., & Vouldis, A. T. (2013). Financial systemic stress index for Greece. ECB Working Paper No. 1563, July. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2284244. google scholar
  • Illing, M., & Liu, Y. (2003). An index of financial stress for Canada (Staff Working Paper No. 03-14). Bank of Canada. Available at: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/wp03-14.pdf google scholar
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01525.x. google scholar
  • Zainal, M., Bani-Mustafa, A., Alameen, M., Toglaw, S., & Al Mazari, A. (2022). Economic anxiety and the performance of SMEs during COVID-19: A crossnational study in Kuwait. google scholar
  • Monin, P. J. (2019). The OFR financial stress index. Risks, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks7010025google scholar
  • Oet, M. V., Eiben, R., Bianco, T., Gramlich, D., & Ong, S. J. (2011). The Financial Stress Index: Identification of Systemic Risk Conditions. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Working Paper 11-30, 1-75. google scholar
  • Pijoh, L. F. A., Indradewa, R., & Syah, T. Y. R. (2020). Financial literacy, financial behaviour and financial anxiety: implications for the financial well-being of top management level employees. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 4(6), 381-386. Available at http://www.kemalapublisher.com/index.php/JoMA/article/view/499. google scholar
  • Sandahl, J. F., Holmfeldt, M., Rydén, A., & Strömqvist, M. (2011). An index of financial stress in Sweden. Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review 2, 49–67. Available at https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/press-and-published/publications/economic-review/ google scholar
  • TCMB, (2024). https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ google scholar

Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2, 288 - 309, 15.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864
https://izlik.org/JA62CX35HY

Öz

This paper presents a new indicator that assesses Turkiye’s financial stability/instability from 2008 to 2023 based on six key variables (Geopolitical Risk, Exchange Rate, Unemployment Rate, Inflation Rate, Credit Default Swap, and BIST 100 index). The indicator in question, which we call the Financial Anxiety Index (FAI), includes these six critical variables, which have not been analysed together before, and provides detailed information about the market stability in Turkiye. Each variable represents a different dimension affecting financial stability and is included in a seven-stage methodological process with different weights to calculate the FAI. The FAI describes periods of negative financial sensitivity, such as increasing unemployment, rising inflation, decline in stock market performance, depreciation of the national currency against the US dollar, and increase in geopolitical risks, while the stiuations of positive financial sensitivity are perceived as the opposite of these conditions.

Kaynakça

  • Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdag, S., Tytell, R. (2011). The transmission of financial stress from advanced to emerging economies. Emerging Markets Financeand Trade, 47(2), 40–68. doi: 10.2753/REE1540-496X4703S203. google scholar
  • Balakrishnan, R., Danninger, S., Elekdağ, S., Tytell, I. (2009). The transmission of financial stress from advanced to emerging economies. IMF Working Paper, 1-52. google scholar
  • Basyouni, S. S., & El Keshky, M. E. S. (2021). Job insecurity, work-related flow, and financial anxiety in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 632265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632265 google scholar
  • Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M. (2022). Measuring geopolitical risk. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1194-1225. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191823 google scholar
  • Carlson, M., Lewis, K., Nelson, W. (2014). Policy intervention to identify financial stress. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 19, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1482 google scholar
  • Chadwick, M. G., & Ozturk, H. (2019). Measuring financial systemic stress in Turkey: A search for the best composite indicator. Economic Systems, 43(1), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2018.09.004google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kenc, T. (2016). Financial stress and economic activity in emerging Asian economies. Research in International Business and Finance, 36, 127-139.)[doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.017];.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.017 google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kutan, A. M. (2013a). Measure financial stress in transition economies. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 597-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jfs.2012.10.001. google scholar
  • Çevik, E. İ., Dibooğlu, S., & Kutan, A. M. (2013b). Measure financial stress in Turkey. Journal of Policy Modelling, 35(2), 370-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.06.003. google scholar
  • Daigler, R. T., & Wiley, M. K. (1999). The impact of trader type on the futures volatility‐volume relation. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), 2297-2316. doi: 10.1111/0022-1082.00189. google scholar
  • DeBondt, W. F. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1985). Does the stock market overreact? The Journal of Finance, 40(3), 793-805. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05004.x. google scholar
  • DeBondt, W. F. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1987). Further evidence on investor overreaction and stock market seasonality. The Journal of Finance, 42(3), 557-581. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04569.x. google scholar
  • Elekdağ, S., Kanlı, İ. B., Samancıoğlu, Z., & Sarıkaya, Ç. (2010). Finansal stres ve iktisadi faaliyet. TCMB Central Bank Reviews, 1-8. google scholar
  • EPU, (2024). Economic policy uncertainty. https://www.policyuncertainty.com/. google scholar
  • Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance, 25, 383-417. doi: 10.2307/2325486. google scholar
  • Filatov, V. (2021). A new financial stress index for Ukraine. Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, 251, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2021.251.03 google scholar
  • FRED, (2024). St. Louis Fed Financial Stress Index. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STLFSI4. google scholar
  • Shapiro G. K., & Burchell B. J. (2012). Measure financial anxiety. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 5(2), 92-103. doi: 10.1037/a0027647. google scholar
  • Grable, J. E., & Joo, S. H. (2004). Environmental and biopsychosocial factors associated with financial risk tolerance. Financial Counselling and Planning, 15(1), 73-82. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2260471. google scholar
  • Grimaldi, M. (2011). Up for count? Central bank words and financial stress. Riksbank Research Paper Series No. 83, (April), Sveriges Riksbank Working Paper Series No. 252, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1946262 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1946262 google scholar
  • Grimaldi, M. B. (2010). Detecting and interpreting financial stress in the Euro area. ECB Working Paper No. 1214, June. Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=1622165 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1622165 google scholar
  • Hanschel, E., & Monnin, P. (2005). Measurement and forecasting stress in the banking sector. BIS Papers 22, 431-449. google scholar
  • Hasler, A., Lusardi, A., & Valdes, O. (2021). Financial anxiety and stress among U.S. households: New evidence from the national financial capability study and focus groups. FINRA Investor Education Foundation, GFLEC Global Financial Literacy Exellence Centre, (September), Available at GFLEC: https://gflec.org/research/?item=26828. google scholar
  • Hollo, D., Manfred, K., & Duca, M.L., (2012). CISS: A composite indicator of systemic stress in the financial system. Working Paper Series No. 1426. European Central Bank. google scholar
  • Hubrich, K., Tetlow, R. J. (2014). Financial stress and economic dynamics: the transmission of crises. European Central Bank Working Paper, 1-4. google scholar
  • INV, (2024). Investing.com. https://www.policyuncertainty.com/ google scholar
  • Huotari, J. (2015). Measuring financial stress: A country-specific stress index for Finland. Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers. google scholar
  • Perry, J. M., Ravat, H., Bridger, E. K., Carter, P., & Aldrovandi, S. (2023). Determinants of UK students' financial anxiety amid COVID-19: Financial literacy and attitudes towards debt. Higher Education Quarterly, 00(1), 1–15. google scholar
  • Grable, J. E., Heo, W., & Rabbani, A. (2014). Financial anxiety, physiological arousal, and planning intention. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5(2), 1–18. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237-251. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0034747. google scholar
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006.google scholar
  • Kaplanski, G., Levy, H. (2010). Sentiment and stock prices: The case of aviation disasters. Journal of Financial Economics, 95(2), 174–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.10.002. google scholar
  • Kliesen, K. L., Owyang, M. T., Vermann, E. K. (2012). Disentangling diverse measures: A survey of financial stress indexes. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Louis Review, 94(5), 369–398. Available at: https://doi.org/10.20955/r.94.369-398 google scholar
  • Khoo, J., & Cheung, A. (2021). Does geopolitical uncertainty affect corporate financing? Evidence from the MIDAS regression. Global Finance Journal, 47, 100519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100519google scholar
  • Archuleta, K. L., Dale, A., & Spann, S. M. (2013). College students and financial distress: Exploring debt, financial satisfaction, and financial anxiety. Journal of Financial Counselling and Planning, 24(2), 50–62. google scholar
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., & Margalit, M. (2021). COVID-19-related economic anxiety is as high as health anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 14(3), 566–574. google scholar
  • Lo Duca, M., & Peltonen, T. (2011). Macro-financial vulnerabilities and future financial stress: Assessing systemic risks and predicting systemic events (Working Paper Series No. 1311). European Central Bank. Available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1311.pdf. google scholar
  • Louzis, D. P., & Vouldis, A. T. (2013). Financial systemic stress index for Greece. ECB Working Paper No. 1563, July. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2284244. google scholar
  • Illing, M., & Liu, Y. (2003). An index of financial stress for Canada (Staff Working Paper No. 03-14). Bank of Canada. Available at: https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/wp03-14.pdf google scholar
  • Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio selection. The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01525.x. google scholar
  • Zainal, M., Bani-Mustafa, A., Alameen, M., Toglaw, S., & Al Mazari, A. (2022). Economic anxiety and the performance of SMEs during COVID-19: A crossnational study in Kuwait. google scholar
  • Monin, P. J. (2019). The OFR financial stress index. Risks, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks7010025google scholar
  • Oet, M. V., Eiben, R., Bianco, T., Gramlich, D., & Ong, S. J. (2011). The Financial Stress Index: Identification of Systemic Risk Conditions. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Working Paper 11-30, 1-75. google scholar
  • Pijoh, L. F. A., Indradewa, R., & Syah, T. Y. R. (2020). Financial literacy, financial behaviour and financial anxiety: implications for the financial well-being of top management level employees. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 4(6), 381-386. Available at http://www.kemalapublisher.com/index.php/JoMA/article/view/499. google scholar
  • Sandahl, J. F., Holmfeldt, M., Rydén, A., & Strömqvist, M. (2011). An index of financial stress in Sweden. Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review 2, 49–67. Available at https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/press-and-published/publications/economic-review/ google scholar
  • TCMB, (2024). https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ google scholar
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Finans
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Samet Gürsoy 0000-0003-1020-7438

Mert Baran Tunçel 0000-0001-8554-8080

Serdar Yaman 0000-0002-8316-0805

İbrahim Halil Ekşi 0000-0002-0239-3253

Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864
IZ https://izlik.org/JA62CX35HY
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 75 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürsoy, S., Tunçel, M. B., Yaman, S., & Ekşi, İ. H. (2026). Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 75(2), 288-309. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864
AMA 1.Gürsoy S, Tunçel MB, Yaman S, Ekşi İH. Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2026;75(2):288-309. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864
Chicago Gürsoy, Samet, Mert Baran Tunçel, Serdar Yaman, ve İbrahim Halil Ekşi. 2026. “Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 75 (2): 288-309. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864.
EndNote Gürsoy S, Tunçel MB, Yaman S, Ekşi İH (01 Ocak 2026) Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 75 2 288–309.
IEEE [1]S. Gürsoy, M. B. Tunçel, S. Yaman, ve İ. H. Ekşi, “Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 75, sy 2, ss. 288–309, Oca. 2026, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864.
ISNAD Gürsoy, Samet - Tunçel, Mert Baran - Yaman, Serdar - Ekşi, İbrahim Halil. “Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 75/2 (01 Ocak 2026): 288-309. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864.
JAMA 1.Gürsoy S, Tunçel MB, Yaman S, Ekşi İH. Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2026;75:288–309.
MLA Gürsoy, Samet, vd. “Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 75, sy 2, Ocak 2026, ss. 288-09, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2025-1512864.
Vancouver 1.Gürsoy S, Tunçel MB, Yaman S, Ekşi İH. Measuring the Financial Anxiety Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Ocak 2026;75(2):288-309. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA62CX35HY