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The Evaluation of Financial and Commercial Relations In 17th Century Istanbul with Social Network Analysis (SNA)

Yıl 2019, , 285 - 320, 31.12.2019

Halime Alkan

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008

Öz

Statistical and econometric methods are increasingly used worldwide in the field of economic history. In this study, in accordance with this general trend, the financial (credit) and commercial transactions carried out in Istanbul in the 17th century are examined using social network analysis (SNA) within the framework of a belief-based classification. . Our research sought to determine who the key players were in the economic relations of the period. In this context, the kadi registers of Istanbul Central and Galata courts, which were located in the two busiest commercial districts of the Ottoman capital Istanbul between 1602-1697 were used. The Ottoman kadi registers were evaluated in terms of social and economic aspects and the dynamics of social relations were put forward. In addition, the SNA applications used in different studies in the field of Ottoman history and economics in the literature were given a new example in the context of Ottoman economic history. In this context, firstly, the transactions carried out in the context of financial and commercial relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century were mentioned, then information was given about social network analysis, and, finally, the literature on its applications in various fields was mentioned. Then, the empirical part of the study was carried out to reveal the prominent names in terms of the intensity of economic relations and capital accumulation. According to the results obtained in the evaluation for the periods 1602-1619 and 16611697, in the first period, while the weight of Muslim elements was seen in terms of persons, statesmen and foundations in financial relations, Christian elements came into prominence in commercial transactions. In the second period, Christians were more active in commercial and financial relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mudaraba istiqlal social network analysis

Kaynakça

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17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2019, , 285 - 320, 31.12.2019

Halime Alkan

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008

Öz

Dünyada iktisat tarihi alanında istatistiksel ve ekonometrik yöntemler giderek daha yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu genel eğilime uygun olarak bu çalışmada 17. yüzyılda İstanbul’da yürütülen finansal (kredi) ve ticari işlemlerin kimler tarafından daha yaygın olarak gerçekleştirildiği inanca bağlı bir sınıflandırma çerçevesinde sosyal ağ analizi (SNA) yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu sayede iktisadi ilişkilerde merkezi konumda bulunan kişilerin kimler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun için 1602-1697 yılları arasında Osmanlı başkenti İstanbul’un en işlek iki ticari semtindeki İstanbul Merkez ve Galata mahkemelerine ait kadı sicillerinden yararlanılmıştır. Böylece bir taraftan Osmanlı kadı sicilleri toplumsal ve iktisadi açıdan değerlendirilerek toplumsal ilişkilerin dinamikleri ortaya koyulmuş, diğer taraftan literatürde Osmanlı tarihi ve iktisat alanına ilişkin farklı çalışmalarda kullanılan SNA uygulamalarına Osmanlı iktisat tarihi bağlamında yeni bir örnek kazandırılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle 17. yüzyılda Osmanlı’da finansal ve ticari ilişkiler bağlamında yapılan işlemlerden bahsedilmiş, ardından sosyal ağ analizi hakkında bilgi verilerek çeşitli alanlardaki uygulamalarına dair literatüre değinilmiştir. Daha sonra çalışmanın ampirik kısmına geçilmiş, iktisadi ilişkilerin yoğunluğu açısından öne çıkan isimler ortaya koyulmuştur. Verilere bağlı olarak 1602-1619 ve 16611697 dönemleri için yapılan değerlendirmede ulaşılan sonuçlara göre; ilk dönemde finansal ilişkilerde gerek kişiler, gerek devlet adamları gerekse de vakıflar açısından Müslüman unsurların ağırlığı görülmekte, ticari işlemlerde ise Hıristiyan unsurlar ön plana çıkmaktadır. İkinci dönemde ise Hıristiyanların daha yoğun finansal ve ticari ilişkilerde bulunduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mudarebe istiglâl sosyal ağ analizi

Kaynakça

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  • Kosorukoff, A. (2011). Social network analysis theory and applications. Ed. David L. https://www. politaktiv.org/documents/10157/29141/SocNet_TheoryApp.pdf
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  • Kuran, T. (2010b). 17. yüzyıl istanbul’unda sosyo-ekonomik yaşam, cilt 2 ticari ortaklıklar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
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  • Kuran, T. (2010d). 17. yüzyıl istanbul’unda sosyo-ekonomik yaşam, cilt 10 kredi piyasaları ve faiz uygulamaları (1661-1697). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Kuran, T. (2010e). 17. yüzyıl istanbul’unda sosyo-ekonomik yaşam, cilt 5 vakıflar (1602-1617). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Kuran, T. (2011). Structural ineffciencies of Islamic courts: Ottoman justice and its implications for modern economic life. S. J. Lustig (Ed.), in Essays in Institutional Economics (pp. 6-50). United States: UMI Dissertation Publishing.
  • Kuran, T. (2012). Yollar ayrılırken Ortadoğu’nun geri kalma sürecinde İslam hukuku’nun rolü. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Kurt, İ. (1994). Nazarî ve tatbikî olarak para vakıfları. (Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Kütükoğlu, M. (2006). Narh. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. C. 32. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 390-391.
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  • Liss, P. K. (1982). Atlantic Empires: The network of trade and revolution, 1713-1826. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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  • Marin, A., & Wellman, B. (2011). Social network analysis: an ıntroduction. J. Scott ve P. J. Carrington (Eds.) in Social Network Analysis: An Introduction (pp. 11-26). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
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  • Mitchell, J. C. (1973). Networks, Norms And Institutions. Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction. Ed. Jeremy Boissevain ve J. Clyde Mitchell. Paris: Mouton & Co.
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  • Pamuk, Ş. (1999). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda paranın tarihi. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. Prell, C. (2012). Social network analysis: history, theory and methodology. Los Angeles; London: Sage Publications.
  • Pryke, S. (2012). Social network analysis in construction. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
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  • Smith, R. M. (1979). Kin and neighbours in a thirteenth century suffolk community. Journal of Family History, 4(3): 219-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/036319907900400301
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  • Tamdoğan, Işık (2005). “Büyükleri saymak, küçükleri sevmek”, 18. yüzyıl Adana’sında ayanların ilişki ağları ve iki farklı ilişki yürütme üslubu. Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 1, 77–96.
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  • Walther, O. J. (2015). Social network analysis and informal trade. Department of Border Region Studies Working Paper 1/2015, World Bank Trade Unit. 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2593021
  • Ward, M. D., Ahlquist, J. S., & Rozanas, A. (2011). Gravity’s rainbow: modeling the world trade network. International Studies Association Meetings, 1(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1017/nws.2013.1
  • Ward, M. D., Hoff, P. D., & Lofdahl, C. L. (2003). Identifying international networks: latent spaces and imputation. R. Breiger, K. Carley ve P. Pattison (Eds.), in Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers, (pp. 358-372). Washington, DC.: The National Academies Press.
  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis methods and applications, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wellman, B. (1988). Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. B.
  • Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz.(Eds.) in Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences Vol. 2. Social Structures: A Network Approach (pp. 19-61). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wellman, B., & Wetherell, C. (1996). Social network analysis of historical communities: some questions from the present for the past. The History of the Family, 1(1), 97–121. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1081-602X(96)90022-6
  • Wetherell, C. (1998). Historical social network analysis. International Review of Social History, 43, 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000115123
  • Yetiş, E. G. (2015). 17. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda hanehalkları: İstanbul şer’iyye sicilleri örneğinde. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Yüksel, H. (1999). Osmanlı toplumunda vakıflar ve kadın (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar). E. Güler (Ed.) in Osmanlı V (s. 49-55). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Zhang, M. (2010). Social network analysis: history, concepts, and research. B. Furth (Ed.), in Handbook Of Social Network Technologies And Applications (pp. 3-22). New York: Springer.
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Halime Alkan 0000-0002-0484-8434

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Alkan, H. (2019). 17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 69(2), 285-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008
AMA Alkan H. 17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. Aralık 2019;69(2):285-320. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008
Chicago Alkan, Halime. “17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal Ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) Ile Değerlendirilmesi”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 285-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008.
EndNote Alkan H (01 Aralık 2019) 17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69 2 285–320.
IEEE H. Alkan, “17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 69, sy. 2, ss. 285–320, 2019, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008.
ISNAD Alkan, Halime. “17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal Ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) Ile Değerlendirilmesi”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69/2 (Aralık 2019), 285-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008.
JAMA Alkan H. 17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2019;69:285–320.
MLA Alkan, Halime. “17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal Ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) Ile Değerlendirilmesi”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 69, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 285-20, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0008.
Vancouver Alkan H. 17. Yüzyıl İstanbul’unda Finansal ve Ticari İlişkilerin Sosyal Ağ Analizi (SNA) ile Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2019;69(2):285-320.