1. Smith MT, Muralidharan A. Pharmacogenetics. IASP PAIN Clinical Updates Vol. XVIII, Issue 8, September 2010.
2. Kim H, Clark D, Dionne RA. Genetic contributions to clinical pain and analgesia: avoiding pitfalls in genetic research. J Pain 2009;10:663-693.
3. Filingim Rb, Social and Environmental Influences on Pain. In: Mogil Jeffrey S, ed. The Genetics of Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 283-305.
4. Papp J, Sobel E. The Genetics of Pain. Ed: In: Emeran A, Mayer, M , Bushnell C, eds. Functional Pain Syndroms: Presentation and Pathophysiology. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 405-422.
5. Max MB. Moving Pain Genetics into the GenomeWide Association Era. Ed: Jose Castro-Lopes, Current Topics in Pain, 12th World Congress on Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 185-197.
6. Indo Y, Tsuruta M, Hayashida Y, ve ark. Mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nat Genet 1996;13:485-488
7. Diatchenko L., Nackley AG, Tchivileva IE, Shabalina SA, Maixner W. Genetic architecture of human pain perception. Trends Genet 2007;23: 605-613
8. LaCroix –Fralish ML, Ledoux JB, Mogil JS, The Pain Genes Database: an interactive web browser of pain related transgenic knockout studies. Pain 2007;131: 1- 4.
9. MacGregor AJ. The heritability of pain in humans. In: Mogil Jeffrey S, ed. The Genetics of Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 151-166.
10. Honkasalo ML, Kaprio J, Winter T, ve ark. Migraine and concomitant symptoms among 8167 adult twin pairs. Headache 1995;35:70-78.
11. Stamer UM, Stuber F,. The pharmacogenetics of analgesia. Expert Opinion Pharmacother 2007;8:2235- 2345.
12. Subrahmanyam V, Renwick AB, Walters DG, Young PJ, Price RJ, Tonelli AP, Lake BG. Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoforms responsible for cis-tramadol metabolism in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29:1146-1155.
13. Smith MT, Neuroexcitatory effects of morphine and hydromorphone: evidence implicating the 3-glucuronide metabolites. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000;27:524-528.
14. Nebert DW, Russel DW, Clinical importance of the cytochromes P-450. Lancet 2002;360:1155-62.
15. Rendic S. Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev 2002; 34:83.
16. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, RodriguezAntona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorfisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2007;116:496-526.
17. Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Pharmacogenetics, drug metabolizing enzymes, and clinical practice. Pharmacol Rev 2006;58:521-590.
18. Zhou SF. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and its clinical significance: Part I. Clin Pharmacokinetics 2009; 48:689-723.
19. Zhou SF, Di YM, Chan E, Du YM, Chow VD, Xue CC, Lai X, Wang Jc, Li CG, Tian M, Duan W. Clinical pharmacogenetics and potential application in personalized medicine. Curr Drug Metab 2008;9:738-784.
20. Neafsey Pginsberg G, Hattis D, Sonawane B,. Genetic polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): population distribution of CYP2D6 activity. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2009;12:334-361.
21. Horai Y, Taga J, ‹shizaki T, ‹shikawa K. Correlations among the metabolic ratios of three test probes (metoprolol, debrisoquine, and sparteine) for genetically determined oxidation polymorphism in a japanese population . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;29:111.
22. Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Roots I, Cytochrome P45 2D6variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:284-295.
23. Agundez JA, Ledesma MC, Ladero JM, Benitez J. Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and its repercussion on the oxidative phenotype in a white population. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57:265-269.
24. Aynacioglu AS, Sachse C, Bozkurt A, Kortunay S, Nacak M, Schroder T, Kayaalp SO, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Low frequency of defective alleles of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C19 and 2D6 in the turkish population . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:18592.
25. Stamer UM, Lehnen K, Hothker F, Bayerer B, Wolf S, Hoeft A, Stuber F,. Impact of CYP2D6 genotype on postoperative tramadol analgesia. Pain 2003;105:231- 238.
26. Wang G, Zhang H, He F, Fang X. Effect of the CYP2D6 10 C188T polymorphism on postoperative tramadol analgesia in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:927-231.
27. Poulsen L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brosen K, Sindrup SH. The hypoalgesic effect of tramadol in relation to CYP2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60:636-644.
28. Kirchheiner J, Keulen JT, Bauer S, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Effects of the CYP2D6 gene duplication on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:78-83.
29. Kadiev E, Patel V, Rad P, Thankachan L, Tram A. Weinlein M, Woodfin K, Raffa RB, Nagar S. Role of pharmacogenetics in varieble response to drugs: focus on opioids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008;41:77-91.
30. Eckhardt K, Li S, Ammon S, Schanzie G, Mikus G, Eichelbaum M. Same incidence of adverse drug events after codein administration irrespective of the genetically determined differences in morphin formation. Pain 1998;76:27-33.
31. Williams DG, Hatch DJ, Howard RF. Codein phosphat in paediatric medicine. Br J Anaesth 2001;86:413-21.
32. Williams DG, Patel A, Howard RF. Pharmacogenetics of codein metabolism in an urban population of children and its implications for analgesic reliability. Br J Anaesth 2002;89:839-4
33. Kirchheiner J, Schmidth H, Tzvetkov M, Keulen JT, Lotsch J, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Pharmacogenetics of codein and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. Pharmacogenomics J 2007;7:257-65.
34. Guillemette C, Levesque E, Harvey M, Bellemare J, Menard V. UGT genomic diversity: beyond gene duplication. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:22-42.
35. Tukey RH, Strassburg CP. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000;40:581-616.
36. Coffman BL, Rios GR, King CD, Tephly TR. Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos 1997;25:1-4.
37. King C, Tang W, Ngui J, Tephly T, Braun M. Characterization of rat and human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in vitro glucuronidation of diclofenac. Toxicol Sci 2001;61:49-53.
38. Leschziner GD, Andrew T, Pirmohamed M, Johnson MR. ABCB1 genotype and PGP expression, function and therapeutic drug response: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Pharmacogenomics J 2007;7:154-79.
40. Lotsch J, Geisslinger G. Are mu-opioid receptor polymorphisms imported for clinical opioid therapy? Trends Mol Med 2005;11:82-9.
41. Lotsch J, Skarke C, Liefhold J, Geisslinger G. Genetic predictors of the clinical response to opioid analgesics: clinical utility and future perspectives. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:983-1013.
42. Walter C, Lotsch J. Meta-analysis of the relevance of the OPRM1118A>G genetic variant for pain treatment. Pain 2009;146:270-5.
43. Peiro AM, Margarit C, Gimenez P, Horga JF. Pharmacogenetic testing is of limited utility for predicting analgesic response to morphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39:8-11.
44. Rakvag TT, Klepstat P, Baar C, Kvam TM, Dale O, Kaasa S, Krokan HE, Skorpen F. The Val158Met polymorphism of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene may influence morphine requirements in cancer pain patients. Pain 2005;116:73-8.
45. Rakvag TT, Ross JR, Sato H, Skorpen F, Kaasa S, Klepstad P. Genetic variation in the catechol-0- methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain. Mol Pain 2008;4:64.
46. Kim H, Lee H, Rowan J, Dionne RA. Genetic polymorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter systems show only weak association with acute post-surgical pain in humans. Mol Pain 2006; 2:24.
47. Amir R, Argoff CE, Bennett GJ, Cummins TR, Durieux ME, Gerner P, Gold MS, Porreca F, Strichartz GR. The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006;7(5 Suppl 3): S1-29.
48. Reimann F, Cox JJ, Belfer I, Diatchenko L, Zaykin DV, McHale DP, Drenth JP, Dai F, Wheeler J, Sanders F, ve ark. Pain perception is altered by a nucleotide polymorphism in SCN9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:5148-53.
1. Smith MT, Muralidharan A. Pharmacogenetics. IASP PAIN Clinical Updates Vol. XVIII, Issue 8, September 2010.
2. Kim H, Clark D, Dionne RA. Genetic contributions to clinical pain and analgesia: avoiding pitfalls in genetic research. J Pain 2009;10:663-693.
3. Filingim Rb, Social and Environmental Influences on Pain. In: Mogil Jeffrey S, ed. The Genetics of Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 283-305.
4. Papp J, Sobel E. The Genetics of Pain. Ed: In: Emeran A, Mayer, M , Bushnell C, eds. Functional Pain Syndroms: Presentation and Pathophysiology. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 405-422.
5. Max MB. Moving Pain Genetics into the GenomeWide Association Era. Ed: Jose Castro-Lopes, Current Topics in Pain, 12th World Congress on Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 185-197.
6. Indo Y, Tsuruta M, Hayashida Y, ve ark. Mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nat Genet 1996;13:485-488
7. Diatchenko L., Nackley AG, Tchivileva IE, Shabalina SA, Maixner W. Genetic architecture of human pain perception. Trends Genet 2007;23: 605-613
8. LaCroix –Fralish ML, Ledoux JB, Mogil JS, The Pain Genes Database: an interactive web browser of pain related transgenic knockout studies. Pain 2007;131: 1- 4.
9. MacGregor AJ. The heritability of pain in humans. In: Mogil Jeffrey S, ed. The Genetics of Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2009. p. 151-166.
10. Honkasalo ML, Kaprio J, Winter T, ve ark. Migraine and concomitant symptoms among 8167 adult twin pairs. Headache 1995;35:70-78.
11. Stamer UM, Stuber F,. The pharmacogenetics of analgesia. Expert Opinion Pharmacother 2007;8:2235- 2345.
12. Subrahmanyam V, Renwick AB, Walters DG, Young PJ, Price RJ, Tonelli AP, Lake BG. Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoforms responsible for cis-tramadol metabolism in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29:1146-1155.
13. Smith MT, Neuroexcitatory effects of morphine and hydromorphone: evidence implicating the 3-glucuronide metabolites. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000;27:524-528.
14. Nebert DW, Russel DW, Clinical importance of the cytochromes P-450. Lancet 2002;360:1155-62.
15. Rendic S. Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev 2002; 34:83.
16. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, RodriguezAntona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorfisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2007;116:496-526.
17. Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Pharmacogenetics, drug metabolizing enzymes, and clinical practice. Pharmacol Rev 2006;58:521-590.
18. Zhou SF. Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and its clinical significance: Part I. Clin Pharmacokinetics 2009; 48:689-723.
19. Zhou SF, Di YM, Chan E, Du YM, Chow VD, Xue CC, Lai X, Wang Jc, Li CG, Tian M, Duan W. Clinical pharmacogenetics and potential application in personalized medicine. Curr Drug Metab 2008;9:738-784.
20. Neafsey Pginsberg G, Hattis D, Sonawane B,. Genetic polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): population distribution of CYP2D6 activity. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2009;12:334-361.
21. Horai Y, Taga J, ‹shizaki T, ‹shikawa K. Correlations among the metabolic ratios of three test probes (metoprolol, debrisoquine, and sparteine) for genetically determined oxidation polymorphism in a japanese population . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;29:111.
22. Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Roots I, Cytochrome P45 2D6variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:284-295.
23. Agundez JA, Ledesma MC, Ladero JM, Benitez J. Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and its repercussion on the oxidative phenotype in a white population. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57:265-269.
24. Aynacioglu AS, Sachse C, Bozkurt A, Kortunay S, Nacak M, Schroder T, Kayaalp SO, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Low frequency of defective alleles of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C19 and 2D6 in the turkish population . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:18592.
25. Stamer UM, Lehnen K, Hothker F, Bayerer B, Wolf S, Hoeft A, Stuber F,. Impact of CYP2D6 genotype on postoperative tramadol analgesia. Pain 2003;105:231- 238.
26. Wang G, Zhang H, He F, Fang X. Effect of the CYP2D6 10 C188T polymorphism on postoperative tramadol analgesia in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:927-231.
27. Poulsen L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Brosen K, Sindrup SH. The hypoalgesic effect of tramadol in relation to CYP2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60:636-644.
28. Kirchheiner J, Keulen JT, Bauer S, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Effects of the CYP2D6 gene duplication on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:78-83.
29. Kadiev E, Patel V, Rad P, Thankachan L, Tram A. Weinlein M, Woodfin K, Raffa RB, Nagar S. Role of pharmacogenetics in varieble response to drugs: focus on opioids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008;41:77-91.
30. Eckhardt K, Li S, Ammon S, Schanzie G, Mikus G, Eichelbaum M. Same incidence of adverse drug events after codein administration irrespective of the genetically determined differences in morphin formation. Pain 1998;76:27-33.
31. Williams DG, Hatch DJ, Howard RF. Codein phosphat in paediatric medicine. Br J Anaesth 2001;86:413-21.
32. Williams DG, Patel A, Howard RF. Pharmacogenetics of codein metabolism in an urban population of children and its implications for analgesic reliability. Br J Anaesth 2002;89:839-4
33. Kirchheiner J, Schmidth H, Tzvetkov M, Keulen JT, Lotsch J, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Pharmacogenetics of codein and its metabolite morphine in ultra-rapid metabolizers due to CYP2D6 duplication. Pharmacogenomics J 2007;7:257-65.
34. Guillemette C, Levesque E, Harvey M, Bellemare J, Menard V. UGT genomic diversity: beyond gene duplication. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:22-42.
35. Tukey RH, Strassburg CP. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000;40:581-616.
36. Coffman BL, Rios GR, King CD, Tephly TR. Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos 1997;25:1-4.
37. King C, Tang W, Ngui J, Tephly T, Braun M. Characterization of rat and human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in vitro glucuronidation of diclofenac. Toxicol Sci 2001;61:49-53.
38. Leschziner GD, Andrew T, Pirmohamed M, Johnson MR. ABCB1 genotype and PGP expression, function and therapeutic drug response: a critical review and recommendations for future research. Pharmacogenomics J 2007;7:154-79.
40. Lotsch J, Geisslinger G. Are mu-opioid receptor polymorphisms imported for clinical opioid therapy? Trends Mol Med 2005;11:82-9.
41. Lotsch J, Skarke C, Liefhold J, Geisslinger G. Genetic predictors of the clinical response to opioid analgesics: clinical utility and future perspectives. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:983-1013.
42. Walter C, Lotsch J. Meta-analysis of the relevance of the OPRM1118A>G genetic variant for pain treatment. Pain 2009;146:270-5.
43. Peiro AM, Margarit C, Gimenez P, Horga JF. Pharmacogenetic testing is of limited utility for predicting analgesic response to morphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39:8-11.
44. Rakvag TT, Klepstat P, Baar C, Kvam TM, Dale O, Kaasa S, Krokan HE, Skorpen F. The Val158Met polymorphism of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene may influence morphine requirements in cancer pain patients. Pain 2005;116:73-8.
45. Rakvag TT, Ross JR, Sato H, Skorpen F, Kaasa S, Klepstad P. Genetic variation in the catechol-0- methyltransferase (COMT) gene and morphine requirements in cancer patients with pain. Mol Pain 2008;4:64.
46. Kim H, Lee H, Rowan J, Dionne RA. Genetic polymorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter systems show only weak association with acute post-surgical pain in humans. Mol Pain 2006; 2:24.
47. Amir R, Argoff CE, Bennett GJ, Cummins TR, Durieux ME, Gerner P, Gold MS, Porreca F, Strichartz GR. The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006;7(5 Suppl 3): S1-29.
48. Reimann F, Cox JJ, Belfer I, Diatchenko L, Zaykin DV, McHale DP, Drenth JP, Dai F, Wheeler J, Sanders F, ve ark. Pain perception is altered by a nucleotide polymorphism in SCN9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:5148-53.