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AŞIRI TURİZMDE KALABALIK YÖNETİMİ: BELEDİYELER TARAFINDAN KULLANILABİLECEK AKILLI TURİZM UYGULAMALARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 42, 1594 - 1620, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.944864

Öz

Seyahat ve turizm eğilimi, bu yüzyılın başından itibaren temel bir insan davranışı haline gelmiştir. Her yıl milyarlarca insan farklı destinasyonlara seyahat gerçekleştirmektedir. Burada bazı destinasyonlar diğerlerinden daha fazla ziyaretçi çekebilmektedir. Böylece aşırı turizm olgusu ve kalabalık yönetimi kavramı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu makale ile bu alanda belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamaları araştırılmıştır. Akıllı turizm uygulamaları, akıllı şehir görüşüne dayanmaktadır. 21. yüzyılın getirisi olan bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri insan sermayesi ile bütünleşerek akıllı şehirleri meydana getirmektedir. Bu şehirlerde ortaya çıkan uygulamaların bazıları da turizme yönelik olmaktadır. Böylece akıllı turizm kavramı ve uygulamaları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili olarak bu çalışmanın oluşturulması sürecinde yapılan araştırma göstermektedir ki aşırı turizme bağlı yoğun ziyaretçi alan destinasyonlarda kalabalık yönetimi akıllı turizm uygulamaları ile çok daha etkin, hızlı ve geniş ölçekli yapılabilmektedir. Bu uygulamalardan bazıları yoğun teknoloji kullanımı ile yapılırken (Örneğin, Floransa-Nesnelerin İnterneti) bazıları sadece yönetsel kararlar (Örneğin, Poznan- Sezon Dışı Seyahat Teşvikleri) ile ortaya konabilmektedir. Söz konusu uygulamaların yerel sorunların çözülmesinde en yetkili aktör olan belediyeler tarafından gerçekleştirilmesi mümkündür ve önerilmektedir.
Amaç: Aşırı turizme bağlı kalabalık yönetiminde belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamalarına örnekler ortaya koymak.
Yöntem/Tasarım / Metodoloji / Yaklaşım: Belgesel tarama yöntemi kullanılarak akıllı turizm uygulamalarından konuya uygun olan örnekler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada internet siteleri, makaleler ve özel sektör uygulamaları incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Yapılan araştırma neticesinde aşırı turizme bağlı kalabalığın yönetiminde kullanılabilecek akıllı turizm uygulamaları olduğu görülmüştür. Bu uygulamaların da belediyeler tarafından gerçekleştirilebileceği tespit edilmiştir.
Özgünlük: Günümüzde yeni bir kavram olan akıllı turizm açısından kalabalık yönetimi uygulamalarını ele alması ve bunlardan belediyeler tarafından kullanılabilecekleri tespit etmesi bakımından alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Daha önce bu temelde bir çalışma olmadığı yapılan literatür incelemesinde görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Ateş, M. ve Önder, D., E. (2019). Akıllı Şehir Kavramı ve Dönüşen Anlamı Bağlamında Eleştiriler, Megaron, 14(1), 41-50.
  • Airport-business (2015). Passenger. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/the-airport-helper-how-a-good-idea-is-spreading-among-europes-airports/ adresinden alındı.
  • Bandarin, F. (2005). Old City of Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde UNESCO: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95/gallery/&maxrows=35 adresinden alındı.
  • Butler, R. W. (1980). The Concept of Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implıcatıons for Management of Resouces. Canadian Georapher, 24, 5-12.
  • Croes, R., Manuel, A. R. ve Kelly, S. (2017). Happiness and Tourism: Evidence from Aruba. Orlando, Florida: The Dick Pope Sr. Institute for Tourism Studies.
  • Çelik, P. ve Topsakal, Y. (2017), Akıllı Turizm Destinasyonları: Antalya Destinasyonunun Akıllı Turizm Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14(3), 149-166.
  • Dameri, R., P. ve Sabroux, C., R. (2014). Smart City and Value Creation. R. P. Dameri, & C., R., Sabroux (Edt.). In Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space (p. 1-12), Springer: Switzerland.
  • Doxey, G. V. (1975). A Causation Theory of Visitor Resident Irritants: Methodology and Research. Sixth Annual Conference. San Diego: Travel and Tourism Research Association.
  • European Smart Cities 4.0 (2015). The Smart City Model. 02 02, 2021 tarihinde http://www.smart-cities.eu/?cid=2&ver=4 adresinden alındı.
  • Generalitat Valenciana, Turisme Comunitat Valenciana ve Interrec Mediterranean. (2019). Facing The Overtourism Challenge in Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites Using Open/Big Data Summary. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde www.turisme.gva.es: http://www.turisme.gva.es/turisme/es/files/pdf/HD_Summary_BENCHMARKING.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Goboat (2021). Goboat København. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://goboat.dk/en/about adresinden alındı.
  • Goodwin, H. (2017). The Challenge of Overtourism. Responsible Tourism Partnership Working Paper. (p. 1-19). 01 06, 2021 tarihinde https://haroldgoodwin.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/rtpwp4overtourism012017.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z. ve Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electron Markets, 25, 179-188.
  • Guo, Y., Liu, H. ve Chai, Y. (2014). The Embedding Convergence of SMART CİTİES and Tourism Internet of Things in China: An Advance Perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research, 2(1), 54–69.
  • Igirouette (2021). Case Study: The Hospices Civils de Lyon chose iGirouette. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.igirouette.com/case-study/the-hospices-civils-de-lyon-chose-igirouette/ adresinden alındı.
  • Ishida, T. (2002). Digital City Kyoto. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 76-81.
  • Jasrotia, A. ve Gangotia, A. (2018). Smart Cities to Smart Tourism Destinations: A Review Paper. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 1(1), 47-56.
  • KA Mobil (2021). Über die App. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://mobil.karlsruhe.de/#die-app adresinden alındı.
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Khan, M., S., Woo, M., Nam, K. ve Chathoth, P., K. (2017). Smart City and Smart Tourism: Case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9(12), 1-24.
  • Koens, K., Postma, A. ve Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, 10(4384), 1-15. doi:10.3390/su10124384.
  • Kruczek, Z. (2019). “Overtourism” - Around The Definition. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde www.encyclopedia.pub: https://encyclopedia.pub/163 adresinden alındı.
  • Lee, P., Hunter, W. C. ve Chung, N. (2020). Smart Tourism City: Developments and Transformations. Sustainability, 12(3958), 1-15. doi:10.3390/su12103958.
  • Levoyageanantes (2021). 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.levoyageanantes.fr/en/accessibilite/ adresinden alındı. Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C. ve Duan, L. (2016). The Concept of Smart Tourism in the Context of Tourism Information Services. Tourism Management, 58, 293-300.
  • Materialbank (2021). New Visitor App by the City of Helsinki and Tencent Takes Travel Experience to the Next Level. 02 05,2021 tarihinde http://materialbank.myhelsinki.fi/deployedFiles/1368ba1ab6ed38bb1f26f36673739d54.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • McKinsey & Company and World Travel, & Tourism Council. (2017). Coping with Success: Managing Overcrowding in Tourism Destinations. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde www.mckinsey.com: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20transport%20and%20logistics/our%20insights/coping%20with%20success%20managing%20overcrowding%20in%20tourism%20destinations/coping-with-success-managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Meet in Nice (2021). Nice Smart City. 02 05,2021 tarihinde https://en.meet-in-nice.com/nice-smart-city adresinden alındı.
  • Milano, C., Novelli, M. ve Cherr, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and Tourismphobia: A Journey Through Four Decades of Tourism Development, Planning and Local Concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 353–357.
  • Mohanty, S., Choppali, U. ve Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything You Wanted to Know About Smart Cities: The Internet of Things is the Backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60-70.
  • Morris, H. (2017, 08 11). Tourists and Cruise Ships Could Be Turned Away Under New Plans to Protect Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde The Teleghraph: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/dubrovnik/articles/dubrovnik-tourist-limits-unesco-frankovic/ adresinden alındı.
  • Namberger, P., Jackisch, S., Schmude, J. ve Karl, M. (2019). Overcrowding, Overtourism, and Local Level Disturbance: How Much Can Munich Handle? Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 452-472.
  • O’Reilly, A., M. (1986). Tourism Carrying Capacity: Concept and Issues. Tourism Management, 7(4), 254-258. Papathanassis, A. (2017). Over-Tourism and Anti-Tourist Sentiment: An Exploratory Analysis and Discussion. Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, XVII(2), 288-293.
  • Peeters, P., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C., . . . Postma, A. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: Impact and Possible Policy Responses. Brussels: European Parliament Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies.
  • Poznan.travel (2021). Half Price Poznan. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde http://poznan.travel/en/c/poznan-za-pol-ceny adresinden alındı.
  • Resmi Gazete (2005). 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/07/20050713-6.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Scholz ve Friends Agenda Berlin GmbH European Office. (2020). Compendium of Best Practices: ‘2019 & 2020 European Capital of Smart Tourism Competitions’. 02 08, 2021 tarihinde https://smarttourismcapital.eu/best-practices/ adresinden alındı.
  • Stanchev, R. (2018). Memòria del Treball de Fi de Grau. The Most Affected European Destinations by Over-tourism. Palma Illes Balears, Spain: Universitas Baliarica.
  • Stieghorst, T. (2018). Travel Weekly. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde www.travelweekly.com: https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Dubrovnik-deal-combat-overcrowding adresinden alındı.
  • Taiminen, S. (2018). The Negative Impacts of Overtourism on Tourism Destination. Unpublished Degree Thesis. Glenside Pennsylvania: Arcada University of Applied Sciences.
  • Theguardian.com. (2017). Barcelona Cracks Down on Airbnb Rentals with Illegal Apartment Squads. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde www.theguardian.com: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/02/airbnb-faces-crackdown-on-illegal-apartment-rentals-in-barcelona adresinden alındı.
  • Tokoro, N. (2016). The Smart City and the Co-Creation for Value: A Source of New Competitiveness in a Low-Carbon Society. Springer: Japan. UNESCO (2021). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], Old City of Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95/ adresinden alındı.
  • Visitljubljana (2021). Explore. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.visitljubljana.com/en/visitors/explore/ adresinden alındı.
  • Volo, S. (2020). Overtourism: Definitions, Enablers, Impacts and Managerial Challenges. H. Séraphin, T. Gladkikh, & T. V. Thanh (Edts.). In Overtourism Causes, Implications and Solutions (s. 11-26). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Whimapp (2021). All Transport in One App. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde https://whimapp.com/ adresinden alındı.
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality, NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences ve NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. (2018). Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. doi:https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420070.

Crowd Management in Over Tourism: Smart Tourism Applications That Can Be Used By Municipalities

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 42, 1594 - 1620, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.944864

Öz

The inclination of travelling and tourism has become a basic human behavior since the beginning of this century. Billions of people travel to different destinations every year. Here, some destinations can attract more visitors than others. Thus, the concept of over-tourism and crowd management emerges. With this article, smart tourism applications that can be used by municipalities in this field have been investigated. Smart tourism applications are based on smart city vision. Information and communication technologies, which are the effect of the 21st century, integrate with human capital and create smart cities. Some of the practices emerging in these cities are also oriented towards tourism. Thus, the concept and applications of smart tourism arise. The research conducted during the creation of this study on the subject shows that; crowd management can be done much more effectively, quickly and on a large scale with smart tourism applications in destinations that receive visitors due to over tourism. While some of these applications are made with intensive use of technology (for example, Floransa-The Internet of Things), some of them can only be determined by managerial decisions (for example Poznan-Off-season Travel Incentives). It is possible and recommended that these applications should be carried out by the municipalities, which are the most competent actors in solving local problems.
Purpose: To present examples of smart tourism applications that can be used by municipalities in crowd management due to over tourism.Method/Design/Methodology/Approach: Documentary screening method was used to detect examples of smart tourism applications of developed countries that are suitable for the subject. In the research, websites, articles and private sector applications were examined.
Findings: As a result of the research, it has been observed that there are smart tourism applications that can be used in crowd management due to over tourism. It has been determined that these applications can also be used by municipalities.
Originality: Can contribute to the field in terms of identifying smart applications that can be used by municipalities. It was seen in the literature review that there was no previous study on this basis.

Kaynakça

  • Ateş, M. ve Önder, D., E. (2019). Akıllı Şehir Kavramı ve Dönüşen Anlamı Bağlamında Eleştiriler, Megaron, 14(1), 41-50.
  • Airport-business (2015). Passenger. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde http://www.airport-business.com/2015/12/the-airport-helper-how-a-good-idea-is-spreading-among-europes-airports/ adresinden alındı.
  • Bandarin, F. (2005). Old City of Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde UNESCO: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95/gallery/&maxrows=35 adresinden alındı.
  • Butler, R. W. (1980). The Concept of Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implıcatıons for Management of Resouces. Canadian Georapher, 24, 5-12.
  • Croes, R., Manuel, A. R. ve Kelly, S. (2017). Happiness and Tourism: Evidence from Aruba. Orlando, Florida: The Dick Pope Sr. Institute for Tourism Studies.
  • Çelik, P. ve Topsakal, Y. (2017), Akıllı Turizm Destinasyonları: Antalya Destinasyonunun Akıllı Turizm Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14(3), 149-166.
  • Dameri, R., P. ve Sabroux, C., R. (2014). Smart City and Value Creation. R. P. Dameri, & C., R., Sabroux (Edt.). In Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space (p. 1-12), Springer: Switzerland.
  • Doxey, G. V. (1975). A Causation Theory of Visitor Resident Irritants: Methodology and Research. Sixth Annual Conference. San Diego: Travel and Tourism Research Association.
  • European Smart Cities 4.0 (2015). The Smart City Model. 02 02, 2021 tarihinde http://www.smart-cities.eu/?cid=2&ver=4 adresinden alındı.
  • Generalitat Valenciana, Turisme Comunitat Valenciana ve Interrec Mediterranean. (2019). Facing The Overtourism Challenge in Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites Using Open/Big Data Summary. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde www.turisme.gva.es: http://www.turisme.gva.es/turisme/es/files/pdf/HD_Summary_BENCHMARKING.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Goboat (2021). Goboat København. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://goboat.dk/en/about adresinden alındı.
  • Goodwin, H. (2017). The Challenge of Overtourism. Responsible Tourism Partnership Working Paper. (p. 1-19). 01 06, 2021 tarihinde https://haroldgoodwin.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/rtpwp4overtourism012017.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z. ve Koo, C. (2015). Smart Tourism: Foundations and Developments. Electron Markets, 25, 179-188.
  • Guo, Y., Liu, H. ve Chai, Y. (2014). The Embedding Convergence of SMART CİTİES and Tourism Internet of Things in China: An Advance Perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research, 2(1), 54–69.
  • Igirouette (2021). Case Study: The Hospices Civils de Lyon chose iGirouette. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.igirouette.com/case-study/the-hospices-civils-de-lyon-chose-igirouette/ adresinden alındı.
  • Ishida, T. (2002). Digital City Kyoto. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 76-81.
  • Jasrotia, A. ve Gangotia, A. (2018). Smart Cities to Smart Tourism Destinations: A Review Paper. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 1(1), 47-56.
  • KA Mobil (2021). Über die App. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://mobil.karlsruhe.de/#die-app adresinden alındı.
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Khan, M., S., Woo, M., Nam, K. ve Chathoth, P., K. (2017). Smart City and Smart Tourism: Case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9(12), 1-24.
  • Koens, K., Postma, A. ve Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, 10(4384), 1-15. doi:10.3390/su10124384.
  • Kruczek, Z. (2019). “Overtourism” - Around The Definition. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde www.encyclopedia.pub: https://encyclopedia.pub/163 adresinden alındı.
  • Lee, P., Hunter, W. C. ve Chung, N. (2020). Smart Tourism City: Developments and Transformations. Sustainability, 12(3958), 1-15. doi:10.3390/su12103958.
  • Levoyageanantes (2021). 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.levoyageanantes.fr/en/accessibilite/ adresinden alındı. Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C. ve Duan, L. (2016). The Concept of Smart Tourism in the Context of Tourism Information Services. Tourism Management, 58, 293-300.
  • Materialbank (2021). New Visitor App by the City of Helsinki and Tencent Takes Travel Experience to the Next Level. 02 05,2021 tarihinde http://materialbank.myhelsinki.fi/deployedFiles/1368ba1ab6ed38bb1f26f36673739d54.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • McKinsey & Company and World Travel, & Tourism Council. (2017). Coping with Success: Managing Overcrowding in Tourism Destinations. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde www.mckinsey.com: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/travel%20transport%20and%20logistics/our%20insights/coping%20with%20success%20managing%20overcrowding%20in%20tourism%20destinations/coping-with-success-managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Meet in Nice (2021). Nice Smart City. 02 05,2021 tarihinde https://en.meet-in-nice.com/nice-smart-city adresinden alındı.
  • Milano, C., Novelli, M. ve Cherr, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and Tourismphobia: A Journey Through Four Decades of Tourism Development, Planning and Local Concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 353–357.
  • Mohanty, S., Choppali, U. ve Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything You Wanted to Know About Smart Cities: The Internet of Things is the Backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60-70.
  • Morris, H. (2017, 08 11). Tourists and Cruise Ships Could Be Turned Away Under New Plans to Protect Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde The Teleghraph: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/dubrovnik/articles/dubrovnik-tourist-limits-unesco-frankovic/ adresinden alındı.
  • Namberger, P., Jackisch, S., Schmude, J. ve Karl, M. (2019). Overcrowding, Overtourism, and Local Level Disturbance: How Much Can Munich Handle? Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 452-472.
  • O’Reilly, A., M. (1986). Tourism Carrying Capacity: Concept and Issues. Tourism Management, 7(4), 254-258. Papathanassis, A. (2017). Over-Tourism and Anti-Tourist Sentiment: An Exploratory Analysis and Discussion. Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, XVII(2), 288-293.
  • Peeters, P., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C., . . . Postma, A. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: Impact and Possible Policy Responses. Brussels: European Parliament Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies.
  • Poznan.travel (2021). Half Price Poznan. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde http://poznan.travel/en/c/poznan-za-pol-ceny adresinden alındı.
  • Resmi Gazete (2005). 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/07/20050713-6.htm adresinden alındı.
  • Scholz ve Friends Agenda Berlin GmbH European Office. (2020). Compendium of Best Practices: ‘2019 & 2020 European Capital of Smart Tourism Competitions’. 02 08, 2021 tarihinde https://smarttourismcapital.eu/best-practices/ adresinden alındı.
  • Stanchev, R. (2018). Memòria del Treball de Fi de Grau. The Most Affected European Destinations by Over-tourism. Palma Illes Balears, Spain: Universitas Baliarica.
  • Stieghorst, T. (2018). Travel Weekly. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde www.travelweekly.com: https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Dubrovnik-deal-combat-overcrowding adresinden alındı.
  • Taiminen, S. (2018). The Negative Impacts of Overtourism on Tourism Destination. Unpublished Degree Thesis. Glenside Pennsylvania: Arcada University of Applied Sciences.
  • Theguardian.com. (2017). Barcelona Cracks Down on Airbnb Rentals with Illegal Apartment Squads. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde www.theguardian.com: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/02/airbnb-faces-crackdown-on-illegal-apartment-rentals-in-barcelona adresinden alındı.
  • Tokoro, N. (2016). The Smart City and the Co-Creation for Value: A Source of New Competitiveness in a Low-Carbon Society. Springer: Japan. UNESCO (2021). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], Old City of Dubrovnik. 02 06, 2021 tarihinde https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/95/ adresinden alındı.
  • Visitljubljana (2021). Explore. 02 05, 2021 tarihinde https://www.visitljubljana.com/en/visitors/explore/ adresinden alındı.
  • Volo, S. (2020). Overtourism: Definitions, Enablers, Impacts and Managerial Challenges. H. Séraphin, T. Gladkikh, & T. V. Thanh (Edts.). In Overtourism Causes, Implications and Solutions (s. 11-26). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Whimapp (2021). All Transport in One App. 02 04, 2021 tarihinde https://whimapp.com/ adresinden alındı.
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality, NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences ve NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. (2018). Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. doi:https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420070.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Gizem Özgürel 0000-0002-1161-3721

Onur Kemal Yılmaz 0000-0003-2371-683X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 42

Kaynak Göster

APA Özgürel, G., & Yılmaz, O. K. (2021). AŞIRI TURİZMDE KALABALIK YÖNETİMİ: BELEDİYELER TARAFINDAN KULLANILABİLECEK AKILLI TURİZM UYGULAMALARI. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1594-1620. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.944864