Arkeolojik Hayvan Dışkısı Çalışmalarına Çok-Göstergeli Yaklaşım: Orta Anadolu, Akeramik Neolitik Dönem Yerleşmesi Aşıklı Höyük’ten Yeni Bulgular

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 24, 33 - 66, 20.09.2021

Melis Uzdurum , Güneş Duru

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.24.914913

Öz

Hayvan dışkısı hem çevresel koşullar hem de insan topluluklarının yaşamına ve geçmişte insan-hayvan etkileşimine dair bilgi sağlayan disiplinlerarası çalışmaların ilgi odağındaki araştırma alanlarından biridir. Arkeolojik yerleşmelerdeki hayvan dışkısı kalıntılarının makroskopik olarak tespit edilmesi çoğu zaman mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle özellikle son yıllarda dışkının mikro göstergelerine ulaşabilmenin yollarına odaklanan araştırmalar artmış, çeşitlenmiştir. Çalışmamız çok-göstergeli yaklaşım (multi-proxy approach) çerçevesinde yapı malzemelerindeki hayvan dışkısının izlerini belirlemenin analitik yollarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Akeramik Neolitik Dönem yerleşmesi Aşıklı Höyük’teki kerpiç ve harçlar üzerinde ince kesit analizleri, kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3), karbon (C) ve azot (N) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mikromorfoloji/ince kesit analizleri sözü edilen göstergelerden birinin dışkı sferülitleri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Hayvan dışkısının göstergelerinden bir diğerinin ise azot olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Böylelikle ulaştığımız sonuçlardan biri iskan boyunca kerpiç yapı geleneğini hiç terk etmemiş bir topluluk olan Aşıklılıların kerpiç ve harçlarında katkı malzemesi olarak hayvan dışkısı kullandığı; diğeri bu kullanımın yerleşik köy yaşamının kurulduğu süreçte hem zamansal değişime, hem de mekansal çeşitliliğe sahne olduğudur. Buradan çıkarımla çalışmamız arkeolojik hayvan dışkısına dair bilgimizin sınırlarını çok-göstergeli yaklaşım ve yöntemlerle genişletebileceğimizi ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarihöncesi, Yapı Malzemesi, Kerpiç, Mikromorfoloji, Azot

Destekleyen Kurum

Türk-Amerikan İlmi Araştırmalar Derneği (ARIT); Koç Üniversitesi-Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED) doktora bursu (Dr. Melis Uzdurum), National Science Foundation; DAAD; Ludwig Maximilian University

Teşekkür

Tübingen Üniversitesi Toprak Bilimleri ve Jeoekoloji Laboratuvarı’nda kimyasal analizlerin yapılmasına imkan veren Dr. Peter Kuhn’a, ince kesit hazırlığında emeği geçen Panagiotis Kritikakis’e, mikroskop çalışmalarının Tübingen Üniversitesi Jeoarkeoloji Departmanı’nda gerçekleştirilmesini sağlayan Dr. Susan M. Mentzer ve Prof. Christopher Miller’e ve bu çalışmaya ilişkin yönlendirme ve desteklerinden ötürü Prof. Mihriban Özbaşaran’a teşekkür ederiz. TC Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı ile Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü kazı çalışmaları ve örneklerin yurtdışına gönderilmesinde gereken tüm izinleri sağlamıştır.

Multi-Proxy Approach to Archaeological Dung Research: New Evidence from Aceramic Neolithic Site of Aşıklı Höyük, Central Anatolia

Öz

Dung is one of the most important research areas of interdisciplinary studies, which can provide insights into the lives of past communities, environmental conditions, and human–animal interactions. In archaeological contexts, animal dung cannot be identified macroscopically in most cases. Hence, new methods and approaches focusing on ways to describe the micro-markers of dung have increased and diversified over the last decade. This study used a multi-proxy approach focusing on analytical methods to identify the markers of animal dung in prehistoric construction materials. Micromorphology/thin section analysis, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) analyses were carried out on mudbricks and mortar from the Aceramic Neolithic site of Aşıklı Höyük. Thin section analysis suggested that fecal spherulites are one of the most important proxies of archaeological dung. Nitrogen is the other indicator of animal dung. The results showed that the Aşıklı inhabitants did not abandon mudbricks in their architectural needs for decades and used animal dung as a temper in mudbricks and mortar. Throughout the centuries of occupation at the site, the use of animal dung as a temper changed both diachronically and spatially, particularly with the establishment of settled village life at Aşıklı Höyük. In conclusion, this study suggests that the limits of knowledge of archaeological dung can be expanded using a multi-proxy methodological approach

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prehistory, Construction Material, Mudbrick, Micromorphology, Nitrogen

Kaynakça

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