Araştırma Makalesi
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ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜ VE ÖRGÜTSEL SAPMA DAVRANIŞI ARASINDAKI İLİŞKİDE ÖRGÜTSEL VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ ROLÜ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 39, 1149 - 1166, 27.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.774719

Öz

Örgüt kültürü, çalışanların uygun davranış ve değerleri paylaştıkları temel varsayımlardan oluşan, örgüt için sürdürülebilir başarı sağlayan en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Örgüt kültürünün gelişmesi ve değişmesi zaman alır. Örgüt kültürü ona bağlı değerler ve temel varsayımlar sistemi olduğu için, örgüt kültürü üzerinde olumlu veya olumsuz etkisi olan davranışları incelemek önemlidir. Bu çalışma örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı, örgüt kültürü ve örgütsel sapma arasındaki ilişkileri ampirik olarak incelemektedir. Önerilen araştırma modeli ve ilgili hipotezler, bankacılık sektöründeki 352 çalışandan toplanan verilere dayanılarak test edilmiştir. Bulgular, örgütsel davranışın, örgüt kültürü ve örgütsel sapma arasındaki ilişkide aracı rolü olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma aynı zamanda yöneticilere, liderlere ve politika yapıcılara örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı yoluyla güçlü bir örgüt kültürü oluşturmanın önemi hakkında yeni bilgiler vermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Appelbaum, H. S., Deguire, J. K., & Lay, M., (2005). The Relationship of Ethical Climateto Deviant Workplace Behavior. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. 5 (4), pp. 43-55.
  • Arlı, D., (2011). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarının Örgüt Kültürü Algıları ve Örgütsel Güven Düzeyleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Bateman, S. T.,& W.Organ, D., (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: TheRelationship Between effect and Employee "Citizenship". Academy of Management Journal. 26 (4), pp. 587-595.
  • Bennett, R. J.,& Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of applied psychology, 85(3), 349.
  • Berberoğlu, G.,& Baraz, B., (1999). Tusaş Motor Sanayi A.Ş.'de Örgüt Kültürü Araştırması. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 14(1-2), ss. 29-52.
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Burton, C. H., (2003). An Empirical Investigation of the Interrelationships of Organizational Culture, Managerial Values, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington: Graduate School of Education and Human Development George Washington University.Cameron, K.S, and Quinn, R.E. (1999), Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. Based on the Competing Values Framework, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
  • Chien H.M., (2004). An Investigation of the Relationship of Organizational Structure, Employee's Personality, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The Journal of American Academy of Business. pp. 428-431.
  • Çelik, M., (2007). Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı-Bir Uygulama.Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Demirel, Y., Seçkin, Z., & Özçınar, M., (2012). İşletme Kültürü ile Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, ss. 1-17.
  • Doğan, S.,& Kılıç, S., (2014). Algılanan Örgütsel Etik İklim ve Üretkenlik Karşıtı İş Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 15 (1), ss. 269-292.
  • Doğan, A., & Deniz, N., (2017). Algılanan Liderlik Tarzının Üretkenlik Karşıtı İş Davranışlarının Ortaya Çıkmasındaki Etkisinde Örgüt Kültürünün Rolü. Journal of International Social Research. 10 (52), ss. 1014-1024.
  • Douglas, S. C.,& Martinko, M. J., (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547-559.
  • Duncan, W. J., (1989). Organizational Culture: Getting a Fix on an Elusive Concept. The Academy of Management Executive, pp. 229-236.
  • Ertürk, E., (2014). Sosyal Mübadele Teorisi Bağlamında Güç Mesafesi ve Örgütsel Adalet Algılamalarının Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı İşletme Bilim Dalı.
  • Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27 (1) pp. 31-41.
  • George, M. J.,& Brief, P. A., (1992). Feeling Good-Doing Good: A Conceptual Analysis of the Mood at Work-Organizational Spontaneity Relationship. PsychologicalBulletin. 112 (2), pp. 310-329.
  • Giacalone, R. A.,& Greenberg, J., (1997). Antisocial Behavior in Organizations.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Greenberg, J. (2002). Who stole the money, and when? Individual and situational determinants of employee theft. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 985–1003.
  • Gruys, M. L., (1999). The Dimensionality of Deviant Employee Behavior in the workplace.Ph.D. Thesis. Minneapolis: Human Resources and Industrial Relations in the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2007). Yöneticilerin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışlarının iş tatmini ve algıladıkları örgütsel adalet ile ilişkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Hofstede, C., (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as an exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
  • Köse, S. G., (2013). Ortaokul Öğretmenlerinin Örgütsel Sapma ve Stratejik Liderlik Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Algıları: İzmir İli Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir:Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitim Yönetimi ve Deneticiliği Programı.
  • Lee, K. & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of effect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (1), pp. 131-142.
  • Louis, M. R., (1985). An Investigator's Guide to Work Place Culture. Organizational Culture. California: Sage Pub. pp. 73-93.
  • Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 36-50.
  • Meek, V. L., (1988). "Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses". Organization Studies. 9, pp. 453-473.
  • Meyer, J. P.,& Allen, N. J., (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Sage Publications.
  • Mount, M., Ilies, R.,& Johnson, E., (2006). Relationship of Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction.Personnel Psychology. pp. 591-622.
  • Muafi., (2011). Causes and Consequence Deviant Workplace Behavior. International Journal of Innovation, Management, and Technology. 2 (2), pp. 123-126.
  • Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence Concerning Specific Forms, Potential Causes, and Preferred Targets. Journal of Management. 24 (3), pp. 391-419.
  • O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J., (1996). Organization-MotivatedAggression: A Research Framework. Academy of Management Review. 21 (1), pp.225-253.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior - The Good Soldier Syndrome. (1st ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts/Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company.
  • Organ, D., (1997). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Construct Clean-Up Time.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M. & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Foundations for Organizational Science: Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Ouchi, W. G., (1981). Theory Z: How American Business can meet the Japanese Challenge. Group & Organization Management. 6 (3), pp. 386-388.
  • Özaslan, B. Ö., Acar, A. B., & Acar, A. C., (2009). Duygusal Zeka ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlşkinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Yönetim. 64, ss. 98-111.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R., (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The leadership quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 351-363.
  • Puffer, S. M. (1987). Prosocial behavior, noncompliant behavior, and work performance among commission salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 615.
  • Robinson, S. L.,& Bennett, R. J., (1995). A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: AMultidimensional Scaling Study. Academy of Management Journal. 38 (2), pp.555-572.
  • Robinson, S. L., & Greenberg, J. (1998). Employees behaving badly: Dimensions, determinants, and dilemmas in the study of workplace deviance. Journal of Organizational Behavior (1986-1998), 1.
  • Salihoğlu, G. H., (2013). Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındakiİlişki(Çorum İlinde Hastane Çalışanlarına Anket Uygulaması). Sosyal ve BeşeriBilimler Dergisi. 5 (1), ss. 300-310.
  • Schein, E. H., (1983). Organizational Culture: A Dynamic Model (No. TR-13-ONR).Alfred P Sloan School Of Management Cambridge MA.
  • Schein, E. H., (1990). Organizational Culture. American Psychologist. 43, pp. 109-119.
  • Sezgin, O., (2009). Exploring The Relationship Between the Concepts of Organizational Culture, Organizational Justice, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis. İstanbul: Yeditepe University Graduate Institute of Social Sciences
  • Skarlicki, D. P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P., (1999). Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation.Academy of management journal, 42(1), pp. 100-108.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., & Sonenshein, S. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American behavioral scientist, 47(6), 828-847.
  • Vardi, Y.,& Wiener, Y., (1996). Misbehavior in Organizations: A MotivationalFramework.Organizational Science, 7 (2), pp. 151-165.
  • Warren, D. E. (2003). Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 622-632.
  • Zhang, S., Chen, X.-P., & Chen, G. (2008). Interpersonal and Collective Group Identities: Differential Contribution to Business Security.

THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVIANCE

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 39, 1149 - 1166, 27.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.774719

Öz

Organizational culture is one of the most important factors that provide sustainable success for an organization, which consists of underlying assumptions that employees share about appropriate behaviors and values. Organizational culture takes time to develop and change, as it is a tied system of artifacts, values, and underlying assumptions that’s why it is important to examine behaviors that have a positive or negative effect on the organizational culture. This study empirically examines the relation between organizational citizenship behavior, organizational culture and organizational deviance. The proposed research model and associated hypotheses were tested based on data collected from 352 employees in the banking industry. The findings revealed that organizational behavior has a mediator role on the relationship between organizational culture and organizational deviance. The study also provides new insights to managers, leaders and policymakers about the importance of building a strong organizational culture through organizational citizenship behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Appelbaum, H. S., Deguire, J. K., & Lay, M., (2005). The Relationship of Ethical Climateto Deviant Workplace Behavior. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. 5 (4), pp. 43-55.
  • Arlı, D., (2011). Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışlarının Örgüt Kültürü Algıları ve Örgütsel Güven Düzeyleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi SBE.
  • Bateman, S. T.,& W.Organ, D., (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: TheRelationship Between effect and Employee "Citizenship". Academy of Management Journal. 26 (4), pp. 587-595.
  • Bennett, R. J.,& Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of applied psychology, 85(3), 349.
  • Berberoğlu, G.,& Baraz, B., (1999). Tusaş Motor Sanayi A.Ş.'de Örgüt Kültürü Araştırması. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 14(1-2), ss. 29-52.
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Burton, C. H., (2003). An Empirical Investigation of the Interrelationships of Organizational Culture, Managerial Values, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington: Graduate School of Education and Human Development George Washington University.Cameron, K.S, and Quinn, R.E. (1999), Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. Based on the Competing Values Framework, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
  • Chien H.M., (2004). An Investigation of the Relationship of Organizational Structure, Employee's Personality, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. The Journal of American Academy of Business. pp. 428-431.
  • Çelik, M., (2007). Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı-Bir Uygulama.Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Demirel, Y., Seçkin, Z., & Özçınar, M., (2012). İşletme Kültürü ile Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişki. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, ss. 1-17.
  • Doğan, S.,& Kılıç, S., (2014). Algılanan Örgütsel Etik İklim ve Üretkenlik Karşıtı İş Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 15 (1), ss. 269-292.
  • Doğan, A., & Deniz, N., (2017). Algılanan Liderlik Tarzının Üretkenlik Karşıtı İş Davranışlarının Ortaya Çıkmasındaki Etkisinde Örgüt Kültürünün Rolü. Journal of International Social Research. 10 (52), ss. 1014-1024.
  • Douglas, S. C.,& Martinko, M. J., (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547-559.
  • Duncan, W. J., (1989). Organizational Culture: Getting a Fix on an Elusive Concept. The Academy of Management Executive, pp. 229-236.
  • Ertürk, E., (2014). Sosyal Mübadele Teorisi Bağlamında Güç Mesafesi ve Örgütsel Adalet Algılamalarının Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı İşletme Bilim Dalı.
  • Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27 (1) pp. 31-41.
  • George, M. J.,& Brief, P. A., (1992). Feeling Good-Doing Good: A Conceptual Analysis of the Mood at Work-Organizational Spontaneity Relationship. PsychologicalBulletin. 112 (2), pp. 310-329.
  • Giacalone, R. A.,& Greenberg, J., (1997). Antisocial Behavior in Organizations.Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Greenberg, J. (2002). Who stole the money, and when? Individual and situational determinants of employee theft. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 985–1003.
  • Gruys, M. L., (1999). The Dimensionality of Deviant Employee Behavior in the workplace.Ph.D. Thesis. Minneapolis: Human Resources and Industrial Relations in the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2007). Yöneticilerin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışlarının iş tatmini ve algıladıkları örgütsel adalet ile ilişkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Hofstede, C., (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
  • Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as an exchange. American journal of sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
  • Köse, S. G., (2013). Ortaokul Öğretmenlerinin Örgütsel Sapma ve Stratejik Liderlik Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Algıları: İzmir İli Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir:Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitim Yönetimi ve Deneticiliği Programı.
  • Lee, K. & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of effect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (1), pp. 131-142.
  • Louis, M. R., (1985). An Investigator's Guide to Work Place Culture. Organizational Culture. California: Sage Pub. pp. 73-93.
  • Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 36-50.
  • Meek, V. L., (1988). "Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses". Organization Studies. 9, pp. 453-473.
  • Meyer, J. P.,& Allen, N. J., (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Sage Publications.
  • Mount, M., Ilies, R.,& Johnson, E., (2006). Relationship of Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction.Personnel Psychology. pp. 591-622.
  • Muafi., (2011). Causes and Consequence Deviant Workplace Behavior. International Journal of Innovation, Management, and Technology. 2 (2), pp. 123-126.
  • Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Workplace Violence and Workplace Aggression: Evidence Concerning Specific Forms, Potential Causes, and Preferred Targets. Journal of Management. 24 (3), pp. 391-419.
  • O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J., (1996). Organization-MotivatedAggression: A Research Framework. Academy of Management Review. 21 (1), pp.225-253.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior - The Good Soldier Syndrome. (1st ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts/Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company.
  • Organ, D., (1997). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Construct Clean-Up Time.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M. & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Foundations for Organizational Science: Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Ouchi, W. G., (1981). Theory Z: How American Business can meet the Japanese Challenge. Group & Organization Management. 6 (3), pp. 386-388.
  • Özaslan, B. Ö., Acar, A. B., & Acar, A. C., (2009). Duygusal Zeka ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlşkinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Yönetim. 64, ss. 98-111.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R., (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The leadership quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., (1994). Organizational citizenship behaviors and sales unit effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research, 351-363.
  • Puffer, S. M. (1987). Prosocial behavior, noncompliant behavior, and work performance among commission salespeople. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 615.
  • Robinson, S. L.,& Bennett, R. J., (1995). A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: AMultidimensional Scaling Study. Academy of Management Journal. 38 (2), pp.555-572.
  • Robinson, S. L., & Greenberg, J. (1998). Employees behaving badly: Dimensions, determinants, and dilemmas in the study of workplace deviance. Journal of Organizational Behavior (1986-1998), 1.
  • Salihoğlu, G. H., (2013). Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındakiİlişki(Çorum İlinde Hastane Çalışanlarına Anket Uygulaması). Sosyal ve BeşeriBilimler Dergisi. 5 (1), ss. 300-310.
  • Schein, E. H., (1983). Organizational Culture: A Dynamic Model (No. TR-13-ONR).Alfred P Sloan School Of Management Cambridge MA.
  • Schein, E. H., (1990). Organizational Culture. American Psychologist. 43, pp. 109-119.
  • Sezgin, O., (2009). Exploring The Relationship Between the Concepts of Organizational Culture, Organizational Justice, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Ph.D. Thesis. İstanbul: Yeditepe University Graduate Institute of Social Sciences
  • Skarlicki, D. P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P., (1999). Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation.Academy of management journal, 42(1), pp. 100-108.
  • Spreitzer, G. M., & Sonenshein, S. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American behavioral scientist, 47(6), 828-847.
  • Vardi, Y.,& Wiener, Y., (1996). Misbehavior in Organizations: A MotivationalFramework.Organizational Science, 7 (2), pp. 151-165.
  • Warren, D. E. (2003). Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 622-632.
  • Zhang, S., Chen, X.-P., & Chen, G. (2008). Interpersonal and Collective Group Identities: Differential Contribution to Business Security.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bartu Genel 0000-0002-0163-3382

Necla Oyku Iyıgun 0000-0003-4708-5825

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2020
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 39

Kaynak Göster

APA Genel, B., & Iyıgun, N. O. (2020). THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVIANCE. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(39), 1149-1166. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.774719