SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) Modeline Genel Bir Bakış ve Modelin Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 9 - 26, 31.05.2022

İsmail Bilal Peker , Gokhan Cuceloglu

Öz

USDA (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarım Bakanlığı) tarafından yaklaşık 40 yıldır geliştirilmekte olan SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir havza modelleme aracıdır. SWAT ile ilgili literatürde yer alan makaleler ve uluslararası konferans bildirileri modelin dünya çapında kabul gördüğünü göstermektedir. Son yıllarda, SWAT modelinin ülkemizde yapılan araştırmalardaki uygulamaları da giderek hız kazanmıştır. Bu araştırmalar çoğunlukla bilimsel makaleler ve tezler ile yayınlanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı SWAT modeli hakkında genel bir bilgi vererek modelin Türkiye’deki uygulamalarını içeren bir literatür taramasına ait analizleri paylaşmaktır. Bu çalışma ile araştırmacılar için SWAT modelinin 2008 - 2022 yılları arasında ülkemizin farklı havzalarında yapılan uygulamalarına kolay erişilebilir bir kaynak hazırlanması hedeflenmektedir. Bu kapsamda 46 makale ve 19 tez çalışması olmak üzere toplam 65 çalışma incelenmiş olup bu çalışmalarda kullanılan farklı veri setleri ve kaynakları sunulmaktadır. İncelenen çalışmalar, genel kapsamları bakımından hidroloji (%69) ve su kalitesi (%31) odaklı çalışmalar olarak iki sınıfta ele alınmaktadır. Bu sınıflar mevcut durum (günümüz veya geçmiş tarihli) ve gelecek dönem (iklim ve arazi kullanımı değişikliği) için yapılan yüzey suyu, yer altı suyu, kirlilik ve sediment ile ilgili çalışmalar olarak alt sınıflarda incelenmektedir. Çalışmalarda, SWAT modelinin ihtiyaç duyduğu sayısal yükseklik haritası, arazi kullanımı ve toprak çeşidi mekânsal girdileri için sırasıyla SRTM (%31), CORINE (%43) ve FAO-UNESCO (%60) verileri en çok tercih edilen veri kaynaklarıdır. Çoğunlukla, zamansal model girdisi olan iklim verileri için MGM (%65), model kalibrasyonunda kullanılan akım verileri için ise DSİ (%65) kurumuna ait veri kaynakları tercih edilmektedir. Çalışmalarda gerçekleştirilen kalibrasyon ve validasyonların çoğunda yaygın olarak tanınan performans göstergelerine dayalı olarak tatmin edici sonuçlar elde edildiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SWAT, Türkiye, Havza modelleme, Hidroloji, Su Kalitesi

Kaynakça

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