A GLOBAL SPATIAL OUTLOOK OF CLIMATE-INDUCED MIGRATION

Öz

Purpose: This study was conducted to draw a comprehensive and holistic picture of climatic migration by revealing the global spatial distribution pattern of climatic disaster and migration, which is predicted to be one of the most important humanitarian crises of today and the future. Another aim is to draw the attention of the academy to this important current issue. Method: Quantitative data were used in the study. Using data on disasters related to climate and weather from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) and Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC), which keep natural disaster and migration data on a global scale. It has been visualized in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The temporal and spatial distribution information of these climatic disasters and migrations, which were visualized later, was examined with the descriptive analysis technique. Findings: Significant increases have emerged in the number, severity and frequency of climatic disasters and migration events as the effects of climate change become evident. There have been significant migration movements on a global scale due to all other climatic disasters related to climate and weather (forest fires, desertification, heat and cold air waves, etc.), especially floods, storms (especially large tropical cyclones) and drought. The vast majority of these migrations are concentrated in Southeast Asia (especially the regions with a coast to the ocean), Central Africa (especially the Sub-Saharan Africa Region) and America (the region between these two countries, including the USA and Brazil). It is expected that the issue of “climatic migration” will have an important place in today's and future world, where the differences in human life indicators and the effects of climate change are becoming more and more evident at the scale of countries/regions. Originality: Although migration movements due to political (conflict and violence), economic and social factors have been extensively discussed in national and international literature, the issue of migrations caused by global climate change, which is the most important problem of our age, has not been adequately studied. Therefore, it is thought that the study will contribute significantly to the literature, as it is a pioneer in this sense and deals with the subject at a macro scale.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climatic Migration
• Climate Refugee
• Climate Migration in the World
• Environmental Migration
• Migration Movements

İKLİMSEL GÖÇÜN KÜRESEL ÖLÇEKTE MEKÂNSAL GÖRÜNÜMÜ

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, günümüz ve geleceğin en önemli insani krizlerinden biri olması öngörülen iklimsel afet ve göçün küresel ölçekteki mekânsal dağılış örüntüsünü ortaya koyarak iklimsel göçün kapsamlı ve bütünlüklü bir fotoğrafını göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Güncel olan bu önemli meseleye akademinin dikkatinin çekilmesi de diğer bir amaçtır. Yöntem: Çalışmada nicel verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Küresel ölçekte doğal afet ve göç verisi tutan Uluslararası Afet Veri Tabanı (ing. International Disaster Database, EM-DAT) ve Ülke İçi Göç İzleme Merkezi (ing. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, IDMC)’nden iklim ve hava ile ilişkili olan afetlerin verileri kullanılarak Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)’nde görsel hale getirilmiştir. Daha sonra görselleştirilen bu iklimsel afet ve göçlerin zamansal ve mekânsal dağılış bilgisi betimsel analiz tekniği ile irdelenmiştir. Bulgular: İklim değişikliği etkilerinin belirginleşmesiyle birlikte iklimsel afet ve göç olaylarının sayısında, şiddetinde ve sıklığında anlamlı artışlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Başta sel/taşkın, fırtına (özellikle büyük tropikal siklonlar) ve kuraklık olmak üzere iklim ve hava ile ilişkili (orman yangınları, çölleşme, sıcak ve soğuk hava dalgaları vb.) diğer tüm iklimsel afetlere bağlı olarak küresel ölçekte önemli göç hareketleri yaşanmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bu göçlerin çok büyük bir bölümü ise Güneydoğu Asya (özellikle okyanusa kıyısı olan bölgeler), Orta Afrika (özellikle Sahraaltı Afrika Bölgesi) ve Amerika (ABD ve Brezilya dahil olmak üzere bu iki ülke arasında kalan bölge)’da yoğunlaşmaktadır. İnsani yaşam gösterge farklarının ve iklim değişikliği etkilerinin ülkeler/bölgeler ölçeğinde gittikçe daha da belirginleştiği günümüz ve geleceğin dünyasında “iklimsel göç” meselesinin de önemli bir yer tutacağı beklenmektedir. Özgünlük: Siyasi (çatışma ve şiddet), ekonomik ve sosyal nedenlere bağlı olarak yaşanan göç hareketleri ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde yoğun bir şekilde konu olmasına rağmen, çağımızın en önemli sorunu olan küresel iklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu göçler konusu derli toplu bir biçimde yeterince çalışılmamıştır. Dolayısıyla çalışmanın, bu anlamda öncü olması ve konuyu makro ölçekte ele alması nedeniyle literatüre önemli ölçüde katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İklimsel Göç
• İklim Mültecisi
• Dünyada İklim Göçü
• Çevresel Göç
• Göç Hareketleri

Kaynakça

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