Spatial Distribution of Crime in Bangladesh: An Analysis

Yıl 2021, , 479 - 503, 21.10.2021

Bashir Uddin Khan , Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed Talukder

https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2021-931625

Öz

Crime mapping has become popular as a way of analysing the spatial distribution of crime, and its use enables effective crime prevention strategies to be employed based on the analysis of hotspots. However, in Bangladesh crime mapping using Geographic Information System (GIS) is still in its infancy. This paper intends to focus on the spatial distribution of crime throughout the major administrative divisions of Bangladesh and to explore how it varies according to region. Its objective is to fill the existing knowledge gap in terms of the spatial distribution of crime in Bangladesh with the help of GIS software. All associated issues behind any crime patterns in different regions have been analysed here using references from established research. This study also illustrates the trend analysis of crime in the last three years, from 2016 to 2018, to understand the patterns of crime distribution as per present administrative divisions. It also focuses on the relative frequency of incidents of crime in all the regions of Bangladesh. Additionally, this study indicates that areas with big cities (Dhaka and Chattogram) are more prone to harbouring a greater number of offenders than other areas. As an initial study using GIS-based computerised crime mapping in Bangladesh, this research may have an important role in showing division wise crime distribution

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crime mapping, Division, Spatial Distribution, Predictive Policing, Violent Crimes, Property Crimes

Kaynakça

• Amin, R., Nabors, N. S., Nelson, A. M., Saqlain, M., & Kulldorff, M. (2015). Geographical Clusters of Rape in the United States: 2000-2012. Statistics and Public Policy, 2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/233044 3X.2015.1092899 google scholar
• Andresen, M. A., & Malleson, N. (2015). Intra-week spatial-temporal patterns of crime. Crime Science, 4(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-015-0024-7 google scholar
• Bangladesh Latitude and Longitude Map. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mapsofworld.com/lat_long/ bangladesh-lat-long.html google scholar
• Bernasco, W., & Elffers, H. (2010). Statistical Analysis of Spatial Crime Data. In A. R. Piquero & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Handbook of Quantitative Criminology (pp. 699-724). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_33 google scholar
• Bohm, R. M., & Haley, K. N. (2017). Introduction to criminal justice (Ninth Edition). Dubuque: McGraw-Hill Education. google scholar
• Boivin, R. (2018). Routine activity, population(s) and crime: Spatial heterogeneity and conflicting Propositions about the neighborhood crime-population link. Applied Geography, 95, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apgeog.2018.04.016 google scholar
• Bowers, K., & Johnson, S. D. (2014). Crime Mapping as a Tool for Security and Crime Prevention. In M. Gill (Ed.), The Handbook of Security (pp. 566-587). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-67284-4_25 google scholar
• Chainey, S. (2014). Crime Mapping. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 699-709). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_317 google scholar
• Cracolici, M. F., & Uberti, T. E. (2009). Geographical distribution of crime in Italian provinces: A spatial econometric analysis. Jahrbuch Für Regionalwissenschaft, 29(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10037-008-0031-1 google scholar
• Faruk, Md. Omar and Talukder, Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed, 2010, Urbanisation and Crime in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study on Dhaka City, South Asian Journal of Population and Health, vol.3, no.2. google scholar
• Fitterer, J., Nelson, T. A., & Nathoo, F. (2015). Predictive crime mapping. Police Practice and Research, 16(2), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2014.972618 google scholar
• Gottschalk, P., & 0rn, M. E. (2012). Crime mapping in police value shops: The Pocket Man case of child sexual abuse. Criminal Justice Studies, 25(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2012.657899 google scholar
• Harkins, S. S., & Reid, M. W. P. (2002). SQL: Access to SQL Server. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1573-8 google scholar
• Harries, K. D. (1999). Mapping crime: Principle and practice. Washington, DC (810 7th Street NW, Washington 20531): U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Crime Mapping Research Center. google scholar
• Jaishankar, K., Shanmugapriya, S., & Balamurugan, V. (2004). Crime Mapping in India: A GIS Implementation in Chennai City Policing. Annals of GIS, 10(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10824000409480651 google scholar
• Jefferson, B. J. (2018). Predictable Policing: Predictive Crime Mapping and Geographies of Policing and Race. google scholar
• Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017 .1293500 google scholar
• Khan, M. B. U., Alam, M. A., & Faruk, M. O. (2014). Modernisation and the Opportunity Factors of Crime: Dhaka City Experience. UITS Journal (UITS Research Centre), 3(2), 45-64. google scholar
• Khan, Md. B. U., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2010). The Present Vulnerability to Female Suicide and Homicide in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Recent Cases. Empowerment: A Journal of Women for Women, 17, 79-86. google scholar
• Khan, Md. B. U., & Shathi, I. J. (2018). Nature of Sexual Harassment Against the Female Students of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tangail Municipality. International Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 3(2), 73-82. google scholar
• Kim, H., Chun, Y., & Gould, C. A. (2013). Crime Scene Locations in Criminal Homicides: A Spatial Crime Analysis in a GIS Environment. In M. Leitner (Ed.), Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies (pp. 181-201). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9_8 google scholar
• Leclerc, B., Chiu, Y.-N., Cale, J., & Cook, A. (2016). Sexual Violence Against Women Through the Lens of Environmental Criminology: Toward the Accumulation of Evidence-based Knowledge and Crime Prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(4), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9300-z google scholar
• Leitner, M. (Ed.). (2013). Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9 google scholar
• Leong, K., & Chan, S. C. F. (2013). A content analysis of web-based crime mapping in the world’s top 100 highest GDP cities. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 15(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2012.11 google scholar
• Maltz, M. D., Gordon, A. C., & Friedman, W. (1991). Mapping Crime in Its Community Setting. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3042-7 google scholar
• Moncada, E. (2010). Counting bodies: Crime mapping, policing and race in Colombia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(4), 696-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903380854 google scholar
• Pope, M., & Song, W. (2015). Spatial Relationship and Colocation of Crimes in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Papers in Applied Geography, 1(3), 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2015.1014275 google scholar
• Population, total—Bangladesh. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2019, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD google scholar
• Ratcliffe, J. (2010). Crime Mapping: Spatial and Temporal Challenges. In A. R. Piquero & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Handbook of Quantitative Criminology (pp. 5-24). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_2 google scholar
• Ratcliffe, J. H. (2002). Damned If You Don’t, Damned If You Do: Crime Mapping and its Implications in the Real World. Policing and Society, 12(3), 211-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460290018463 google scholar
• Rosser, G., Davies, T., Bowers, K. J., Johnson, S. D., & Cheng, T. (2017). Predictive Crime Mapping: Arbitrary Grids or Street Networks? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(3), 569-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10940-016-9321-x google scholar
• Saadi, M.A, Rahman, M.A and Talukder, M.I.A, (2008), “SocioSpatial Aspects of Crime in Dhaka City” Journal of Socioeconomic Research and Development (JSER), Volume: 5, Issue: 6. google scholar Shekhar, S., Xiong, H., & Zhou, X. (Eds.). (2017). Encyclopedia of GIS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1 google scholar
• Sim, S., & Miller, A. (2016). Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis of the Distribution of Multiple Crimes: A Case Study of Three Coastal Cities. Papers in Applied Geography, 2(1), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/237549 31.2015.1014277 google scholar
• Talukder, Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed, (2021). Transnational Organized Crime and Security Threats in the Context of Bangladesh, Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 07, No. 02, pp.114-122. google scholar
• Talukder, Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed, (2015). The Prevalence of Domestic Violence against Women: An Analysis on Women Victim of Tangail District, South Asian Journal of Population and Health, Volume-8, Number 1 &2, ISSN:1560-4373 google scholar
• Talukder, Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed, Aktar, Mahmuda, and Bakul, Shirin, (2015). Nature and Extent of Children and Women Trafficking in Bangladesh: A Descriptive Analysis, Chhattisgarh Law Journal. ISSN 2394-5281.Vol I. Issue II. google scholar
• Tang, Y., & Khan, Md. B. U. (2018). Internal Law Enforcement Challenges in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 6(3), 06-120. google scholar
• Townsley, M. (2014). Inferential Crime Mapping. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 2470-2479). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_318 google scholar
• Townsley, M. (2017). Crime Mapping and Spatial Analysis. In B. LeClerc & E. U. Savona (Eds.), Crime Prevention in the 21st Century (pp. 101-112). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27793-6_8 google scholar
• Wang, L., Lee, G., & Williams, I. (2019). The Spatial and Social Patterning of Property and Violent Crime in Toronto Neighbourhoods: A Spatial-Quantitative Approach. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010051 google scholar
• Wolff, M., & Asche, H. (2009). Geovisualization Approaches for Spatio-temporal Crime Scene Analysis - Towards 4D Crime Mapping. In Z. J. M. H. Geradts, K. Y. Franke, & C. J. Veenman (Eds.), Computational Forensics (Vol. 5718, pp. 78-89). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03521-0_8 google scholar
• Xiong, H. (2016). Urban Spatial Disorganization and Crime: Punctate Distribution Pattern. In H. Xiong, Urban Crime and Social Disorganization in China (pp. 71-93). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-859-5_4 google scholar
• Zhang, H., & Song, W. (2014). Addressing issues of spatial spillover effects and non-stationarity in analysis of residential burglary crime. GeoJournal, 79(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9481-2 google scholar