Uluslararası Ceza Hukukunda Ekokırım (Ecocıde) Tartışmaları: Roma Statüsü Kapsamında Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu çalışma, ekokırımın Roma Statüsü’ne beşinci çekirdek suç olarak eklenmesine yönelik güncel girişimleri, uluslararası ceza hukukunun yapısal sınırları, normatif ilkeleri ve değerler hiyerarşisi çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Mevcut Roma Statüsü sistemi, çevreyi esasen insan merkezli bir yaklaşımla, dolaylı ve sınırlı biçimde korumakta; barış zamanında meydana gelen ağır, yaygın ve uzun süreli çevresel yıkımlar bakımından ciddi bir normatif boşluk bırakmaktadır. Çevresel tahribatın büyük ölçüde barış dönemlerinde gerçekleşmesi ve mevcut uluslararası suç tipleri kapsamında etkili biçimde cezalandırılamaması, ekokırımın bağımsız bir uluslararası suç olarak tanınmasını normatif açıdan tartışmaya açmaktadır. Çalışmada, Stop Ecocide Foundation bünyesinde oluşturulan Bağımsız Uzmanlar Heyeti tarafından geliştirilen 2021 tarihli ekokırım tanımı ile bu tanımı Roma Statüsü’ne uyarlamayı amaçlayan Vanuatu değişiklik teklifi ayrıntılı biçimde analiz edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, önerilen suç tanımının belirlilik, kusur ve ultima ratio ilkeleriyle uyumu; ekokırımın çekirdek suçlar arasına eklenmesinin uluslararası ceza hukukunun değerler sistemi üzerindeki etkileri ve uygulamaya ilişkin olası güçlükler ele alınmaktadır. Sonuç olarak çalışma, ekokırım tartışmalarının, suçun Statü’ye eklenip eklenmemesinden bağımsız olarak, uluslararası ceza hukukunun çevresel yıkım karşısındaki sınırlarını görünür kılan dönüştürücü bir normatif işlev üstlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekokırım
• Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku
• Roma Statüsü
• Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi

Debates On Ecocide In Internatıonal Crımınal Law: Analysıs Under The Rome Statute

Öz

This article examines current initiatives to recognize ecocide as a fifth core crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, analyzing them within the structural limits, normative principles, and value hierarchy of international criminal law. The existing Rome Statute framework protects the environment primarily through an anthropocentric and indirect approach, leaving a significant normative gap with respect to severe, widespread, and long-term environmental damage occurring in times of peace. The fact that most environmental destruction occurs outside armed conflict and cannot be effectively addressed under existing international crimes has intensified calls for the recognition of ecocide as an autonomous offence. This article analyses the 2021 legal definition of ecocide developed by the Independent Expert Panel convened by the Stop Ecocide Foundation, as well as the amendment proposal submitted by Vanuatu seeking to incorporate this definition into the Rome Statute. Particular attention is paid to the compatibility of the proposed crime with the principles of legality, culpability, and the ultima ratio character of international criminal law. In addition, the article evaluates the implications of including ecocide among the core crimes for the normative architecture of international criminal justice and highlights potential challenges related to legal certainty, political feasibility, and implementation. The article concludes that, irrespective of whether ecocide is ultimately incorporated into the Rome Statute, the ongoing debate plays a transformative normative role by exposing the limitations of international criminal law in addressing large-scale environmental destruction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ecocide
• International Criminal Law
• Rome Statute
• International Criminal Court

Kaynakça

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