Bronze Age Settlement and Cemetery in the Ulubey Canyon in Inland Western Anatolia: Mehmet Bey Dere, Uşak, Turkey

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 30, 67 - 92, 04.09.2024

Harun Oy

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2024.30.1283747

Öz

Mehmet Bey Dere is an Early Bronze Age (EBA) settlement and cemetery located in the Ulubey Canyon in inland western Anatolia. This place is unique in western Anatolia with its settlement in the middle terraces of Ulubey Canyon and the cemetery at the bottom of the canyon. The settlement and cemetery are dated to the EBA 2-3 (2700-2000 BC) and the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) (2000-1600 BC). Various sherds, an idol, and other finds were evaluated with an emphasis on the reasons why the settlement and cemetery were preferred over the canyon. Mehmet Bey Dere is a settlement that provides information about the western Anatolian settlement model, cemetery relationships, topography, and how EBA people used the geography in this region, and sheds light on understanding these things.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, western Anatolia, Ulubey Canyon, settlement and cemetery, idol

Proje Numarası

proje no: A-1835

Kaynakça

• Abay, E. (2011). Preliminary Report on the Survey Project of Çivril, Baklan and Çal Plains in the Upper Meander Basin, Southwest Anatolia. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 48(1), 1-87. google scholar
• Abay, E., & F. Dedeoğlu. (2009). Beycesultan 2007-2008 Yılları Kazı Çalışmaları Ön Raporu. Preliminary Report of Beycesultan 2007-2008 Excavation Campaigns. Arkeoloji Dergisi, 13(1), 53-79. google scholar
• Akdeniz, E. (2002). Erken Tunç Çağına Ait Bir Grup Idol. Anadolu Araştırmaları, XVI, 9-18. google scholar
• Arbuckle, B. S. (2014). The Rise of Cattle Cultures in Bronze Age Anatolia. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies, 2(4), 277-297. google scholar
• Aykurt, A. (2013). An Updated Assessment on Western Anatolian Middle Bronze Age Chronology in Light of Excavations of the Izmir Region. Colloquium Anatolicum, XII, 37-77. google scholar
• Aykurt, A. (2020). Liman Tepe I, Orta Tunç Çağı Seramiği ve Küçük Buluntuları: Middle Bronze Age Ceramics and Small Finds. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Bilgen, A.N. (2015). Seyitömer Höyük I. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Blegen, C.W., J.L., Caskey, M. Rawson, & Sperling, J. (1950). Troy: Excavations Conducted by the University of Cincinnati, 1932-1938. Vol. 1, General Introduction. The First and Second Settlements. 2 parts. Princeton: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Blum, S. W. E. (2022). Planieren statt Sanieren: Der frühbronzezeitliche Siedlungshügel Hisarlık/Troia, Schicht für Schicht. In E. Seidl, S.W.E. Blum, M. Magda Pieni^zek & M. La Corte (Eds.), Troia, Schliemann und Tübingen. Schriften des Museums der Universitat Tübingen MUT 25, (pp. 116-149). Tübingen: Museum der Universitat Tübingen. google scholar
• Çevik, Ö. (2007). The Emergence of Different Social Systems in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: Urbanisation versus Centralisation. Anatolian Studies, 57, 131-140. google scholar
• Çilek, A., S. Berberoğlu, Çilek, M. U., & Dönmez, C. (2019). Landform Analysis Using Topographic Characteristics: An Example of Usak Ulubey Canyon. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3, 77-78. google scholar
• Çukur, H., Oban, R. C., & Gunduzoglu, H. A. G. (2019). Land Use Suitability Analysis of the Ulubey Canyon (Usak-Turkey) and Its Surroundings. Romanian Journal of Geography, 63(1), 105-119. google scholar
• Dardeniz, G., & Yıldırım, T. (2022). Metal Consumption of a Middle-range Society in the Late 3rd millennium BC Anatolia: A New Socioeconomic Approach. Plos One, 17(6), 1-38. google scholar
• Darkot, B., & Tuncel, M. (1978). Ege Bölgesi Coğrafyası. Istanbul: Istanbul University Press. google scholar
• Day, P., C. Doumas, H. Erkanal, V. Kilikoglou, O. Kouka, Relaki, M., & Şahoğlu, V. (2009). New Light on the Kastri Group a Petrographic and Chemical Investigation of Ceramics from Liman Tepe ve Bakla Tepe. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 24, 335-346. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F. (2013). Yukarı Menderes Havzası Bölgesel Yerleşim Analizi: Erken Tunç Çağda Sosyoekonomik Örgütlenmedeki Değişim ve Dönüşüm Süreçleri. In Ö. Çevik, & B. Erdoğu (Eds.), Yerleşim Sistemleri ve Mekan Analizi. Tematik Arkeoloji Serisi 1, (pp. 19-42). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F. (2014). Yukarı Menderes Havzası (Çivril, Çal, Baklan) Dağlık Bölge Yüzey Araştırmaları, In S. Inan (Eds.), Geçmişten Günümüze Denizli, Denizli’nin Derin Geçmişi: Kazı ve Araştırmalar, 38, (pp. 4-11). Denizli, Dumat Ofset Ltd. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F. (2015). Küfü Çayı Vadisi MÖ 2. Binyıl Yerleşimleri. In C. Şimşek, B. Duman, & E. Konakçı (Eds.), Mustafa Büyükkolancıya Armağan, (pp. 193-202). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F. (2016a). A Study on Chalices from Beycesultan: Their Function, Social Meaning and Cultural Interactions. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 16(2), 13-32. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F. (2016b). Somak-Asarlık: A New 2nd Millennium BC Fortress Near the Beycesultan. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(1), 194-207. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F., & Abay, E. (2014). Beycesultan Höyük Excavation Project: New Archaeological Evidence from Late Bronze Layers. Arkeoloji Dergisi, 17, 2014, 1-39. google scholar
• Dedeoğlu, F., Ozan, A., & Konakçı, E. (2016). Yukarı Menderes Havzası Dağlık Kesim Yüzey Araştırması Projesi 2014 Yılı Çalışmaları. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 33(2), 553-563. google scholar
• Derin, Z. (2009). The Interpretation of the Change and Variations Observed in the Burial Customs at the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia. In H. Sağlamtimur, E. Abay, Z. Derin, A.Ü. Erdem, A. Batmaz, F. Dedeoğlu, M. Erdalkiran, M.B. Baştürk, & E. Konakçı (Eds.), Studies in Honour of Altan Çilingiroğlu. A Life Dedicated to Urartu on the Shores of the Upper Sea, (pp. 257-268). Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• de Ryck, I., Adriaens, A., & Adams, F. (2005). An Overview of Mesopotamian Bronze Metallurgyduring the 3rd Millennium BC. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 6, 261-268. google scholar
• de Vincenzi, T. (2015). A Comparative Analysis of the Cultural Interaction between the Western and Central Areas of Anatolia in the Third Millennium B.C. In G. Affanni, C. Baccarin, L. Cordera, di Michele, A., & Gavagnin, K. (Eds.), Broadening Horizons 4: Conference of young researchers working in the Ancient near East, Egypt and Central Asia, University of Torino, October 2011, (pp. 21-29). Oxford: BAR International Series 2698. google scholar
• Düring, B. S. (2011). Fortifications and Fabrications: Reassessing the Emergence of Fortifications in Prehistoric Asia Minor. In B.S. Düring, Wossink, A., & Akkermans, P. M. M. G (Eds.), Correlates of Complexity: Essays in Archaeology and Assyriology dedicated to Diederik J.W. Meijer in Honour of his 65th Birthday, (pp. 69-85). Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. google scholar
• Easton, D. F. (1976). Towards a Chronology for the Anatolian Early Bronze Age. Anatolian Studies, 26, 145-173. google scholar
• Easton, D. F., Hawkins, J. D., Sherratt, A. G., & Sherratt, E. S. (2002). Troy in Recent Perspectice. Anatolian Studies, 52, 75-109. google scholar
• Efe, T. (1988). Demircihüyük. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Band III, 2. Die Keramik 2. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. google scholar
• Efe, T. (2003). Batı Anadolu Son Kalkolitik ve İlk Tunç Çağı. ArkeoAtlas, 2, 94-129. google scholar
• Efe, T. (2007). The Theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ Between Cilicia and Troy: The Early Bronze Age III Period in Inland Western Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 57, 47-64. google scholar
• Ekiz, H. H. (2006). Uşak Müzesi’nde Bulunan Eski Tunç Çağına Ait Bir Grup Idol. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 23(1), 47-56. google scholar
• Ercan, T., Dinçel, A. Metin, S. Türkecan A., & Günay, E. (1978). Geology of the Neogene Basins in Uşak Region. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 21, 97-106. google scholar
• Fıratlı, N. (1970). Uşak-Selçikler Kazısı ve Çevre Araştırmaları. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 19(2), 109-160. google scholar
• Fidan, E. (2018). Early Buildings for the Elites in Western Anatolia: Reflections of Ruling Class on Architecture. In Ü. Yalçın (Eds.) Anatolian Metal VIII, Eliten-Handwerk-Prestigegüter, (pp. 69-76). Bochum. google scholar
• Fidan, E., Sarı, D., & Türkteki, M. (2015). An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology, 18(1), 60-89. google scholar
• Goldman, H. (1956). Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus II: From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age, Princeton: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Guzowska, M., Becks, R., Strand, E. A., Cutler, J., & Nosch, M. L. (2015). Textile Tools from Troia, western Anatolia. In E. A. Strand & M. L. Nosch (Eds.), Tools, Textiles and Contexts.Investigating Textile Production in the Aegeanand Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age, (pp. 309-328). Oxford: Oxbow Books. google scholar
• Gündem, C. Y. (2012). The Subsistence Economy in Inland Northwestern Anatolia during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. MASROP E-Dergi, 7, 250-300. google scholar
• Gündoğan, Ü., Şahoğlu, V., & Erkanal, H. (2019). Spatial Organization and Production Activities at Bakla Tepe during the First Half of the 3rd Millennium BC. DTCF Dergisi, 59(2), 1087-1110. google scholar
• Horejs, B., & Weninger, B. (2016). Early Troy and its Significance for the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia. In Pernicka, E., Ünlüsoy, S., & Blum, S. E. W (Eds.), Early Bronze Age Troy: Chronology, Cultural Development, and Interregional Contacts. (pp. 123-146). Proceedings of an International Conferenceheld at the University of Tübingen May 8-10, 2009. Studia Troica Monographien 8, Bonn. google scholar
• Joukowsky, M. S. (1986). Prehistoric Aphrodisias: An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies. Vol. I-II, Excavations and Studies. Archaeologia Transatlantica 3. Publications d’histoire de l’art et d’archeologie de l’Universite Catholique de Louvain 39. Providence, R.I. / Louvain-La Neuve: Brown University. google scholar
• Kamil, T. (1982). Yortan Cemetery in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia. BAR-IS 145. Oxford: B.A.R. google scholar
• Kayan, I. (1997). Bronze Age Regression and Change of Sedimentation on the Aegean Coastal Plains of Anatolia (Turkey). In H. N., Dalfes, G. Kukla & H. Weiss (Eds.), Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse, (pp. 431-450). Berlin: Springer Verlag. google scholar
• Kayan, I. (1999). Holocene Stratigraphy and Geomorphological Evolution of the Aegean Coastal Plains of Anatolia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18, 541-548. google scholar
• Kayan, I. (2019). Holocene Sea Level Changes and Their Geoarchaeological Impacts on the Aegean Coast of Anatolia. TINA Maritime Archaeology Periodical, 12, 11-35. google scholar
• Klaunzer, M. (2013). Early Bronze Age Elites and Long Distance Relations. Metalla, 20(2), 89-94. google scholar
• Koçak, Ö., Bilgin, M., & Küçükbezci, H. G. (2019). MÖ II. Binyılda Afyonkarahisar ve Çevresi Kültürleri, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. google scholar
• Korfmann, M. (1983). Demircihüyük I. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978: Architektur, Stratigraphie und Befunde. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. google scholar
• Korfmann, M. (2000). Troia-Ausgrabungen 1999. Studia Troica, 10, 1-52. google scholar
• Kouka, O. (2009). Cross-Cultural Links and Elite Identities: the Eastern Aegean/Western Anatolia and Cyprus from the Early Third Millennium through the Early Second Millennium BC. In V. Karageorghis & O. Kouka (Eds.), Cyprus and East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC, Proceedings of the International Archaeological Symposium-Pythagoreion Samos, 17th -18th October 2008, (pp. 31-47). Athens: A.G. Leventis Foundation-German Archaeological Institute at Athens. google scholar
• Kouka, O. (2016). The Built Environment and Cultural Connectivityin the Aegean Early Bronze Age. In B. P. C. Molloy (Eds.), of Odysseys and Oddities. Scales and Modes of Interaction between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours, (pp. 203-224). Oxford: Philadelphia, Oxbow Books. google scholar
• Kull, B. (1988). Demircihöyük. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978, Die Mittelbronzezeitliche Siedlung V. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. google scholar
• Kuru, A. (2016). İçbatı Anadolu’daki Seyitömer Höyüğü’nün Erken Tunç Çağ III Birleşik Kapları. Uluslararası Amisos Dergisi, 1(1), 135-146. google scholar
• Lamb, W. (1937). Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar. Archaeologia, 86, 1-64. google scholar
• Lamb, W. (1938). Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar II. Archaeologia, 87, 218-273. google scholar
• Lloyd, S., & Mellaart, J. (1962). Beycesultan. Vol. 1, The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels. Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 6. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. google scholar
• Lloyd, S., & Mellaart, J. (1965). Beycesultan. Vol. 2, Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery. Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 8. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. google scholar
• Mac Sweeney, N. (2010). Hittites and Arzawans: A view from western Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 60, 7-24. google scholar
• Massa, M. (2021). A Multi-scalar and Multivariate Approach to the Analysis of Social and Cultural Boundaries in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia. In L. D’Alfonso & K. S. Rubinson (Eds.), Borders in Archaeology, Anatolia and the South Caucasusca. 3500-500 BCE, (pp. 93-121). Leuven: Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 58. google scholar
• Mellaart, J. (1958). The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean. American Journal of Archaeology, 62(1), 9-33. google scholar
• Mellaart, J., & Murray, A. (1995). Beycesultan III/II: Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects. Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 12. London: The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. google scholar
• Mellink, M. J. (1964). Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1963. American Journal of Archaeology, 68(3), 269-278. google scholar
• Numrich, M., Schwall, C., Lockhoff, N., Nikolentzos, K., Konstantinidi-Syvridi, E., Cultraro, M., Horejs, B., & Pernicka, E. (2023). Portable Laser Ablation Sheds Light on Early Bronze Age Gold Treasures in the Old World: New Insights from Troy, Poliochni, and Related Finds. Journal of Archaeological Science 149. google scholar
• Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2014). New Contributions to the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age from Laodikeia. In C. Şimşek (Eds.), Laodikeia Çalışmaları 3, (pp. 71-86). Istanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2011). Afyonkarahisar Orta Tunç Çağ Yerleşmeleri. Belleten, 75(273), 311-335. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2014). Uşak İli ve İlçelerinde İlk Tunç Çağı Coğrafya Araştırmaları 2013 Yılı Çalışmaları. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 32(1), 215-230. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2017a). A Significant Settlement in the Side of Gediz River: Gerdekkayası. Ordu University Journal of Social Science Research, 7(1), 36-44. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2017b). West Anatolian Mining in Early Bronze Age (3000-2000 BC). Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 4(2), 12-24. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2018a). İlk Tunç Çağı’nda Uşak 1: Merkez, Banaz ve Sivaslı İlçeleri. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2018b). A Holy Mountain in the Inland Western Anatolia: Murat Mountain (Dindymos). Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters, SEFAD, 40, 283-296. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2019a). Banaz’da İki Son Neolitik/İlk Kalkolitik Çağ Yerleşimi: Ada Höyük ve Mercimeklik. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 47, 16-41. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2019b). İçbatı Anadolu’da Prehistorik Döneme Ait Bir Mermer Atölyesi: Karayakuplu Höyük. OLBA, 27, 1-40. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2019c). Textile Production in Central Western Anatolia in the Bronze Age. In O. Dumankaya (Eds.), Production and Trade through the Ages: From Prehistory to the Byzantine Period, (pp. 135-151). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2021). New Survey and Typological Study of Prehistoric Wares of Dutluca Region, Uşak, Turkey. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 21(2), 69-92. google scholar
• Oy, H. (2022). Uşak İli Tunç Çağı Araştırmaları 2019-2020 Çalışmaları. C. Keskin (Eds.), 2019-2020 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları, (pp. 51-68). Ankara: Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar
• Oy, H., Coşar, D., & Bektaş, G. (2019). Uşak-Ulubey İlk Tunç Çağı Araştırmaları. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 37(2), 209-229. google scholar
• Öner, E., Vardar, S., Karadaş, A., & İlhan, R. (2019). Paleogeographical and Geoarchaeological Characteristics of Ancient Settlements on the Western and Southern Coasts of Turkey. TINA Maritime Archaeology Periodical, 11, 9-50. google scholar
• Özdoğan, M. (2006). Yakın Doğu Kentleri ve Batı Anadolu’da Kentleşme Süreci. In B. Avunç (Eds.), Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections, (pp. 571-577). Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi. google scholar
• Özsait, M. (2003). Les Fouilles du Cimetiere de Göndürle Höyük a Harmanören. Anatolica, XXIX, 87-102. google scholar
• Pernicka, E., Ünlüsoy, S., & Blum, S. E. W. (2016). Early Bronze Age Troy: Chronology, Cultural Development, and Interregional Contacts. Proceedings of an International Conferenceheld at the University of Tübingen May 8-10, 2009. Studia Troica Monographien 8, Bonn. google scholar
• Polat, S., & Güney, Y. (2013). Uşak İli Arazisinde Karstik Şekiller/Karstic Shapes in the Area of Uşak Province. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 27, 440-475. google scholar
• Rahmstorf, L. (2016). Emerging Economic Complexity in the Aegean and Western Anatolia during Earlier Third Millennium BC. In B. P. C. Molloy (Eds.), of Odysseys and Oddities. Scales and Modes of Interaction between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours, (pp. 225-276). Oxford: Philadelphia, Oxbow Books. google scholar
• Roosevelt, C., & Luke, C. (2017). The Story of a Forgotten Kingdom? Survey Archaeology and the Historical Geography of Central Western Anatolia in the Second Millennium BC. European Journal of Archaeology, 20(1), 120-147. google scholar
• Schwall, C., & Horejs, B. (2020). Social dynamics in Western Anatolia between 3000 and 2500 BC. In S. W. E. Blum, T. Efe, T. L. Kienlin & E. Pernicka (Eds.), From Past to Present. Studies in Memory of Manfred O. Korfmann, (pp. 109-119). Bonn: Studia Troica Monographien 11. google scholar
• Schwall, C., Thanheiser, U., Börner, M., & Horejs, B. (2023). The Crop is on Fire: Evidence of Subsistence Strategies from Late Chalcolithic Çukuriçi Höyük. Arkeoloji Bilimleri Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Archaeological Sciences, 3, 107-135. google scholar
• Seeher, J. (2000). Die Bronzezeitliche Nekropole von Demircihüyük-Sarıket. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag. google scholar
• Selover, S., & Durgun, P. (2019). Reexamining Burials and Cemeteries in Early Bronze Age Anatolia. In S. R. Steadman & G. MacMahon (Eds.), The Archaeology of Anatolia Volume III: Recent Discoveries (20172018), (pp. 271-282). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. google scholar
• Semiz, B., Abay, E., Dedeoğlu, F., Konakçi, E., & Ozan, A. (2018). An Archaeometric Investigation of Early and Middle Bronze Age Pottery from the Upper Meander Basin in Southwestern Anatolia. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18(3), 121-150. google scholar
• Shin, N., Marston, J. M., Luke, C., Roosevelt, C. H., & Riehl, S. (2021). Agricultural Practices at Bronze Age Kaymakçı, Western Anatolia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 36, 1-15. google scholar
• Skourtanioti, E., Erdal, Y., Frangipane, M., Balossi Restelli, F., Yener, K., Pinnock, F., Matthiae, P., Özbal, R., Dietrich Schoop, U., Guliyev, F., Akhundov, T., Lyonnet, B., Hammer, E. L., Nugent, S. E., Burri, M., Neumann, G. U., Penske, S., Ingman, T., Akar, M., Shafiq, R., Palumbi, G., Eisenmann, S., D’Andrea, M., Rohrlach, A. B., Warinner, C., Jeong, C., Stockhammer, P. W., Haak, W., & Krause, J. (2020). Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus. Cell Reports, 181, 1158-1175. google scholar
• Steadman, S. R. (2000). Spatial Patterning and Social Complexity on Prehistoric Anatolian Tell Sites: Models for Mounds. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 19, 164-199. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V. (2004). Interregional Contacts around the Aegean during the Early Bronze Age: New Evidence from the İzmir Region. Anatolia, 27, 97-120. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V. (2005). The Anatolian Trade Network and the Izmir Region during the Early Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 24(4), 339-361. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V. (2008). Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC. In H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu & R. Tuncel (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age, (pp. 483-491). Ankara Üniversitesi Sualtı Arkeolojik Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No. 1. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V., & Tuncel, R. (2012). New Insights into the Late Chalcolithic of Coastal Western Anatolia: A View from Bakla Tepe, Izmir. In B. Horejs & M. Mehofer (Eds.), Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC?, (pp. 65-82). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V., Erkanal, H., Gündoğan, Ü., Tuğcu, İ., & İncirlili, M. (2022). Liman Tepe: MÖ 3. Binyılda Anadolu’nun Ege’ye Açılan Kapısı. In M. Işıklı, E. Fidan, A. Türker & M. A. Yılmaz (Eds.), MÖ III. Binyılda Anadolu, (pp. 169-180). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Taşkıran, H., Aydın, Y., Özçelik, K., & Erbil, E. (2021). A New Discovery of Neanderthal Settlements in Turkey: Sürmecik Open-air Campsite in Western Anatolia. L’anthropologie, 125, 1-13. google scholar
• Türkteki, S. Ü. (2020). Beycesultan Early Bronze Age I Pottery Group in The Light of New Data. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 20(1), 59-75. google scholar
• Uhri, A. (2006). Batı Anadolu Erken Tunç Çağı Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri. Ph.D. diss., Ege University. google scholar
• Ünan, S. (2022). Seyitömer Höyük Kurtarma Kazısı 1989-2021. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Vandam, R., Kaptijn, E., Poblome, J., & Waelkens, M. (2013). The Bronze Age Cemetery of Gavur Evi Tepesi, Southwestern Turkey. Anatolica, 39, 241-259. google scholar
• Vandam, R., Kaptijn, E., & Vanschoenwinkel, B. (2013). Disentangling the Spatio-Environmental Drivers of Human Settlement: An Eigenvector Based Variation Decomposition. Plos One, 8, 1-11. google scholar
• Vandam, R., Music, B., & Medaric, I. (2019). Contextualizing Kuruçay Höyük: Assessing the Unexplored Late Chalcolithic Landscape near the Beginning of Early Social Complexity in SW Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology, 44(1), 1-18. google scholar
• Vignolini, C. (2022). Context and Shape: Geographical and Chronological Distribution of Handled Stamp Seals in Anatolia and Northern Levant. Asia Anteriore Antica. Journalof Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, 4, 135-160. google scholar
• Warner, J. (1979). The Megaron and Apsidal House in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia: New Evidence from Karataş. American Journal of Archaeology, 83(2), 133-147. google scholar
• Wheeler, T. S. (1974). Early Bronze Age Burial Customs in Western Anatolia. American Journal of Archaeology, 78(4), 415-425. google scholar
• Wright, J. C. (1998). The Place of Troy among the Civilizations of the Bronze Age. The Classical World, 91(5), 356-368. google scholar
• Yakubovich, I. (2022). Languages and Peoples. In S. de Martino (Eds.), Handbook of Hittite Empire: Power Structures, (pp. 3-44). Berlin: De Gruyter. google scholar
• Yalçınlar, I. (1955). Banaz Çayı Havzası ve Uşak Civarında Bünye ve Morfoloji Araştırmaları. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 13(14), 57-85. google scholar
• Yeğingil, Z., Oddone, M., Bigazzi, G., Erkanal, H., Bostanci, N. K., & Şahoğlu, V. (2020). Chronological and Chemical Approaches to Obsidians from Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe, Western Anatolia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 32, 1-11. google scholar
• Yılmaz, D. (2009). Commercial Activities between West and Central Anatolia Regions during the Early Bronze Age. In Ç. Ö. Aygün (Eds.), SOMA 2007 Proceedings of the XI Symposium of Mediterranean Archaeology, (pp. 441-448). Oxford: BAR International Series. google scholar
• Yılmaz, M. A. (2019). Uşak Protohistorik Dönem Yüzey Araştırmaları Projesi (UPDAP) 2017 Yılı Sonuçları (İlk Sezon). Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 37(2), 425-452. google scholar
• Yılmaz, M. A. (2020). İç Batı Anadolu Neolitik-Kalkolitiğine Dair Yeni Bulgular: Düzkışla Höyük, Uşak. Anadolu Araştırmaları, 23, 1-40. google scholar
• Yılmaz, M. A. (2022). Archaeological Evidence for Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic Marble Vessel Making at Ada Höyük. Arkeoloji Dergisi, 2022, 1-21. google scholar
• Yılmaz, M. A., Czichon, R. M., Deniz, M., Dülger, H., Akın, S., Nacar, A., Söyler, A., Çelik, H., & Yiğit, F. (2019). Uşak Protohistorik Dönem Yüzey Araştırmaları Projesi (UPDAP) 2018 Yılı Sonuçları. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 36(2), 435-468. google scholar