Araştırma Makalesi
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İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi'nin Mısır'da Ticari Hegemonya Mücadelesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 54, 1044 - 1071, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1735836

Öz

Bu çalışma, Napolyon'un Mısır'ı işgal girişimine karşı İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi'nin geliştirdiği stratejileri, askeri müdahaleleri ve diplomatik temasları ele almaktadır. İngiltere, Hindistan ile olan ticaret rotasının ve Kızıldeniz bağlantısının korunmasını ulusal çıkarları açısından kritik görmüş, bu nedenle Fransa'nın Mısır üzerinden bu rotayı baltalama girişimlerine karşı önlemler almaya çalışmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren bölgedeki etkisi artmaya başlayan Doğu Hindistan Şirketi, Fransa’nın olası bir Mısır işgalini düşünerek hazırlıklar yapmış ve işgalin ardından hem askeri operasyonlara destek vermiş hem de Osmanlı yönetimini diplomatik baskı altına almaya çalışmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede durma noktasına gelen ticareti tekrar canlandırmak için yoğun çaba sarf etmiştir. Bölgede savaşın en şiddetli şekilde seyrettiği dönemlerde bile şirketin alternatif ticaret rotalarına yönelmesi 19.yüzyılda İngiltere’nin genel ekonomi-politik düşüncesinin bir örneği olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, Doğu Hindistan Şirketi arşiv belgelerine (IOR) dayanmakta olup, İngiltere'nin bölgeye özel yetkililer göndererek gerçekleştirdiği stratejik ortaklık arayışlarını (İran, Aden vb.) ve diplomatik faaliyetlerini detaylandırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Fransızların Mısır'dan çıkarılmasına yönelik çabalar hem askeri hem de diplomatik boyutlarıyla incelenmiştir. Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin bu girişimlerinden bazıları İngiltere’nin bölgedeki hakimiyeti açısından önemli rol oynamış ve Napolyon'un stratejik hedeflerinin boşa çıkarılmasına yardımcı olmuştur. 19. yüzyılın başında İngiltere’nin bölgedeki Fransız tehdidini engellemesi, Hindistan’ın kuzey-güney eksenli bir ticaret merkezi olarak kurgulanmasını sağlamıştır. Hindistan’ın, Osmanlı Mısırı ve Irakı ile ticari bağları güçlendirilerek bir yandan Hindistan-Akdeniz ticaret rotasındaki, diğer yandan da İran-Rusya arasındaki ticaret yolundaki İngiliz etkisinin artırılması planlanmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı gerekli değildir, çünkü araştırma insan katılımcılardan veya hayvanlardan veri toplamamış, deneysel bir müdahale içermemiş ve kamuya açık ikincil kaynaklardan elde edilen verilerle yürütülmüştür.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 2219- Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Programı desteğiyle gerçekleştirilen ‘‘The Spread of the British Capital and the Transformation of Local Actors in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th Centuries; Analysis of Financial and Commercial Structures’’ projesinin çıktılarından biridir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. (h. 1309). Tarih-i Cevdet (Cilt 6, Tertib-i Cedid, 2. bs.). Matbaa-yı Osmaniye.
  • Amini, I. (1999). Napoleon and Persia. Iran, (37)1, 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.1999.11834601
  • Anderson, M. S. (2001). Doğu Sorunu 1774-1923: Uluslararası ilişkiler üzerine bir inceleme, (İ. Eser, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Arasatnam, S. (1987). Merchants, companies, and commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650-1740. Oxford University India Press.
  • Bearman, P., & Erikson, E. (2006). Malfeance and the foundations for global trade: The structure of English in the East Indies, 1601-1833. American Journal of Sociology, 121(1), 195-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/502694
  • Benton, L. (2009). A search for sovereignty: Law and geography in European empires, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowen, H. (2005). The business of empire, the East India Company and imperial Britain, 1756–1833. Cambridge University Press.
  • Braudel, F. (1984). The perspective of the world, vol. 3 of civilization & capitalism, 15th-18th century. Collins.
  • Chandler, D. (1966). The campaigns of Napoleon, the mind and method of the history’s greatest soldier. Scribner.
  • Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coller, I. (2020). Muslims and citizens: Islam, politics, and the French Revolution. Yale University Press.
  • Darendeli İzzet Hasan Efendi. (2009). Ziyânâme, Sadrazam Yusuf Ziya Paşa’nın Napolyon’a karşı Mısır seferi, 1798-1802, (İ. Erkutun, Haz.). Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Emecen, F. (1989). Bulutkapan Ali Bey. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2. TDV İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi.
  • Good, P. (2019). The East India Company’s Farmān, 1622‒1747. Iranian Studies, 52(1-2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1574208
  • Gott, R. (2012). Britain’s empire: Resistance, repression and revolt. Verso Publish.
  • Greaves, R. (1991). Iranian relations with the European trading companies, to 1798. G. H. P. Avery (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Iran (s. 350-373) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • Habsbawm, E. (1968). Industry and empire: The making of modern English society, Vol. II, 1750 to the present day. Pantheon Books.
  • Haddad, G. A. (1970). A project for the independence of Egypt, 1801. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 90(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/598134
  • Hathaway, J. (2019). The Arab lands under Ottoman rules. Routledge.
  • Henty, G. (1910). At Aboukir and Acre: A story of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. Blackie & Son Limited.
  • Herald, J. (1962). Bonaparte in Egypt. Harper & Row.
  • Indian Office Records, (h.1173). A/2/23 f.39.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.314-316.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.40-42.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.43.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.447-448.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/5 ff.47-58.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/6 Part I, ff.473-475.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 14-24.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 173-174.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 201.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 391-392.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 98.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.100.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.108.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.140.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.141-144.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.).G/17/7 ff.158-166.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.167-172.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.19-25.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.197-198.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.199-200.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.201-202.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.222-226.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.241-275.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.413-414.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.31.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.387-388.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.396.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.401-404.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.40-44.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.415-416.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.433-434.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.61-62.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.74-88.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/29/25 ff.143-150.
  • Ingram, E. (1995). The geopolitics of the first British expedition to Egypt – III: the Red Sea campaign, 1800–1. Middle Eastern Studies, 31(1), 146-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209508701046
  • Irwin, E. (1799). The failure of the French crusade, or the advantages to be derived by the Great Britain from the restoration of the Egypt to the Turks. Bulmer and Co.Russell.
  • İnalcık, H. (1979). Osmanlı pamuk pazarı, Hindistan ve İngiltere: Pamuk rekabetinde emek maliyetinin rolü. ODTÜ Gelişim Dergisi, Türkiye İktisad Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar II, 1979-1980 özel sayı, 1-65.
  • İnalcık, H. (2017). Osmanlı ve Avrupa, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Avrupa tarihindeki yeri. Kronik.
  • Jabartī, A. a.-R. (1993). Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartî's chronicle of the first seven months of the French occupation, 1798. Michigan University Press.
  • Karal, E. Z. (1938). Fransa-Mısır ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1797–1802). İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kennedy, P. (1988). The rise and fall of the great powers, economic change and military confilict from 1500 to 2000. Hyman Publish.
  • Mahan, A. T. (2010). The influence of sea power upon the French Revolution and empire, 1793-1812. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Markham, F. (1992). Napoleon. Penguin Books.
  • Özavcı, O. (2021). Dangerous gifts: Imperialism, security, and civil wars in the Levant, 1798–1864. Oxford University Press.
  • P. J.Marshall. (2007). The making and unmaking of empires: Britain, India, and America c.1750-1783. Oxford University Press.
  • Parry, J. (2022). Promised lands: The British and the Ottoman Middle East. Princeton University Press.
  • Reese, S. S. (2018). Imperial Muslims: Islam, community and authority in the Indian Ocean, 1839–1937. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Richmond, J. C. (2012). Egypt, 1798-1952 (RLE Egypt): Her advance towards a modern identity. Routledge.
  • Süslü, A. (1983). Osmanlı-Fransız diplomatik ilişkileri, 1798-1807. Belleten, 47(185), 259-280. https://doi.org/10.37879/ttkbelleten.1134239
  • Shaw, S. J. (1962). The financial and administrative organization and development of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798. Princeton University Publish.
  • Sladen, D. (1908). Egypt and the English: Showing British public opinion in Egypt upon the Egyptian question: with chapters on success of the Sudan and the delights of travel in Egypt and the Sudan. Hurst and Blacket.
  • Slot, B. (2000). At the backdoor of the Levant: Anglo-Dutch competition in the Persian Gulf, 1623-1766. H. d. Boogert (Ed.). Friends and rivals in the East, Studies in Anglo-Dutch relations in the Levant from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century (s. 117-133) içinde. Brill.
  • Starkey, J. (2017). Observations, adventures, and scandals: East India Company officers on the Red Sea and in the Syrian Desserts 1776-1781. N. Cooke, & V. Daubney (Ed.). Lost and now found: Explorers, diplomats and artists in Egypt and the Near East (s. 127-140) içinde. ArchaeoPress.
  • Stern, P. J. (2009). History and historiography of the English East India Company: Past, present, and future! History Compass, 7(4), 1146-1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x
  • Stern, P. J. (2011). The company state, corporate sovereignty and the early modern fondations of the British Empire in India. Oxford University Press.
  • Strickland, L. (2016). Leibnitz’s Egypt plan (1671-1672): From holy war to ecumenism. Intellectual History Review 26(4), 461-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2016.1221033
  • Takeda, J. T. (2020). Iran and a French empire of trade, 1700–1808. The other Persian letters. Liverpool University Press.
  • Thomson, J. E. (1994). Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: State-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe. Princeton University Press.
  • Turan, N. S. (2014). İmparatorluk ve Ddplomasi: Osmanlı diplomasisinin izinde. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz, S. (1992). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Doğu ile ekonomik ilişkileri: XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Osmanlı- Hint ticareti ile ilgili bir araştırma. Belleten, 56(215), 31-68. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1992.31
  • Zeʿevi, D. (2014). Ottoman intelligence gathering during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt and Palestine. E. Ginio, & E. Podeh (Ed.). The Ottoman Middle East studies in honor of Amnon Cohen (s. 45–54) içinde. Brill.

The British East India Company's Pursuit of Commercial Hegemony in Egypt

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 54, 1044 - 1071, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1735836

Öz

This study examines the strategies, military interventions, and diplomatic initiatives developed by the British East India Company in response to Napoleon's attempt to invade Egypt. For Britain, protecting the trade route to India and the Red Sea connection was of vital national interest. Recognizing this strategic significance, France attempted to challenge Britain’s global economic and political supremacy by invading Egypt and thereby disrupting this route. As a major representative of British interests in the region, the East India Company had established a strong presence in the area since the 18th century. Over the years, the Company meticulously prepared for potential French aggression and, following Napoleon’s invasion, took direct action to counter these threats. It actively participated in military operations and exerted diplomatic pressure on the Ottoman administration to neutralize the French advance. The study is grounded in original archival documents from the East India Company, providing a unique lens into British strategic planning and decision-making during this critical period. It details the Company’s efforts to send specially authorized officials to the region and to establish strategic partnerships with key powers such as Persia and Aden. These activities underline the multifaceted approach adopted by the British in addressing the French threat, combining military action with extensive diplomatic maneuvering. A significant focus of the analysis is the British endeavor to expel French forces from Egypt, a campaign that ultimately solidified British dominance in the region. Through these efforts, Britain successfully thwarted Napoleon’s objectives and ensured the security of its trade routes, marking a turning point in the geopolitics of the Red Sea and its surroundings. This study highlights the pivotal role of the East India Company as both a military and diplomatic actor in shaping the regional order, underscoring its influence in the broader context of British imperial strategy.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. (h. 1309). Tarih-i Cevdet (Cilt 6, Tertib-i Cedid, 2. bs.). Matbaa-yı Osmaniye.
  • Amini, I. (1999). Napoleon and Persia. Iran, (37)1, 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.1999.11834601
  • Anderson, M. S. (2001). Doğu Sorunu 1774-1923: Uluslararası ilişkiler üzerine bir inceleme, (İ. Eser, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Arasatnam, S. (1987). Merchants, companies, and commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650-1740. Oxford University India Press.
  • Bearman, P., & Erikson, E. (2006). Malfeance and the foundations for global trade: The structure of English in the East Indies, 1601-1833. American Journal of Sociology, 121(1), 195-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/502694
  • Benton, L. (2009). A search for sovereignty: Law and geography in European empires, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bowen, H. (2005). The business of empire, the East India Company and imperial Britain, 1756–1833. Cambridge University Press.
  • Braudel, F. (1984). The perspective of the world, vol. 3 of civilization & capitalism, 15th-18th century. Collins.
  • Chandler, D. (1966). The campaigns of Napoleon, the mind and method of the history’s greatest soldier. Scribner.
  • Cole, J. (2007). Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coller, I. (2020). Muslims and citizens: Islam, politics, and the French Revolution. Yale University Press.
  • Darendeli İzzet Hasan Efendi. (2009). Ziyânâme, Sadrazam Yusuf Ziya Paşa’nın Napolyon’a karşı Mısır seferi, 1798-1802, (İ. Erkutun, Haz.). Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Emecen, F. (1989). Bulutkapan Ali Bey. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 2. TDV İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi.
  • Good, P. (2019). The East India Company’s Farmān, 1622‒1747. Iranian Studies, 52(1-2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2019.1574208
  • Gott, R. (2012). Britain’s empire: Resistance, repression and revolt. Verso Publish.
  • Greaves, R. (1991). Iranian relations with the European trading companies, to 1798. G. H. P. Avery (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Iran (s. 350-373) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • Habsbawm, E. (1968). Industry and empire: The making of modern English society, Vol. II, 1750 to the present day. Pantheon Books.
  • Haddad, G. A. (1970). A project for the independence of Egypt, 1801. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 90(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/598134
  • Hathaway, J. (2019). The Arab lands under Ottoman rules. Routledge.
  • Henty, G. (1910). At Aboukir and Acre: A story of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. Blackie & Son Limited.
  • Herald, J. (1962). Bonaparte in Egypt. Harper & Row.
  • Indian Office Records, (h.1173). A/2/23 f.39.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.314-316.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.40-42.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.43.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). A/2/23 ff.447-448.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/5 ff.47-58.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/6 Part I, ff.473-475.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 14-24.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 173-174.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 201.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 391-392.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff. 98.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.100.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.108.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.140.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.141-144.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.).G/17/7 ff.158-166.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.167-172.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.19-25.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.197-198.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.199-200.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.201-202.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.222-226.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.241-275.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.413-414.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.31.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.387-388.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.396.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.401-404.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.40-44.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.415-416.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.433-434.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.61-62.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/17/7 ff.74-88.
  • Indian Office Records, (n.d.). G/29/25 ff.143-150.
  • Ingram, E. (1995). The geopolitics of the first British expedition to Egypt – III: the Red Sea campaign, 1800–1. Middle Eastern Studies, 31(1), 146-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209508701046
  • Irwin, E. (1799). The failure of the French crusade, or the advantages to be derived by the Great Britain from the restoration of the Egypt to the Turks. Bulmer and Co.Russell.
  • İnalcık, H. (1979). Osmanlı pamuk pazarı, Hindistan ve İngiltere: Pamuk rekabetinde emek maliyetinin rolü. ODTÜ Gelişim Dergisi, Türkiye İktisad Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar II, 1979-1980 özel sayı, 1-65.
  • İnalcık, H. (2017). Osmanlı ve Avrupa, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Avrupa tarihindeki yeri. Kronik.
  • Jabartī, A. a.-R. (1993). Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartî's chronicle of the first seven months of the French occupation, 1798. Michigan University Press.
  • Karal, E. Z. (1938). Fransa-Mısır ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1797–1802). İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Kennedy, P. (1988). The rise and fall of the great powers, economic change and military confilict from 1500 to 2000. Hyman Publish.
  • Mahan, A. T. (2010). The influence of sea power upon the French Revolution and empire, 1793-1812. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press.
  • Markham, F. (1992). Napoleon. Penguin Books.
  • Özavcı, O. (2021). Dangerous gifts: Imperialism, security, and civil wars in the Levant, 1798–1864. Oxford University Press.
  • P. J.Marshall. (2007). The making and unmaking of empires: Britain, India, and America c.1750-1783. Oxford University Press.
  • Parry, J. (2022). Promised lands: The British and the Ottoman Middle East. Princeton University Press.
  • Reese, S. S. (2018). Imperial Muslims: Islam, community and authority in the Indian Ocean, 1839–1937. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Richmond, J. C. (2012). Egypt, 1798-1952 (RLE Egypt): Her advance towards a modern identity. Routledge.
  • Süslü, A. (1983). Osmanlı-Fransız diplomatik ilişkileri, 1798-1807. Belleten, 47(185), 259-280. https://doi.org/10.37879/ttkbelleten.1134239
  • Shaw, S. J. (1962). The financial and administrative organization and development of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798. Princeton University Publish.
  • Sladen, D. (1908). Egypt and the English: Showing British public opinion in Egypt upon the Egyptian question: with chapters on success of the Sudan and the delights of travel in Egypt and the Sudan. Hurst and Blacket.
  • Slot, B. (2000). At the backdoor of the Levant: Anglo-Dutch competition in the Persian Gulf, 1623-1766. H. d. Boogert (Ed.). Friends and rivals in the East, Studies in Anglo-Dutch relations in the Levant from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century (s. 117-133) içinde. Brill.
  • Starkey, J. (2017). Observations, adventures, and scandals: East India Company officers on the Red Sea and in the Syrian Desserts 1776-1781. N. Cooke, & V. Daubney (Ed.). Lost and now found: Explorers, diplomats and artists in Egypt and the Near East (s. 127-140) içinde. ArchaeoPress.
  • Stern, P. J. (2009). History and historiography of the English East India Company: Past, present, and future! History Compass, 7(4), 1146-1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x
  • Stern, P. J. (2011). The company state, corporate sovereignty and the early modern fondations of the British Empire in India. Oxford University Press.
  • Strickland, L. (2016). Leibnitz’s Egypt plan (1671-1672): From holy war to ecumenism. Intellectual History Review 26(4), 461-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2016.1221033
  • Takeda, J. T. (2020). Iran and a French empire of trade, 1700–1808. The other Persian letters. Liverpool University Press.
  • Thomson, J. E. (1994). Mercenaries, pirates, and sovereigns: State-building and extraterritorial violence in early modern Europe. Princeton University Press.
  • Turan, N. S. (2014). İmparatorluk ve Ddplomasi: Osmanlı diplomasisinin izinde. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Yılmaz, S. (1992). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Doğu ile ekonomik ilişkileri: XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Osmanlı- Hint ticareti ile ilgili bir araştırma. Belleten, 56(215), 31-68. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1992.31
  • Zeʿevi, D. (2014). Ottoman intelligence gathering during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt and Palestine. E. Ginio, & E. Podeh (Ed.). The Ottoman Middle East studies in honor of Amnon Cohen (s. 45–54) içinde. Brill.
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politik İktisat ve Sosyal Değişim
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Can Güripek 0000-0003-2231-7810

Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 54

Kaynak Göster

APA Güripek, M. C. (2025). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin Mısır’da Ticari Hegemonya Mücadelesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(54), 1044-1071. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1735836