Araştırma Makalesi
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Tisna’da Bir Sunu Çukuru İçerisinde Bulunan Çift Ağızlı Balta (Labrys)/Kelebek Sembolleri Hakkında

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 23, 71 - 89, 08.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2020.23.703366

Öz

Bu çalışmada Kocakale Tepe (Tisna)’da 2018 yılı arkeolojik yüzey araştırması sırasında keşfedilen bir sunu çanağı içerisinde yer alan çift ağızlı balta betimlemeleri tanıtılmıştır. Beyaz renkli tüften oluşan ana kaya üzerine oluşturulan sunu çukurunda birbirinden farklı boyutlarda toplam 10 adet kazıma çizgilerle oluşturulmuş çift ağızlı balta/kelebek motifleri tespit edilmiştir. Çift ağızlı baltalar Ege Dünyası’nda Tunç Çağı’ndan beri ele geçerken, önemli bir dinsel sembol olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Girit’teki Minos kültüründen itibaren hem bir adak objesi hem de kurban baltası olarak kullanılırken, ikonografide de farklı dinsel objeler üzerinde betimlenmektedir. Sonrasında Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Miken kültüründe de aynı özelliğini sürdürmüştür. Tunç Çağı’nda Ege Dünyası’ndaki bu yoğun kullanımın ardından çift ağızlı baltalar tekrar Klasik dönemde ikonografide görülmeye başlamıştır. Zeus Labraundos’un simgesi olarak karşımıza çıkan çift ağızlı baltalar Karia Bölgesi’nde Hekatomnid hanedanı sikkeleri üzerinde betimlenmiştir. Plutarkhos’un aktardığına göre çift ağızlı balta kültünün Karia’ya Lydia topraklarından gelmiştir. Alan ve yakın çevresinde herhangi bir kazı çalışması yapılmadan Kocakale Tepe sunu çukuru ile ilgili keskin bir yorumda bulunmak mümkün değildir. Yine de Kocakale Tepe’deki basamaklı anıtın, Sarıkale Tepe’deki kutsal alan / tapınağın ve Karahayıt’taki açık hava kutsal alanının Tisna’daki ana tanrıça kültüyle ilişkili olabilecek yönü dikkat çekicidir. Özellikle benzer kelebek motiflerinin Gordion’daki varlığı Frig kültürünün etkisini de düşündürmektedir. Diğer taraftan Zeus Labraundos kültünün Arkaik-Klasik Dönemlerde Batı Anadolu kıyılarındaki varlığı da göz ardı edilmemelidir.

Kaynakça

  • Alexiou, S. (1991). Minos Uygarlığı, (E. Tül Tulunay, Transl. by.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Anabolu, M. U. (1995). Zeus Labraundos ve Apollon Lairbenos'un Simgesi Olarak Labrys. Arkeoloji Dergisi 3, 225-226.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. (2004). Kaunos, not Miletos or Mylasa. The Numismatic Chronicle, 164, 33-46.
  • Burrell, B. (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden-Boston, Holland-USA: Brill.
  • Buxton, R. (2010). The Significance (or Insignificance) of Blackness in Mythological Names. In M. Christopoulos, E. D.
  • Karakantza, O. Levaniouk (Eds.), Light and darkness in ancient Greek myth and religion (pp.3-13). Lanham, USA: Lexington Books.
  • Castleden, R. (1993). Minoans Life in Bronze Age Crete. London-New York, UK-USA: Routledge.
  • Evans, A. J. (1901). Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and Its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 21, 99-204.
  • Evans, A. (1921). The Palace of Minos at Knossos: Volume I The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages. London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Evans, A. (1935). The Palace of Minos at Knossos: Volume IV: Part I. London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Furumark, A. (1972). Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Institute at Athens.
  • Graham, J. W. (1972). The Palaces of Crete, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Haysom, M. (2010). The Double-Axe: A Contextual Approach to the Understanding of a Cretan Symbol in the Neopalatial Period. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 29(1), 35–55.
  • Hood, S. (1987). Mason’s marks in the Palaces. In R. Hagg & N. Marinatos (Eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces (pp. 205-212). Stockholm, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.
  • Hooker, J. T. (1994). Linear B: An Introduction, Bristol, UK: Bristol Classical Press.
  • Kouremenos, A. (2016). The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol. In J. E. Francis, A. Kouremenos (Eds.), Roman Crete: New Perspectives (pp. 43-58). Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
  • MacGillivray, J. A. (2009). The Minoan Double Axe Goddess and Her Astral Realm. In N. Ch. Stampolidis, A. Kanta and A. Giannikouri (Eds.), Athanasia: The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (pp. 115-126). Rhodes, International Archaeological Conference.
  • Marinatos, N. (1993). Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol. Columbia, USA: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Marinatos, N. (2010). Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine. Champaign, USA: Urbana-Chicago-Springfield.
  • Marinatos, N. (2013). Minoan Religion. In R. M. Salzman & M. A. Sweeney (Eds.), Cambridge History of Religions in Ancient World (pp. 237-255). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marinatos, N. (2017). Religious Interaction between Egypt and the Aegean in the Second Millenium BCE. In P. P. Creasman & R.H. Wilkinson (Eds.), Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond: Ancient Egypt and Its Neighbors (pp. 229-237). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Meadows, A. R. (2005). The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire. In J. Curtis & N. Tallis (Eds.), Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia (pp. 181-209). London, UK: The British Museum Press. Morricone, Coo Scavi e scoperte nel " Serraglio '' e in località minori (1935-1943), Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, vol. 50-51, 1972-73 (1975), 139-396.
  • Mylonas, G. (1962). Three Late Mycenaean Knives. American Journal of Archaeology, 66(4), 406-408.
  • Nikolaidou, M. (1999). A Symbolic Perspective on Protopalatial Ideologies and Administration: Formulatic Uses of Religious Imagery, Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters his 65th Year (AEGAEUM 20), P. B. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W.D. Niemeier (eds.), Liege, 1999, 555-560.
  • Nikolaidou, M. (2016). Materialised Myth and Ritualised Realities: Religious Symbolism on Minoan Pottery, Metaphysis: Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna 22-25 April 2014, E Alram-Stern, F Blakolmer, S Deger-Jalkotzy, R Laffineur, J. Weilhartner (eds.), Leuven-Liege, 2016, 97-108.
  • Nilsson, M. P. (1971). The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek Religion. New York, NY: Biblo & Tannen Publishers.
  • Plutarkhos, Plutarch’s Moralia IV with an English Translation by F. C. Babbitt, London, 1962.
  • Popham, M. (2004). An east Cretan Late Minoan IA vase at Knossos. British School at Athens Studies, 12, 253-256.
  • Roller, L. E. (2009). Incised Drawings from Early Phrygian Gordion: Gordion Special Studies IV (Vol. 130). University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ünal, E. (2009). Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval and Islamic Coins from the Excavations at Kyme, Aiolis, 1951-1954. The Numismatic Chronicle, 169, 407-423.

About the Double-Axe (Labrys) / Butterfly Symbols in an Offering Pit in Tisna

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 23, 71 - 89, 08.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2020.23.703366

Öz

In this study, double-axe/butterfly depictions in an offering pit discovered during the 2018 archaeological survey at Kocakale Tepe (Tisna) are introduced. The double-axe/ butterfly motifs with a total of 10 scraping lines in different sizes were identified in the pit formed on the bedrock made up of white colored tuff. While double-axes have been observed in the Aegean World since the Bronze Age, it is understood to be an important religious symbol. Since the Minoan culture in Crete, it has been used both as a votive object and a sacrifice axe, and is depicted on different religious objects in iconography. Later, it continued its same feature in the Mycenaean culture during the Late Bronze Age. After this intense use in the Aegean World during the Bronze Age, double axes began to appear in iconography again in the Classical period. Double-axes, which are the symbols of Zeus Labraundos, are depicted on the coins of the Hekatomnid dynasty in the Caria Region. According to Plutarch, the double-axe cult came to Caria from the lands of Lydia. It is not possible to make a sharp comment about the Kocakale Tepe offering pit without any excavation in the area and its vicinity. However, it is noteworthy that the stepped monument in Kocakale Tepe, a possible Acropolis Sanctuary in Sarıkale Tepe, and the open-air sanctuary in Karahayıt may be related to the Mother Goddess cult in Tisna. Especially the existence of similar butterfly motifs in Gordion suggests the effect of Phrygian culture. On the other hand, the existence of the Zeus Labraundos cult on the West Anatolian coasts in the Archaic-Classical Periods should not be ignored.

Kaynakça

  • Alexiou, S. (1991). Minos Uygarlığı, (E. Tül Tulunay, Transl. by.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Anabolu, M. U. (1995). Zeus Labraundos ve Apollon Lairbenos'un Simgesi Olarak Labrys. Arkeoloji Dergisi 3, 225-226.
  • Ashton, R. H. J. (2004). Kaunos, not Miletos or Mylasa. The Numismatic Chronicle, 164, 33-46.
  • Burrell, B. (2004). Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden-Boston, Holland-USA: Brill.
  • Buxton, R. (2010). The Significance (or Insignificance) of Blackness in Mythological Names. In M. Christopoulos, E. D.
  • Karakantza, O. Levaniouk (Eds.), Light and darkness in ancient Greek myth and religion (pp.3-13). Lanham, USA: Lexington Books.
  • Castleden, R. (1993). Minoans Life in Bronze Age Crete. London-New York, UK-USA: Routledge.
  • Evans, A. J. (1901). Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and Its Mediterranean Relations. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 21, 99-204.
  • Evans, A. (1921). The Palace of Minos at Knossos: Volume I The Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages. London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Evans, A. (1935). The Palace of Minos at Knossos: Volume IV: Part I. London, UK: Macmillan.
  • Furumark, A. (1972). Mycenaean Pottery: Analysis and Classification. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Institute at Athens.
  • Graham, J. W. (1972). The Palaces of Crete, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Haysom, M. (2010). The Double-Axe: A Contextual Approach to the Understanding of a Cretan Symbol in the Neopalatial Period. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 29(1), 35–55.
  • Hood, S. (1987). Mason’s marks in the Palaces. In R. Hagg & N. Marinatos (Eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces (pp. 205-212). Stockholm, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.
  • Hooker, J. T. (1994). Linear B: An Introduction, Bristol, UK: Bristol Classical Press.
  • Kouremenos, A. (2016). The double axe (λάβρυς) in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol. In J. E. Francis, A. Kouremenos (Eds.), Roman Crete: New Perspectives (pp. 43-58). Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
  • MacGillivray, J. A. (2009). The Minoan Double Axe Goddess and Her Astral Realm. In N. Ch. Stampolidis, A. Kanta and A. Giannikouri (Eds.), Athanasia: The Earthly, the Celestial and the Underworld in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (pp. 115-126). Rhodes, International Archaeological Conference.
  • Marinatos, N. (1993). Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol. Columbia, USA: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Marinatos, N. (2010). Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine. Champaign, USA: Urbana-Chicago-Springfield.
  • Marinatos, N. (2013). Minoan Religion. In R. M. Salzman & M. A. Sweeney (Eds.), Cambridge History of Religions in Ancient World (pp. 237-255). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marinatos, N. (2017). Religious Interaction between Egypt and the Aegean in the Second Millenium BCE. In P. P. Creasman & R.H. Wilkinson (Eds.), Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond: Ancient Egypt and Its Neighbors (pp. 229-237). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Meadows, A. R. (2005). The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire. In J. Curtis & N. Tallis (Eds.), Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia (pp. 181-209). London, UK: The British Museum Press. Morricone, Coo Scavi e scoperte nel " Serraglio '' e in località minori (1935-1943), Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, vol. 50-51, 1972-73 (1975), 139-396.
  • Mylonas, G. (1962). Three Late Mycenaean Knives. American Journal of Archaeology, 66(4), 406-408.
  • Nikolaidou, M. (1999). A Symbolic Perspective on Protopalatial Ideologies and Administration: Formulatic Uses of Religious Imagery, Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters his 65th Year (AEGAEUM 20), P. B. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W.D. Niemeier (eds.), Liege, 1999, 555-560.
  • Nikolaidou, M. (2016). Materialised Myth and Ritualised Realities: Religious Symbolism on Minoan Pottery, Metaphysis: Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 15th International Aegean Conference, Vienna, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Aegean and Anatolia Department, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna 22-25 April 2014, E Alram-Stern, F Blakolmer, S Deger-Jalkotzy, R Laffineur, J. Weilhartner (eds.), Leuven-Liege, 2016, 97-108.
  • Nilsson, M. P. (1971). The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek Religion. New York, NY: Biblo & Tannen Publishers.
  • Plutarkhos, Plutarch’s Moralia IV with an English Translation by F. C. Babbitt, London, 1962.
  • Popham, M. (2004). An east Cretan Late Minoan IA vase at Knossos. British School at Athens Studies, 12, 253-256.
  • Roller, L. E. (2009). Incised Drawings from Early Phrygian Gordion: Gordion Special Studies IV (Vol. 130). University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ünal, E. (2009). Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval and Islamic Coins from the Excavations at Kyme, Aiolis, 1951-1954. The Numismatic Chronicle, 169, 407-423.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emre Erdan 0000-0002-4389-2016

Bariş Gür 0000-0002-9031-9159

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdan, E., & Gür, B. (2021). About the Double-Axe (Labrys) / Butterfly Symbols in an Offering Pit in Tisna. Anadolu Araştırmaları(23), 71-89. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2020.23.703366

Since 1955

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