Araştırma Makalesi
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Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 2, 301 - 336, 21.12.2018

Öz

The purpose of this study is to survey the literature on the relationship between foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth. For several years, with regard to the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, there has been a tendency to draw attention to specific elements such as technological development, the stock of human capital, market size, economic distance/transport cost and factor costs. However, the potential other factors such as economic freedom as an institutional element seem to have been relegated to second place, and even ignored by some investigators. In the present survey, focusing on economic freedom, shows that it may have an influence on FDI inflows as well as on economic growth. Therefore, allowing for the institutional approach, this study can shed light on the potential interactions between economic freedom and foreign direct investment/economic growth. All the studies that the present paper reviews have suggested that FDI affects economic growth in two ways: positively or negatively. Those effects based mostly on initial effects which are briefly mentioned above. On the other hand, some other studies show that economic freedom is an explanatory variable for direct cross-border investments. Finally, the papers surveyed show that economic freedom causes growth.


Kaynakça

  • Abromovitz, M. (1986). Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History, 46, 385–406.
  • Aitken, B. J., and Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89, 605–618.
  • Akcay, S. (2001). Is corruption an obstacle for foreign investors in developing countries? A cross-country evidence. Yapi Kredi Economic Review, 12, 27–34.
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., and Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial markets. Journal of International Economics, 64, 89–112.
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., and Sayek, S. (2010). Does foreign direct investment promote growth? Exploring the role of financial markets on linkages. Journal of Development Economics, 61, 242–256.
  • Ayal, E. B., and Karras, G. (1998). Components of economic freedom and growth: An empirical study. The Journal of Developing Areas, 32, 327–338.
  • Azman-Saini, W. N. W., Baharumshah, A. Z., and Law, S. H. (2010). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth: International evidence. Economic Modelling, 27, 1079–1089.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M., and Sapsford, D. (1996). Foreign direct investment and growth in EP and IS countries. The Economic Journal, 106(1), 92–105.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M., and Dapsoford, D. (1999). Foreign direct investment as an engine of growth. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 8(1), 27–40.
  • Barro, R. J., and Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w7911
  • Barro, R. J., and Sala-i Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bengoa, M., and Sanchez-Robles, B. (2003). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and growth: New evidence from Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 529–545.
  • Berggren, N., and Jordahl, H. (2005). Does free trade really reduce growth? Further testing using the economic freedom index. Public Choice, 122(1–2), 99–114.
  • Blalock, G., and Gertler, P. (2008). Welfare gains from foreign direct investment through technology transfer to local suppliers. Journal of International Economics, 74, 402–421.
  • Blomstrom, M., Lipsey, R., and Zejan, M. (1992). What explains developing country growth. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w4132
  • Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., and Lee J. W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 115–135.
  • Carlsson, F., and Lundstrom, S. (2002). Economic freedom and growth: Decomposing the effects. Public Choice, 112, 335–344.
  • Charkovic, M., and Levine, R. (2005). Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth? In H. Moran and E. M. Graham (Eds.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? (pp. 195–220). Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Cass, D. (1965). Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation. The Review of Economic Studies, 32(3), 233–240.
  • Crespo, N., and Fontoura, M. (2007). Determinant factors of FDI spillovers - what do we really know? World Development, 35, 410–425.
  • Dawson, J. W. (2003). Causality in the freedom-growth relationship. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 479–495.
  • De Haan, J., and Sturm, J. E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16, 215–241.
  • De Haan, J., Lundstrom, S., and Sturm, J. (2006). Market-oriented institutions and policies and economic growth: A critical survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 20, 157–191.
  • De Mello, L. R. Jr. (1997). Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: A Selective survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34, 1–34.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). Unites States economic growth. The Journal of Business, 35(2), 109–121.
  • Doucouliagos, C., and Ulubasoglu, M. A. (2006). Economic freedom and economic growth: what difference does specification make? European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 61–81.
  • Egger, P., and Winner, H. (2005). Evidence on corruption as an incentive for foreign direct investment. European Journal of Political Economy, 21, 932–952.
  • Fischer, S. (1993). The role of macroeconomic factors in growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 485–512.
  • Granger, C. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric methods and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37, 424–438.
  • Gross, A. J., and Saggi K. (2002). Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Economics, 56, 387–410.
  • Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gwartney, J, and Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measure of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405–430.
  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., and Block, W. (1996). Economic freedom of the world: 1975–1995. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute.
  • Gwartney, J. D., and Lawson, R. (2007). Economic freedom of the world: 2007 annual report. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute.
  • Haaland, J. I., and Wooton, I. (2007). Domestic labor markets and foreign direct investment. Review of International Economics, 15, 462–480.
  • Habib, M., and Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307.
  • Hanson, G. H. (2001). Should countries promote foreign direct investment? G-24 Discussion Paper. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7043195.pdf
  • Heckelman, J. C. (2000). Economic freedom and economic growth: A short-run causal investigation. Journal of Applied Economics 3, 71 – 91.
  • Hermes, N., and Lensink, R. (2003). Foreign direct investment, financial development and economic growth. Journal of Development Studies, 40, 142–163.
  • Herzer, D., Klasen, S., and Nowak-Lahman, D. (2008). In search of FDI-led growth in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 25, 793–810.
  • Iamsiraroj, S., and Ulubasoglu, M. A. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A real relationship or wishful thinking? Economic Modelling, 51, 200–213.
  • Javorcik, B. S., and Spatareanu, M. (2005). Do foreign investors care about labor market regulations? Review World Economics, 141, 375–403.
  • Johnson, J. P., and Lenartowicz, T. (1998). Culture, freedom and economic growth: Do cultural values explain economic growth? Journal of World Business, 33(4), 332–356.
  • Justesen, M. K. (2008). The effect of economic freedom on growth revisited: New evidence on causality from a panel of countries 1970-1999. European Journal of Political Economy, 24, 642–660.
  • Kapuria-Foreman, V. (2007). Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in developing countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), 143–154.
  • Knack S., and Keefer P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross-country tests using alternative institutional measure. Economics & Politics, 7(3), 207–227.
  • Koopmans, T. (1965). On the concept of optimal economic growth. In The econometric approach to development planning. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Leertouwer, E., Sturm, J-E., and de Haan, J. (2002). Which economic freedoms contribute to growth? A comment. Kyklos, 55, 403–416.
  • Li, X., and Liu X. (2005). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: An increasingly endogenous relationship. World Development, 33, 393–407.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3–42.
  • Makki, S. S., and Somwaru, A. (2004). Impact of foreign direct investment and trade on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economies, 86(3), 795–801.
  • Mayer-Foulkes, D., and Nunnenkamp, P. (2009). Do multinational enterprises contribute to convergence or divergence? A disaggregated analysis of US FDI. Review of Development Economics, 13(2), 304–318.
  • Nelson, M. A., and Singh, R. D. (1998). Democracy, economic freedom, fiscal policy and growth in LDCs: A fresh look. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 46, 677–696.
  • Nunnencamp, P., and Spatz, J. (2003). Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis. Review of World Economics, 140, 393–414.
  • Quazi, R. M. (2007). Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in East Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), 329–344.
  • Reichert, U. N. and Weinhold, D. (2001). Causality tests for cross-country panels: A New Look at FDI and economic growth in developing countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63(2), 153–171.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037.
  • Romer, P. M. (1991). Endogenous technological change. NBER Working Paper. Retrieved from http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/Endogenous.pdf
  • Sachs, J. D., and Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1–118.
  • Sala-i Martin, X. (1997). I just ran two million regressions. The American Economic Review, 87, 178–183.
  • Scully, G. W., and Slottje, D. J. (1991). Ranking economic liberty across countries. Public Choice, 69(2), 121–152.
  • Scully, G. W. (2002). Economic freedom, government policy, and the trade-off between equity and economic growth. Public Choice, 113(1–2), 77–96.
  • Smarzynska, B., and Wei, S. J. (2000). Corruption and the composition of foreign direct investment: Firm-level evidence. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w7969
  • Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.
  • Swan T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334–361.
  • UNCTAD. (2011). World investment report. Non-Equity modes of international production and development. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2011_en.pdf
  • Wang, M., and Wong, M. C. S. (2009). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: The growth accounting perspective. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 701–710.
  • Wei, S. J., and Shleifer, A. (2000). Local corruption and global capital flows. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2000(2), 303–354.
  • Xu, B. (2000). Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62, 477–493.
  • Zhuang, H. (2008). Foreign direct investment and human capital accumulation in China. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 19, 205-215.

Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Ekonomik Özgürlük: Bir Literatür Araştırması

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 2, 301 - 336, 21.12.2018

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ekonomik özgürlük ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkileri ele alan literatürü incelemektir. Uzun yıllardan beri, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) belirleyici unsuru olarak teknolojik gelişmeler, beşeri sermaye stoğu, piyasanın boyutu, ulaşım maliyetleri ve üretim faktörleri maliyetleri gibi çeşitli faktörlerin üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu faktörler genel olarak birincil etkenler olarak ele alınmaktadır. Ancak, DYY’nin belirleyici faktörü olarak ele alınan birincil unsurlar dışında, ekonomik özgürlük gibi, çoğu zaman ikincil bir unsur olarak değerlendirilebilecek, kimi kurumsal yaklaşımlar da DYY’i etkileyebilmektedir. Bahsi geçen kurumsal etken olarak ekonomik özgürlük, birçok araştırmacının gözünden kaçmakta ya da değerlendirme dışı bırakılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ekonomik özgürlük kavramına odaklanmakta ve çeşitli kurumlar, örneğin Fraser Enstitüsü ve Heritage Vakfı, tarafından tanımlanan ekonomik özgürlüğün, DYY akışına ve hatta ekonomik büyümeye etki edebileceğini gösteren literatürü ele almaktadır. Bu kurumsal yaklaşım sayesinde, ekonomik özgürlük ve DYY/ekonomik büyüme arasındaki potansiyel ilişkiye ışık tutulmak istenmektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışma içerisinde yer alan makaleler, DYY ve ekonomik büyüme arasında hem pozitif hem de negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu vurgulaktadır. İki yönlü etkiye, ağırlıklı olarak birincil etkenlerin neden olduğu açıkça görülmektedir. Diğer çalışmalar ise, ekonomik özgürlüğün DYY için açıklayıcı bir değişken olduğunu göstermiştir. Ve son olarak, ekonomik özgürlük, büyüme ile ilişkilidir.


Kaynakça

  • Abromovitz, M. (1986). Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind. The Journal of Economic History, 46, 385–406.
  • Aitken, B. J., and Harrison, A. (1999). Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review, 89, 605–618.
  • Akcay, S. (2001). Is corruption an obstacle for foreign investors in developing countries? A cross-country evidence. Yapi Kredi Economic Review, 12, 27–34.
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., and Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial markets. Journal of International Economics, 64, 89–112.
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., and Sayek, S. (2010). Does foreign direct investment promote growth? Exploring the role of financial markets on linkages. Journal of Development Economics, 61, 242–256.
  • Ayal, E. B., and Karras, G. (1998). Components of economic freedom and growth: An empirical study. The Journal of Developing Areas, 32, 327–338.
  • Azman-Saini, W. N. W., Baharumshah, A. Z., and Law, S. H. (2010). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and economic growth: International evidence. Economic Modelling, 27, 1079–1089.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M., and Sapsford, D. (1996). Foreign direct investment and growth in EP and IS countries. The Economic Journal, 106(1), 92–105.
  • Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M., and Dapsoford, D. (1999). Foreign direct investment as an engine of growth. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 8(1), 27–40.
  • Barro, R. J., and Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w7911
  • Barro, R. J., and Sala-i Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bengoa, M., and Sanchez-Robles, B. (2003). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and growth: New evidence from Latin America. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 529–545.
  • Berggren, N., and Jordahl, H. (2005). Does free trade really reduce growth? Further testing using the economic freedom index. Public Choice, 122(1–2), 99–114.
  • Blalock, G., and Gertler, P. (2008). Welfare gains from foreign direct investment through technology transfer to local suppliers. Journal of International Economics, 74, 402–421.
  • Blomstrom, M., Lipsey, R., and Zejan, M. (1992). What explains developing country growth. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w4132
  • Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., and Lee J. W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 115–135.
  • Carlsson, F., and Lundstrom, S. (2002). Economic freedom and growth: Decomposing the effects. Public Choice, 112, 335–344.
  • Charkovic, M., and Levine, R. (2005). Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth? In H. Moran and E. M. Graham (Eds.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? (pp. 195–220). Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Cass, D. (1965). Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation. The Review of Economic Studies, 32(3), 233–240.
  • Crespo, N., and Fontoura, M. (2007). Determinant factors of FDI spillovers - what do we really know? World Development, 35, 410–425.
  • Dawson, J. W. (2003). Causality in the freedom-growth relationship. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 479–495.
  • De Haan, J., and Sturm, J. E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16, 215–241.
  • De Haan, J., Lundstrom, S., and Sturm, J. (2006). Market-oriented institutions and policies and economic growth: A critical survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 20, 157–191.
  • De Mello, L. R. Jr. (1997). Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: A Selective survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34, 1–34.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). Unites States economic growth. The Journal of Business, 35(2), 109–121.
  • Doucouliagos, C., and Ulubasoglu, M. A. (2006). Economic freedom and economic growth: what difference does specification make? European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 61–81.
  • Egger, P., and Winner, H. (2005). Evidence on corruption as an incentive for foreign direct investment. European Journal of Political Economy, 21, 932–952.
  • Fischer, S. (1993). The role of macroeconomic factors in growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 485–512.
  • Granger, C. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric methods and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37, 424–438.
  • Gross, A. J., and Saggi K. (2002). Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Economics, 56, 387–410.
  • Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Gwartney, J, and Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measure of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405–430.
  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., and Block, W. (1996). Economic freedom of the world: 1975–1995. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute.
  • Gwartney, J. D., and Lawson, R. (2007). Economic freedom of the world: 2007 annual report. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute.
  • Haaland, J. I., and Wooton, I. (2007). Domestic labor markets and foreign direct investment. Review of International Economics, 15, 462–480.
  • Habib, M., and Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307.
  • Hanson, G. H. (2001). Should countries promote foreign direct investment? G-24 Discussion Paper. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7043195.pdf
  • Heckelman, J. C. (2000). Economic freedom and economic growth: A short-run causal investigation. Journal of Applied Economics 3, 71 – 91.
  • Hermes, N., and Lensink, R. (2003). Foreign direct investment, financial development and economic growth. Journal of Development Studies, 40, 142–163.
  • Herzer, D., Klasen, S., and Nowak-Lahman, D. (2008). In search of FDI-led growth in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 25, 793–810.
  • Iamsiraroj, S., and Ulubasoglu, M. A. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A real relationship or wishful thinking? Economic Modelling, 51, 200–213.
  • Javorcik, B. S., and Spatareanu, M. (2005). Do foreign investors care about labor market regulations? Review World Economics, 141, 375–403.
  • Johnson, J. P., and Lenartowicz, T. (1998). Culture, freedom and economic growth: Do cultural values explain economic growth? Journal of World Business, 33(4), 332–356.
  • Justesen, M. K. (2008). The effect of economic freedom on growth revisited: New evidence on causality from a panel of countries 1970-1999. European Journal of Political Economy, 24, 642–660.
  • Kapuria-Foreman, V. (2007). Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in developing countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), 143–154.
  • Knack S., and Keefer P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross-country tests using alternative institutional measure. Economics & Politics, 7(3), 207–227.
  • Koopmans, T. (1965). On the concept of optimal economic growth. In The econometric approach to development planning. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Leertouwer, E., Sturm, J-E., and de Haan, J. (2002). Which economic freedoms contribute to growth? A comment. Kyklos, 55, 403–416.
  • Li, X., and Liu X. (2005). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: An increasingly endogenous relationship. World Development, 33, 393–407.
  • Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3–42.
  • Makki, S. S., and Somwaru, A. (2004). Impact of foreign direct investment and trade on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economies, 86(3), 795–801.
  • Mayer-Foulkes, D., and Nunnenkamp, P. (2009). Do multinational enterprises contribute to convergence or divergence? A disaggregated analysis of US FDI. Review of Development Economics, 13(2), 304–318.
  • Nelson, M. A., and Singh, R. D. (1998). Democracy, economic freedom, fiscal policy and growth in LDCs: A fresh look. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 46, 677–696.
  • Nunnencamp, P., and Spatz, J. (2003). Intellectual property rights and foreign direct investment: A disaggregated analysis. Review of World Economics, 140, 393–414.
  • Quazi, R. M. (2007). Economic freedom and foreign direct investment in East Asia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 12(3), 329–344.
  • Reichert, U. N. and Weinhold, D. (2001). Causality tests for cross-country panels: A New Look at FDI and economic growth in developing countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63(2), 153–171.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037.
  • Romer, P. M. (1991). Endogenous technological change. NBER Working Paper. Retrieved from http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/Endogenous.pdf
  • Sachs, J. D., and Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1–118.
  • Sala-i Martin, X. (1997). I just ran two million regressions. The American Economic Review, 87, 178–183.
  • Scully, G. W., and Slottje, D. J. (1991). Ranking economic liberty across countries. Public Choice, 69(2), 121–152.
  • Scully, G. W. (2002). Economic freedom, government policy, and the trade-off between equity and economic growth. Public Choice, 113(1–2), 77–96.
  • Smarzynska, B., and Wei, S. J. (2000). Corruption and the composition of foreign direct investment: Firm-level evidence. NBER Working Paper Series. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w7969
  • Solow, R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.
  • Swan T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334–361.
  • UNCTAD. (2011). World investment report. Non-Equity modes of international production and development. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2011_en.pdf
  • Wang, M., and Wong, M. C. S. (2009). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: The growth accounting perspective. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 701–710.
  • Wei, S. J., and Shleifer, A. (2000). Local corruption and global capital flows. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2000(2), 303–354.
  • Xu, B. (2000). Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62, 477–493.
  • Zhuang, H. (2008). Foreign direct investment and human capital accumulation in China. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 19, 205-215.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Burcu Şenalp Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1289-9888

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 68 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şenalp B. (2018). Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 68(2), 301-336.
AMA Şenalp B. Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. Aralık 2018;68(2):301-336.
Chicago Şenalp Burcu. “Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 68, sy. 2 (Aralık 2018): 301-36.
EndNote Şenalp B (01 Aralık 2018) Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 68 2 301–336.
IEEE Şenalp B., “Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 2, ss. 301–336, 2018.
ISNAD Şenalp Burcu. “Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 68/2 (Aralık 2018), 301-336.
JAMA Şenalp B. Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2018;68:301–336.
MLA Şenalp Burcu. “Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 301-36.
Vancouver Şenalp B. Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Economic Freedom: A Literature Survey. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2018;68(2):301-36.