Consequences of the Legal Personality of Commercial Entities: An Evaluation from the Perspective of Islamic Economics

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 71 Sayı: 2, 367 - 394, 31.12.2021

Harun Sencal

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-1023078

Öz

This study aims to critically evaluate the institution of a legal personality from the perspective of Islamic economics. The legal personality of commercial entities plays an integral role in the emergence of the capitalist system. This system, in turn, is characterized by capital accumulation. We argue that although the social relations based on the solidarity envisaged by Islamic economics have weakened with the individualization of modern societies, the primary negative effect of individualization has been the commodification of several services provided by solidarity among the members of society in the capitalist market system. Typically, such a system has spurred the practice of leveraging the limited liability of commercial legal entities to earn unlimited profits. Furthermore, because corporations prefer earning profits by selecting the most efficient and cost-effective approaches developed by means of rational decision mechanisms, it leads to the increase of material inequality in society and the expansion of debt-based financial instruments. In addition, corporations move investments from the real sector to the financial field, therefore playing a significant role in the development of financial capitalism. In other words, incidental problems such as lack of regulation and supervision are effective in regulating the situation in the wake of the crises caused by financial capitalism and other social adversities; however, a pertinent issue that remains overlooked is the existence of commercial legal entities and the goal of obtaining unlimited profit, which has emerged as the mission imposed on these legal entities within the capitalist system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic economics, Legal personality, Financialization

Ticari İşletmelerin Tüzel Kişiliğe Sahip Olmasının Sonuçları: İslam Ekonomisi Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı sermaye birikimini sağlayarak kapitalist sistemin ortaya çıkmasında önemli rolü bulunan kurumlardan biri olan tüzel kişilik kurumunu İslam ekonomisi açısından eleştirel bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutmaktır. İslam ekonomisinin öngördüğü dayanışma üzerine kurulu olan toplumsal ilişkilerin modern toplumlarda görülen bireyselleşme ile beraber zayıflamasına rağmen asıl olumsuz etkinin sınırsız kâr amacıyla kurulmuş olan ticari tüzel kişiliğe sahip şirketlerin sınırlı sorumluluk sahibi olmalarının getirdiği avantajları kullanarak kapitalist piyasa sisteminde birçok ilişkiyi metalaştırması olduğunu iddia etmekteyiz. Bunun ötesinde, tüzel şirketlerin rasyonel karar mekanizmaları dahilinde en verimli ve düşük maliyetli kâr elde etme yollarını tercih etmelerinden dolayı, toplumdaki maddi eşitsizliği artırmaya ve borca dayalı finansal araçların yaygınlaşmasına yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca, tüzel şirketler yatırımdaki ağırlıklarını reel sektörden ziyade finansal alana kaydırarak finansal kapitalizmin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Diğer bir ifadeyle, finansal kapitalizmin yol açtığı krizlerde ve diğer toplumsal yıkımlarda düzenleme ve denetleme eksikliği gibi arızî sorunlar da etkili olsa da gündeme getirilmeyen önemli bir husus ticari tüzel kişiliklerin varlığı ve kapitalist sistem içerisinde onlara yüklenen misyon olarak sınırsız kâr elde etme hedefidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İslam ekonomisi, Tüzel kişilik, Finansallaşma

Kaynakça

• Abu-Tapanjeh, A. M. (2009). Corporate Governance from the Islamic Perspective: A Comparative Analysis with OECD Principles. Critical Perspectives on accounting, 20(5), 556-567. google scholar
• Acharya, V. V., Franks, J., & Servaes, H. (2007). Private equity: Boom and bust? Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 19(4), 44-53. google scholar
• Ahmed, P., & Erkan, M. K. (2017). Corporate Governance and Ethics of Islamic Finance Institutions. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 3(1), 170-197. google scholar
• Aliber, R. Z., & Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
• Althusser, L. (2014). On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. London; New York: Verso. google scholar
• Asutay, M. (2007). A Political Economy Approach to Islamic economics: Systemic Understanding for an Alternative Economic System. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 1(2), 3-18. google scholar
• Asutay, M. (2012). Conceptualising and locating the social failure of Islamic finance: Aspirations of Islamic moral economy vs the realities of Islamic finance. Asian and African area studies, 11(2), 93-113. google scholar
• Babacan, A. (2018). Piyasa Aklı ve Yeni Muhafazakar Ahlak. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Bauman, Z. (2000). The Individualized Society (1st edition). Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity. google scholar
• Beck, U. (2011). Risk Toplumu—Başka Bir Modernliğe Doğru. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları. google scholar
• Boddy, C. R. (2011). The Corporate Psychopaths Theory of the Global Financial Crisis. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 255-259. google scholar
• Brunzell, T., Hansson, M., & Liljeblom, E. (2011). The Use of Derivatives in Nordic Firms. The European Journal of Finance, 17(5-6), 355-376. google scholar
• Bulut, M., & Korkut, C. (2019). Ottoman Cash Waqfs: An Alternative Financial System. Insight Turkey, 21(3), 91-112. google scholar
• Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why Would Corporations Behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An Institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 946-967. google scholar
• Chapra, M. U. (2006). Why Has Islam Prohibited Interest? Içinde A. Thomas (Ed.), Interest in Islamic Economics: Understanding Riba (ss. 95-110). London; New York: Routledge. Geliş tarihi gönderen http://site.ebrary.com/id/10163547 google scholar
• Choudhury, M. A., & Hoque, M. Z. (2019). Corporate Governance in Comparative Islamic Perspective. İçinde T. Azid, A. A. Alnodel, & M. A. Qureshi (Ed.), Research in Corporate and Shari’ah Governance in the Muslim World: Theory and Practice. Emerald Publishing Limited. google scholar
• Çizakça, M. (2011). Islamic Capitalism and Finance: Origins, Evolution and the Future. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. google scholar
• Dore, R. (2008). Financialization of the Global Economy. Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(6), 1097-1112. google scholar
• Durkheim, E. (2020). Toplumsal İşbölümü. İzmir: Cem Yayınevi. google scholar
• Dünhaupt, P. (2014). An empirical assessment of the contribution of financialization and corporate governance to the rise in income inequality. Working Paper. google scholar
• Emiroğlu, K., & Aydın, S. (2003). Antropoloji sözlügü (1. basım). Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Etil, H. (2014, Mayıs). Köylünün Çerçevelenmesi: Toprak Üzerinde İşleyen Sermayenin Teknolojisi. Umran, (237), 49-56. google scholar
• Fimbel, E., Binninger, A.-S., & Karyotis, C. (2015). Demateriality: A Key Factor in the Embedding of Society within Commodification and Financialization. Society and Business Review, 10(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-03-2014-0011 google scholar
• Fotopoulos, T. (1994). The Nation-State and the Market. Society and Nature, 2(2), 37. google scholar
• Freeman, R. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholer Perspective. Englewoods Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. google scholar
• Friedman, M. (2007). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits. İçinde Corporate ethics and corporate governance (ss. 173-178). Springer. google scholar
• Giddens, Anthony. (2013). Social Theory and Modern Sociology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
• Gilbert, N., & Terrell, P. (2002). Dimensions of Social Welfare Policy. Allyn & Bacon. google scholar
• Gorz, A. (2007). İktisadi aklın eleştirisi (I. Ergüden, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı. google scholar
• Hallaq, W. (2013). The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia University Press. google scholar
• Hasan, Z. (2009). Corporate Governance: Western and Islamic Perspectives. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(1), 277-293. google scholar
• Iqbal, M. M. (2010). Prohibition of Interest and Economic Rationality. Arab Law Quarterly, 24(3), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1163/157302510X508346 google scholar
• Iqbal, Z., & Mirakhor, A. (2013). Economic Development and Islamic Finance. World Bank Publications. google scholar
• Jensen, M. C. (2010). Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 22(1), 32-42. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2010.00259.x google scholar
• Kosotieti, P. (1987). From Collectivity to Individualism in the Welfare State? Acta Sociologica, 30(3-4), 281-293. google scholar
• Köse, M. (1998). İslam hukuku ve modern hukuka göre tüzel kişilik. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 1(2), 221-230. google scholar
• Kuran, T. (2004). Why the Islamic Middle East Did Not Generate an Indigenous Corporate Law. University of Southern California Law School: Law and Economics Working Paper Series 16, 1-33. google scholar
• Kuran, T. (2011). The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Lapavitsas, C. (2014). Profiting Without Producing: How Finance Exploits Us All. London: Verso Books. google scholar
• Lapidus, I. M. (1990). Islamic History. Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, 25. google scholar
• Lewis, M. K. (2014). Principles of Islamic Corporate Governance. İçinde K. Hassan & M. K. Lewis (Ed.), Handbook on Islam and Economic Life. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. google scholar
• Lewis, V., Kay, K. D., Kelso, C., & Larson, J. (2010). Was the 2008 Financial Crisis Caused by a Lack of Corporate Ethics? Global Journal of Business Research, 4(2), 77-84. google scholar
• Mackey, A., Mackey, T. B., & Barney, J. B. (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance: Investor Preferences and Corporate Strategies. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 817-835. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.25275676 google scholar
• Matsuyama, K. (2002). The Rise of Mass Consumption Societies. Journal of Political Economy, 110(5), 1035-1070. (world). google scholar
• Meda, Dominique. (2012). Emek: Kaybolma Yolunda Bir Deger Mi? İstanbul: İletişim. google scholar
• Okandan, R. G. (1951). Umumi Hukuk Tarihi Dersler. İstanbul: İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
• Orhangazi, Ö. (2008). Keynesgil Finansal Düzenlemelerden Finansallaşmaya: İktisat Literatürü ve ABD Ekonomisinin Finansallaşmasına Tarihsel Bir Bakış. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 35(1), 133-159. google scholar
• Orman, S. (2015). İslam Entelektüel Geleneğinde İktisadi Boyutun Teşekkülü: Şeybânî, Serahsî ve Kitâbu’l-Kesb (II). İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Dergisi, 1(2), 23-67. google scholar
• Öztan, B. (1994). Tüzel kişiler. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi. google scholar
• Polanyi, K. (2010). Büyük Dönüşüm: Çağımızın Siyasal ve Ekonomik Kökenleri (A. Buğra, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
• Ritholtz, B. (2009). Bailout Nation: How Greed and Easy Money Corrupted Wall Street and Shook the World Economy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
• Sencal, H., & Asutay, M. (2019). The Emergence of New Islamic Economic and Business Moralities. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(5), 765-775. google scholar
• Shiller, R. J. (2012). Finance and the Good Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Siddiqi, M. N. (2004). Riba, bank interest and the rationale of its prohibition. Jiddah, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Research and Training Institute. google scholar
• Taylor, C. (2020). Modernliğin Sıkıntıları. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
• Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (2008). Institutional logics. The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism, 840, 99-128. google scholar
• Tönnies, F. (2019). Cemaat ve Cemiyet. İstanbul: Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
• Tridico, P. (2017). Inequality in Financial Capitalism. New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Van Arnum, B. M., & Naples, M. I. (2013). Financialization and Income Inequality in the United States, 1967-2010. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 72(5), 1158-1182. google scholar
• Van Der Loo, H., & Van Reijen, W. (2014). Modernleşmenin Paradoksları (üçüncü baskı). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları. google scholar
• Wallerstein, I. M. (2014). Historical Capitalism: With Capitalist Civilization. London: Verso Books. google scholar
• Zahid, A. (2013). Corporate Personality from an Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly, 27(2), 125150. google scholar
• Zahraa, M. (1995). Legal Personality in Islamic Law. Arab Law Quarterly, 10(3), 193-206. google scholar