The Growth Impact of Human Development: A Developed- and Developing-Country Comparison

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 72 Sayı: 1, 81 - 104, 30.06.2022

Funda Sezgin , Yunus Budak

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2021-1070420

Öz

Although development is a multi-directional economic variable, its most important aspect is growth: the increase in production and per capita income. It also is marks the economic, cultural, social, and political progress of societies. Although variables such as poverty, income distribution, employment, and the ability to meet basic needs are now more focused issues, this concept has become an important development issue not only from a single economic point of view, but also with its human dimensions. Man is at the center of development; thus, the human development index obtained by combining indicators such as education, health, and income levels are among the most important factors of human life. This is also an important measurement tool for measuring individual quality of life. This study compared two groups of countries by determining the relationship of the human development index of developed and developing countries with growth through panel regression analysis. According to the analysis, when the human development index increases by 1 unit for developed countries, growth ncreases by 38.7%. For developing countries, when the human development index increases by 1 unit, growth increases by 17.4%. Thus, the contribution of human development to growth is higher in developed countries than developing countries. Therefore, it is important that developing countries implement policies quickly to increase human development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human development, growth, panel data analysis

İnsani Gelişmişliğin Büyüme Etkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Karşılaştırması

Öz

Gelişme çok yönlü bir iktisadi değişken olmakla birlikte, en önemli gerçekliği üretimin ve kişi başına gelirin artmasıdır. Bununla birlikte toplumların bir bütün olarak iktisadi, kültürel, sosyal ve politik anlamda ilerlemesidir. Yoksulluk, gelir dağılımı, istihdam, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanabilmesi gibi değişkenler artık daha fazla üzerinde durulmuş konular olmakla birlikte, bu kavram tek düze ekonomik bakış açısı ile değil, insani boyutlarıyla da önemli bir kalkınma konusu olmuştur. Gelişmenin merkezinde insan vardır; bu açıdan insan yaşamının en önemli faktörleri arasında olan eğitim, sağlık, gelir düzeyi gibi göstergelerin bir araya gelmesiyle elde edilen insani gelişme endeksi; bireylerin yaşam kalitelerini ölçmek için genel-geçer önemli bir ölçüm aracıdır. İnsani gelişme endeksi, ülkelerin birbirleri ile gelişme açısından karşılaştırılması ve bilimsel ölçüt açısından daha tarafsız bilgiler elde edilmesine olanak sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin insani gelişme endeksinin büyüme ile ilişkisini panel regresyon analizi ile belirleyerek iki ülke grubunu karşılaştırmaktır. Analiz sonucunda elde edilen veriler ışığında gelişmiş ülkeler için; insani gelişme endeksi 1 birim arttığında büyüme %38.7 oranında artış göstermektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için ise, insani gelişme endeksi 1 birim arttığında büyüme %17.4 oranında artış göstermektedir. Bu sonuca göre; insani gelişmişliğin büyümeye katkısı gelişmiş ülkelerde gelişmekte olan ülkelere kıyasla daha yüksek bir değerdedir. Bu açıdan gelişmekte olan ülkelerin insani gelişmişliğin arttırılmasına yönelik politikaları hızla hayata geçirmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnsani gelişmişlik, Büyüme, Panel veri analizi

Kaynakça

• Abraham, T. W. & Ahmed, U. A. (2011). Economic growth and human development index in Nigeria: An error correction model approach. International Journal of Administration and Development Studies, 2(1), 239-254. google scholar
• Adeyemi, P. A. & Ogunsola, J. A. (2016). The impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria: ARDL approach. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(3), 1-7. google scholar
• Aghion, P., Howitt, P. & Murtin, F. (2011). The relationship between health and growth: When Lucas meets Nelson-Phelps. Review of Economics and Institutions 2(1), 1-24. google scholar
• Akar, G., Sarıtaş, T. ve Kızılkaya, O. (2021). İnsani gelişmenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Geçiş ekonomileri üzerine bir uygulama, Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(2), 307-318. google scholar
• Appiah, M., Amoasi, R. & Frowne, D. I. (2019). Human development and its effects on economic growth and development. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 12(2), 101-109. google scholar
• Aydın, M. (2019). İnsani gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalişma. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 33-42. google scholar
• Balcı, E. ve Özcan, S. (2019). İnsani gelişmişlik ve büyüme arasındaki ilişki: OIC ülkeleri üzerinde bir analiz. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 8(3), 222-235. google scholar
• Baltagi, B. H. (2005) Econometric analysis of panel data (third ed.), New York: John Wiley. & Sons Pbc. google scholar
• Beine, G. & Olaniyn. (2014). “Economic growth and human development-a theoretical justification”. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38461/7/chapter%203.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:05.01.2022). google scholar
• Bhowmik, D. (2018). Nexus between growth and human development index: Evidence from India and Indian States. Assumption University-eJournal of Interdisciplinary Research (AUeJIR), 3(2),96-118. google scholar
• Bleakley, H. (2011). Health, human capital, and development. Annual Review of Economics, 2(1), 280-310. google scholar
• Bloom, D.E., Kuhn, M. & Prettner, K. (2018b). Escaping poverty: Investing in women’s human capital. In: 2018 Davos Edition: Eradicating Extreme Poverty, Credit Suisse Research Institute, 1(1), 6-16. google scholar
• Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M. & Prettner, K. (2019). Health and economic growth. In J.H. Hamilton, A. Dixit, S. Edwards, and K. Judd (Eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239- 253. google scholar
• Bundala, N. (2012). Economic Growth and Human Development; A Link Mechanism: An Empirical Approach, MPRA Paper 47648, 1-23. google scholar
• Chiappero-Martinetti, E., Von Jacobi, N. & Signorelli, M. (2015). Human development and economic growth. In J. Hölscher & H. Tomann (Eds.), Palgrave dictionary of emerging markets and transition economics (pp. 223-244). Berlin: Springer. google scholar
• Chikalipah, S. & Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27, 1023-1033. google scholar
• Cohen, D. & Soto, M. (2007). Growth and human capital: Good data, good results. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 51-76. google scholar
• Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(1), 249-272. google scholar
• Elistia, A. & Syahzuni, B. A. (2018). The Correlation of the Human Development Index (HDI) Towards Economic Growth (GDP Per Capita) in 10 ASEAN Member Countries. Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2(2), 40-46. google scholar
• Erdem, E. ve Çelik, B. (2019). İnsani gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bazı Afrika ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 13-36. google scholar
• Gennaioli, N., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. & Shleifer, A. (2013). Human capital and regional development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), 105-164. google scholar
• Ghosh, M. (2006). Economic growth and human development in Indian states. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(30), 3321-3329. google scholar
• Golley, J. & Tyers, R. (2012). Demographic dividends, dependencies, and economic growth in China and India, Asian Economic Papers, 11(3), 1-26. google scholar
• Gopalakrishna, B. V. & Rao, J. (2012). Economic growth & human development: The experience of Indian states, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(4), 634-644. google scholar
• Grubaugh, S. G. (2015). Economic growth and growth in human development. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 15(2), 5-16. google scholar
• Hanushek, E.A. (2013). Economic growth in developing countries: The role of human capital. Economics of Education Review 37(December 2013), 204-212. google scholar
• Human Development Report (2020). http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:14.01.2022). google scholar
• Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. google scholar
• Isola, Wakeel A. & Alani, R. A. (2012). Human capital development and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2(7), 813-827. google scholar
• Klasen, S. (2018). The impact of gender inequality on economic performance in developing countries. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 10(1), 279-298. google scholar
• Lee, R. & Mason, A. (2010). Fertility, human capital, and economic growth over the demographic transition. European Journal of Population/Revue Europeenne de Demographie, 26(2), 159-182. google scholar
• Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Special Issue, 61(1), 631-652. google scholar
• Mihaela, N. D. & Georgiana, C. O. (2015). Correlations between human development and economic growth. Annals of the Constantin Brâncuşi University of Târgu Jiu Economy Series, 1(1), 118-122. google scholar
• Misra, R. (2015). Impact of demographic dividend on economic growth: A study of BRICS and the EU. International Studies 52(1-4), 99-117. google scholar
• Öztürk, S. ve Suluk, S. (2020). Ekonomik büyümenin anahtarı olarak eğitim: İsveç, Norveç ve Danimarka’da eğitim ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi S.B.E. Dergisi,10(1), 381-402. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Papers, no.1233, 255-260. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007), A Simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal ofApplied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H., Ullah A., & Yamagata T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. google scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. google scholar
• Rahman, R. A., Rajab, M. A. & Ryanb, C. (2020). The impact of human development on economic growth: a panel data approach. Economics Research Network, 1(1), 1-38. google scholar
• Ranis, G. & Stewart, F. (2005). Dynamic links between the economy and human development. Department for Economic and Social Affairs Working Paper, No.8, United Nations, New York. google scholar
• Ranis, G., Stewart, F. & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197-219. google scholar
• Reyes, G. E. & Useche, A. J. (2019). Competitiveness, economic growth and human development in Latin American and Caribbean countries 2006-2015: A performance and correlation analysis. Competitiveness Review, 29(2), 139-159. google scholar
• Saksena, S. & Deb, M. (2016). Transition pattern of Indian states across different categories of growth and development: Post economic liberalisation experience. Business and Economic Horizons, 12(3), 121-140. google scholar
• Singh, A. (2012). Financial globalization and human development. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 13(1), 135-151. google scholar
• Suri, T., Boozer, M. A., Ranis, G. & Stewart, F. J. W. D. (2011). Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. World Development, 39(4), 506-522. google scholar
• Şaşmaz, M. Ü. ve Yayla, Y. E. (2018). Vergiler ve ekonomik büyüme ile insani gelişme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Avrupa Birliği geçiş ekonomileri örneği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 111, 79-99. google scholar
• Tsaurai, K. (2018). Is human capital development a channel through which financial development influences economic growth? A Case of Emerging Markets. Euroeconomica, 3(37), 130-139. google scholar
• Weil, D.N. (2007). Accounting for the effect of health on economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1265-1306. google scholar
• World Bank (2021). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ (Erişim tarihi:10.01.2022). google scholar
• Uçan, O. ve Koçak, E. (2018). İnsani gelişme endeksi ile büyüme ilişkisi: Pedroni eşbütünleşme örneği. Journal of Politics, Economy and Management ( JOPEM), 1(2), 55-61. google scholar
• UNDP (2020). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar