Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye'de sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınma için eğitim ve sosyal tutumları dönüştürerek yenilikçi girişimciliğin teşviki

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, 1 - 28, 28.03.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin süregelen ekonomik sorunlarının temel nedenlerini araştırmakta; tarihsel gelişmeler, toplumsal dinamikler ve yenilikçiliğe yönelik yapısal engeller arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Global Girişimcilik Monitörü (GEM) verileri kullanılarak, Türkiye’nin düşük katma değerli ürünlere ve yabancı sermayeye bağımlılığı ile yenilik temelli bir ekonomiye geçişte yaşadığı yavaşlatıcı faktörler analiz edilmektedir. Schumpeter’in kuramından hareketle, düşük yenilik kapasitesinin düşük kârlı ürünlerle ilişkisi ortaya konmakta; özellikle eğitim sistemi ve kültürel normlar çerçevesinde yenilikçi girişimciliğin önündeki engeller incelenmektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin 13 Girişimcilik Çerçeve Koşulu’nu (Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions – EFC) değerlendirmek amacıyla GEM çerçevesini kullanmaktadır. GEM’in Yetişkin Nüfus Araştırması (APS) ve Ulusal Uzman Araştırması (NES) verileri üzerinden girişimcilik aşamaları, finansmana erişim, politika, altyapı, eğitim ve kültürel tutumlar analiz edilmektedir. GEM verileri, akademik ve resmi kaynaklarla birlikte kullanılarak, yenilikçiliği ve ekonomik büyümeyi sınırlayan yapısal faktörler ortaya konmaktadır. Bulgular, Türkiye’de yenilik odaklı bir ekonomi inşası için stratejik öneriler geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Türkiye, küresel inovasyon ve girişimcilik endekslerinde orta-ön sıralarda yer almaktadır. Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi'nde (GII, 2023) 132 ülke arasında 39’uncu; GEM Ulusal Girişimcilik Bağlam Endeksi'nde (NECI, 2021) ise 50 ülke arasında 35’inci sıradadır. Okul düzeyindeki girişimcilik eğitimi (2,06/9) ile kültürel ve toplumsal normlar (3,68/9) alanlarındaki zayıflıklar, yenilikçiliği engelleyen temel eksiklikleri yansıtmaktadır. Bu durum, düşük katma değerli üretimi, sınırlı yurtiçi tasarrufları ve yüksek düzeyde yabancı sermaye bağımlılığını beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, GEM’in çerçeve koşullarını Türkiye bağlamında kullanarak yapısal girişimcilik engellerini ortaya koymakta ve bu yönüyle özgün bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Tarihsel, ekonomik ve toplumsal unsurları bütüncül biçimde ele alarak kısa vadeli politika çözümlerinin ötesine geçmekte; yenilik temelli ve dirençli bir ekonomi için politika yapıcılar ile paydaşlara yönelik kapsamlı çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015
  • Baumol, W. J. (2002). The free-market innovation machine: Analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton University Press.
  • Cornell University, INSEAD, & World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2019). https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. (R. Opie, Trans.). New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Doran, J., McCarthy, N., & O’Connor, M. (2018). The role of entrepreneurship in stimulating economic growth in developed and developing countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1442093. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1442093
  • Erdisna, E., Ridwan, M., & Syahputra, H. (2022). Developing Digital Entrepreneurship Learning Model: 4-D Competencies-Based for Millennial Generation in Higher Education. Utaxmax: Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 4(2), 84-100. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v4i2.10081
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. J. M., & Nunes, S. (2016). Linking innovation and entrepreneurship to economic growth. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(4), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2016-0045
  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022 Global Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-2022-global-report
  • Kalayci, I., Aytekin, B., & Soylu, A. (2021). Innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey: Micro and macro perspectives. In C. Cobanoglu, & V. Della Corte (Eds.), Advances in Global Services and Retail Management (pp. 1–8). USF M3 Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5038/9781955833035
  • Kim, J., Castillejos-Petalcorin, C., Park, D., Jinjarak, Y., Quising, P., & Tian, S. (2022, August). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: A cross-section empirical analysis. Asian Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS220399-2
  • Lucas, B. (2022). A field guide to assessing creative thinking in schools. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24010.03529
  • OECD. (2015). The Future of Productivity. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264248533-en
  • OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Vol. I): What Students Know and Can Do. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Schwab, K., & World Economic Forum. (2013). The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 Full Data Edition.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.
  • Stoica, O., Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. (2020). The Nexus between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis on Groups of Countries. Sustainability, MDPI, 12(3), 1-19. https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i3p1186-d317512.html
  • World Bank Data. (2024). https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview
  • World Economic Forum. (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2019
  • World Intellectual Property Organization. (2023). Global Innovation Index 2023. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023

Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, 1 - 28, 28.03.2025

Öz

This paper investigates the root causes of Türkiye's persistent economic challenges, focusing on the interplay between historical events, social dynamics, and structural barriers to innovation. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), it explores Türkiye’s reliance on low-value goods, dependence on foreign capital, and slow transition to an innovation-driven economy. Drawing on Schumpeter's theory (1934), which links low innovation to low-profit goods, the study analyzes barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, particularly in education and cultural norms. The study employs the GEM framework to assess Türkiye’s 13 Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs). Using GEM’s Adult Population Survey (APS) and National Expert Survey (NES), it examines entrepreneurship stages, finance, policy, infrastructure, education, and cultural attitudes. Data from GEM, academic research, and government sources provide insights into barriers that hinder innovation and economic growth. Findings inform strategic recommendations for fostering an innovation-driven economy in Türkiye. Türkiye ranks low in global innovation and entrepreneurship indices, placing 39th out of 132 countries in the Global Innovation Index (GII, 2023) and 35th out of 50 in the GEM National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI, 2021). Weaknesses in Entrepreneurial Education at the School Stage (2.06/9) and Cultural and Social Norms (3.68/9) highlight gaps that hinder innovation. This produces low-value goods production, limited domestic savings, and high foreign capital dependence. This study uniquely applies GEM’s EFCs to identify structural barriers to entrepreneurship in Türkiye. By linking historical, economic, and social factors, it offers a novel perspective beyond short-term policy fixes. It provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster a resilient, innovation-driven economy.

Kaynakça

  • Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015
  • Baumol, W. J. (2002). The free-market innovation machine: Analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton University Press.
  • Cornell University, INSEAD, & World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2019). https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. (R. Opie, Trans.). New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Doran, J., McCarthy, N., & O’Connor, M. (2018). The role of entrepreneurship in stimulating economic growth in developed and developing countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1442093. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1442093
  • Erdisna, E., Ridwan, M., & Syahputra, H. (2022). Developing Digital Entrepreneurship Learning Model: 4-D Competencies-Based for Millennial Generation in Higher Education. Utaxmax: Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 4(2), 84-100. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v4i2.10081
  • Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. J. M., & Nunes, S. (2016). Linking innovation and entrepreneurship to economic growth. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(4), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2016-0045
  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022 Global Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-2022-global-report
  • Kalayci, I., Aytekin, B., & Soylu, A. (2021). Innovative entrepreneurship in Turkey: Micro and macro perspectives. In C. Cobanoglu, & V. Della Corte (Eds.), Advances in Global Services and Retail Management (pp. 1–8). USF M3 Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5038/9781955833035
  • Kim, J., Castillejos-Petalcorin, C., Park, D., Jinjarak, Y., Quising, P., & Tian, S. (2022, August). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: A cross-section empirical analysis. Asian Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS220399-2
  • Lucas, B. (2022). A field guide to assessing creative thinking in schools. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24010.03529
  • OECD. (2015). The Future of Productivity. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264248533-en
  • OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Vol. I): What Students Know and Can Do. OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Schwab, K., & World Economic Forum. (2013). The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 Full Data Edition.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94.
  • Stoica, O., Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. (2020). The Nexus between Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis on Groups of Countries. Sustainability, MDPI, 12(3), 1-19. https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i3p1186-d317512.html
  • World Bank Data. (2024). https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/overview
  • World Economic Forum. (2019). The Global Competitiveness Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2019
  • World Intellectual Property Organization. (2023). Global Innovation Index 2023. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Girişimcilik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Adel Tayeh 0009-0008-0949-0487

Yusuf Balcı 0000-0002-2660-5361

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik

Kaynak Göster

APA Tayeh, A., & Balcı, Y. (2025). Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1571687