Araştırma Makalesi
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Does Helping Behavior Change According to Seasons? The Moderating Role of Depression and Positive Emotions

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 53, 500 - 525, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1635369

Öz

Seasonal changes affect individuals’ psychological health through variations in circadian rhythm, temperature, and daylight duration. Lower temperatures and reduced daylight in winter may increase depressive symptoms, whereas these symptoms tend to decrease in summer. Similarly, positive emotions are also influenced by seasonal changes. Moreover, helping behavior is associated with individuals’ well-being and differs across seasons. The present study, conducted in winter, aimed to examine how helping behavior varies between winter and summer and to investigate the moderating role of depression and positive emotions in the relationship between seasons and helping behavior. The sample consisted of 114 university students, including 90 women and 24 men. Data were collected using the Affect Scale, Seasonal Evaluation, Brief Symptom Inventory, seasonal manipulation, PERMA Scale, the helping sub-dimension of the Prosociality Scale, and a measure of helping intention. Data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 using Hayes’ PROCESS macro. The results revealed that participants’ helping behavior scores and helping intentions differed significantly between winter and summer. Helping behavior scores were significantly higher in the summer condition compared to the winter condition, whereas helping intentions were significantly higher in the winter condition than in the summer condition. Furthermore, depression and positive emotions were found to moderate the effect of seasonality on helping behavior. Since no similar study has been conducted with a Turkish sample, the findings provide important implications for future research.

Kaynakça

  • Adamsson, M., Laike, T., & Morita, T. (2018). Seasonal variation in bright daylight exposure, mood and behavior among a group of office workers in Sweden. Journal of Circadian Rhythms, 16(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.153
  • Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., Whillans, A. V., Grant, A. M., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Making a difference matters: Impact unlocks the emotional benefits of prosocial spending. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 88, 90- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.01.008
  • Beecher, M. E., Eggett, D., Erekson, D., Rees, L. B., Bingham, J., Klundt, J., ... & Boardman, R. D. (2016). Sunshine on my shoulders: Weather, pollution, and emotional distress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.021
  • Belkin, L. Y., & Kouchaki, M. (2017). Too hot to help! Exploring the impact of ambient temperature on helping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(5), 525–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/esjp.2242
  • Boyce, P. R., Veitch, J. A., Newsham, G. R., Jones, C. C., Heerwagen, J., Myer, M., & Hunter, C. M. (2006). Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices. Lighting Research & Technology, 38(4), 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153506070994
  • Cialdini, R. B., Kenrick, D. T., & Baumann, D. J. (1987). Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults. N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Ed.), Empathy and its development (s. 339–359) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • Connolly, M. (2013). Somelike it mild and not too wet: The influence of weather on subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9338-2
  • Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. Plos One, 9(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
  • Cunningham, M. R. (1979). Weather, mood, and helping behavior: Quasi experiments with the sunshine samaritan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 1947-1956. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.1947
  • Czeisler, C. A., & Gooley, J. J. (2007). Sleep and circadian rhythms in humans. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 72, 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064
  • Denissen, J. J., Butalid, L., Penke, L., & Van Aken, M. A. (2008). The effects of weather on daily mood: a multi level approach. Emotion, 8(5), 662-667. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013497
  • Feddersen, J., Metcalfe, R., & Wooden, M. (2016). Subjective well-being: Why weather matters. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 179(1), 203–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12118
  • Fraikin, G. Y., Strakhovskaya, M.G., Ivanona, E. V., & Rubin, A.B. (1989). Near‐UV activation of enzymaticcon version of 5‐hydroxytryptophan to serotonin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 49(4), 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb09197.x
  • Germain, A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008). Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 23(7), 571–585. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.964
  • Guéguen, N., & Lamy, L. (2013). Weather and helping: additional evidence of the effect of the sunshine Samaritan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(2), 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.720618
  • Hartig, T., Catalano, R., & Ong, M. (2007). Cold summer weather, constrained restoration, and the use of antidepressants in Sweden. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.02.002
  • Jang, Y. S., Cho, H. M., Mok, Y. E., Chi, S. H., Han, C. S.,& Lee, M. S. (2023). Circadian rhythms and depression in adolescents: A comparative analysis of first episode and recurrent episode groups. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(12), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13121665
  • Kiremitçi, E., & Coşkun, H. (2018). A pilot study: Comparing seasonality and subjective well-being in winter and summer conditions in university students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(1), 4-8. https://doi.org/10.25215/0601.021
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E., & Coşkun H.(2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mevsimsellik ve öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide depresyon ve anksiyetenin aracı rolü. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 419–439. https://doi.org/10.23863/kalem.2019.110
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2019). Sosyal kimliğin yardım etme davranışı üzerindeki etkisinin empati ve öznel iyi oluş değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi. [Yayınlanmış doktora tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi].
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2024). The impact of seasons on helping behavior: The moderating roles of sleep duration and positive relationships in summer. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Modern Research in Social Sciences., Austria. https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/26-ISS7-3490.pdf
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2025). Üniversite öğrencilerinde mevsimsel değişimler yardımseverliği nasıl etkiler? Psikolojik iyi oluş ve kaygının aracı rolü. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 12(1), 26-47. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1436092
  • Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J. A., Welsh, D. K., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2015). Photoperiodic and circadian bifurcation theories of depression and mania. Research, 4(107),1-18. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6444.1
  • Leibowitz, K., & Vittersø, J. (2020). Winter is coming: Wintertime mindset and wellbeing in Norway. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(4), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i4.935
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Pursuing sustained happiness through random acts of kindness and counting one’s blessings: Tests of two six-week interventions. Unpublished Raw Data, 111–131.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  • Macaulay, J., & Berkowitz, L. (1970). Altruism and helping behavior: Social psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences. Academic Press.
  • McClung, C. A. (2007). Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 114(2), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.003
  • Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depression Research and Treatment, 178564, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/178564
  • Mistlberger, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2004). Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: Animal and human studies. Biological Reviews, 79(3), 533–556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793103006353.
  • Ng, H. K. S., & Cheung, S. H. (2023). Too hot to help or too cold to care? On the links between ambient temperature, volunteerism, and civic engagement. British Journal of Psychology, 114, 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12669
  • Partonen, T., & Lönnqvist, J. (1998). Seasonal affective disorder. The Lancet, 352(9137), 1369-1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01015-0
  • Roecklein, K. A., & Rohan, K. J. (2005). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview and update. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20071
  • Rohan, K. J., Roecklein, K. A., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral factors in seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1003
  • Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D.A, Gillin, J.C., et al. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41(1), 72–80. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010
  • Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00066
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
  • Rind, B., & Strohmetz, D. (2001). Effect of beliefs about future weather conditions on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(10), 2160–2164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00168.x
  • Walker, M. P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 168–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17496632.2009.04416.x
  • Wehr, T. A., Giesen, H. A., Schulz, P. M., Anderson, J. L., Joseph-Vanderpool, J. R., Kelly, K., ... & Rosenthal, N. E. (1991). Contrasts between symptoms of summer depression and winter depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23(4), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(91)90098-D
  • Weng, P. Y., & Chiang, Y. C. (2014). Psychological restoration through indoor and outdoor leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950320
  • Yıldız, M. A. & Gültekin, F. (2019). Mevsimsel değişimlerin ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri: Bir derleme. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2019.78945

Yardım Etme Davranışı Mevsimlere Göre Değişir Mi? Depresyon ve Olumlu Duyguların Düzenleyici Rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 53, 500 - 525, 29.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1635369

Öz

Mevsimsel değişimler bireylerin psikolojik sağlığını sirkadiyen ritim, hava sıcaklığı ve gün ışığı süresindeki farklılıklara bağlı olarak etkilemektedir. Kış aylarında hava sıcaklıklarının düşmesi ve gün ışığının azalması, bireylerde görülen depresif belirtileri artırabilmekte; yaz aylarında görülen bu belirtiler azalabilmektedir. Benzer şekilde, olumlu duyguların da mevsimlere bağlı olarak görülen değişimlerden etkilendiği bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte yardım etme davranışı bireyin iyi oluş düzeyiyle ilişkilidir ve mevsimlere bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Kış mevsiminde yapılan bu araştırmada yardım etme davranışının kış ve yaz mevsimine göre nasıl farklılaştığı, ayrıca kış ve yaz mevsimlerinin yardım etme davranışı üzerindeki etkisinde depresyon ve olumlu duyguların düzenleyici rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 90 kadın ve 24 erkek olmak üzere toplam 114 üniversite öğrencisi katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak katılımcılara sırasıyla Duygu Skalası, mevsimsel değerlendirme, Kısa Semptom Envanteri, mevsim manipülasyonu, PERMA Ölçeği, Prososyallik Ölçeği’nin yardım etme alt boyutu ve yardım niyeti ölçümü verilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23.0 analiz programı ve Hayes tarafından geliştirilen PROCESS makro eklentisi ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, katılımcıların yardım etme davranışı puanlarının ve yardım niyetlerinin kış ve yaz mevsimlerine göre anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı, yaz mevsimindeki katılımcıların kış mevsimindeki katılımcılardan anlamlı olarak daha yüksek yardım etme puanına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Yardım etme niyeti açısından ise, kış mevsimindeki katılımcıların yardım niyetleri yaz mevsimi koşulundaki katılımcılara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, mevsimselliğin yardım etme davranışı üzerindeki etkisinde depresyonun ve olumlu duyguların düzenleyici rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Literatürde Türk örneklem grubu ile benzer bir araştırmanın yapılmaması nedeniyle, elde edilen bulgular gelecek araştırmalar için önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma kapsamında Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Komisyonu’ nun 27.08.2024 tarihli ve 2024/08 sayılı toplantısında izin alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adamsson, M., Laike, T., & Morita, T. (2018). Seasonal variation in bright daylight exposure, mood and behavior among a group of office workers in Sweden. Journal of Circadian Rhythms, 16(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.153
  • Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., Whillans, A. V., Grant, A. M., & Norton, M. I. (2013). Making a difference matters: Impact unlocks the emotional benefits of prosocial spending. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 88, 90- 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.01.008
  • Beecher, M. E., Eggett, D., Erekson, D., Rees, L. B., Bingham, J., Klundt, J., ... & Boardman, R. D. (2016). Sunshine on my shoulders: Weather, pollution, and emotional distress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.021
  • Belkin, L. Y., & Kouchaki, M. (2017). Too hot to help! Exploring the impact of ambient temperature on helping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(5), 525–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/esjp.2242
  • Boyce, P. R., Veitch, J. A., Newsham, G. R., Jones, C. C., Heerwagen, J., Myer, M., & Hunter, C. M. (2006). Occupant use of switching and dimming controls in offices. Lighting Research & Technology, 38(4), 358–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153506070994
  • Cialdini, R. B., Kenrick, D. T., & Baumann, D. J. (1987). Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults. N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Ed.), Empathy and its development (s. 339–359) içinde. Cambridge University Press.
  • Connolly, M. (2013). Somelike it mild and not too wet: The influence of weather on subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9338-2
  • Coviello, L., Sohn, Y., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Franceschetti, M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Detecting emotional contagion in massive social networks. Plos One, 9(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090315
  • Cunningham, M. R. (1979). Weather, mood, and helping behavior: Quasi experiments with the sunshine samaritan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 1947-1956. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.1947
  • Czeisler, C. A., & Gooley, J. J. (2007). Sleep and circadian rhythms in humans. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 72, 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2007.72.064
  • Denissen, J. J., Butalid, L., Penke, L., & Van Aken, M. A. (2008). The effects of weather on daily mood: a multi level approach. Emotion, 8(5), 662-667. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013497
  • Feddersen, J., Metcalfe, R., & Wooden, M. (2016). Subjective well-being: Why weather matters. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, 179(1), 203–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12118
  • Fraikin, G. Y., Strakhovskaya, M.G., Ivanona, E. V., & Rubin, A.B. (1989). Near‐UV activation of enzymaticcon version of 5‐hydroxytryptophan to serotonin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 49(4), 475–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb09197.x
  • Germain, A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008). Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 23(7), 571–585. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.964
  • Guéguen, N., & Lamy, L. (2013). Weather and helping: additional evidence of the effect of the sunshine Samaritan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(2), 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.720618
  • Hartig, T., Catalano, R., & Ong, M. (2007). Cold summer weather, constrained restoration, and the use of antidepressants in Sweden. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.02.002
  • Jang, Y. S., Cho, H. M., Mok, Y. E., Chi, S. H., Han, C. S.,& Lee, M. S. (2023). Circadian rhythms and depression in adolescents: A comparative analysis of first episode and recurrent episode groups. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(12), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13121665
  • Kiremitçi, E., & Coşkun, H. (2018). A pilot study: Comparing seasonality and subjective well-being in winter and summer conditions in university students. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(1), 4-8. https://doi.org/10.25215/0601.021
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E., & Coşkun H.(2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin mevsimsellik ve öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide depresyon ve anksiyetenin aracı rolü. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 419–439. https://doi.org/10.23863/kalem.2019.110
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2019). Sosyal kimliğin yardım etme davranışı üzerindeki etkisinin empati ve öznel iyi oluş değişkenlerine göre incelenmesi. [Yayınlanmış doktora tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi].
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2024). The impact of seasons on helping behavior: The moderating roles of sleep duration and positive relationships in summer. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Modern Research in Social Sciences., Austria. https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/26-ISS7-3490.pdf
  • Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2025). Üniversite öğrencilerinde mevsimsel değişimler yardımseverliği nasıl etkiler? Psikolojik iyi oluş ve kaygının aracı rolü. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 12(1), 26-47. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1436092
  • Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J. A., Welsh, D. K., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2015). Photoperiodic and circadian bifurcation theories of depression and mania. Research, 4(107),1-18. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6444.1
  • Leibowitz, K., & Vittersø, J. (2020). Winter is coming: Wintertime mindset and wellbeing in Norway. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(4), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i4.935
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Pursuing sustained happiness through random acts of kindness and counting one’s blessings: Tests of two six-week interventions. Unpublished Raw Data, 111–131.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  • Macaulay, J., & Berkowitz, L. (1970). Altruism and helping behavior: Social psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences. Academic Press.
  • McClung, C. A. (2007). Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 114(2), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.003
  • Melrose, S. (2015). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview of assessment and treatment approaches. Depression Research and Treatment, 178564, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/178564
  • Mistlberger, R. E., & Skene, D. J. (2004). Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: Animal and human studies. Biological Reviews, 79(3), 533–556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793103006353.
  • Ng, H. K. S., & Cheung, S. H. (2023). Too hot to help or too cold to care? On the links between ambient temperature, volunteerism, and civic engagement. British Journal of Psychology, 114, 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12669
  • Partonen, T., & Lönnqvist, J. (1998). Seasonal affective disorder. The Lancet, 352(9137), 1369-1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01015-0
  • Roecklein, K. A., & Rohan, K. J. (2005). Seasonal affective disorder: An overview and update. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20071
  • Rohan, K. J., Roecklein, K. A., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral factors in seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1003
  • Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D.A, Gillin, J.C., et al. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41(1), 72–80. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010
  • Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00066
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
  • Rind, B., & Strohmetz, D. (2001). Effect of beliefs about future weather conditions on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(10), 2160–2164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00168.x
  • Walker, M. P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 168–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17496632.2009.04416.x
  • Wehr, T. A., Giesen, H. A., Schulz, P. M., Anderson, J. L., Joseph-Vanderpool, J. R., Kelly, K., ... & Rosenthal, N. E. (1991). Contrasts between symptoms of summer depression and winter depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23(4), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(91)90098-D
  • Weng, P. Y., & Chiang, Y. C. (2014). Psychological restoration through indoor and outdoor leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950320
  • Yıldız, M. A. & Gültekin, F. (2019). Mevsimsel değişimlerin ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri: Bir derleme. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(3), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2019.78945
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Psikolojisi, Sosyal ve Kişilik Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Elvan Kiremitçi Canıöz 0000-0003-4733-4780

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 53

Kaynak Göster

APA Kiremitçi Canıöz, E. (2025). Yardım Etme Davranışı Mevsimlere Göre Değişir Mi? Depresyon ve Olumlu Duyguların Düzenleyici Rolü. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(53), 500-525. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1635369