Self-Reported Sexual Aggression among Youths: Exploring the Possible Subtypes
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 262 - 274, 23.02.2024
Nicholas Hasan Buker
,
Achraf Cohen
Öz
Sexual aggression and offense among youths have long been subjected to scientific inquiries. A sizable number of these inquiries have identified sexually aggressive youths to constitute a heterogeneous group with possible distinct subgroups varying across their targeted victims and risk factors. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of research geared toward identifying these subgroups. Using self-reported data collected from US middle and high school students, this study employs a latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the subgroups of sexually aggressive youths using a data-driven strategy. The LCA results indicate three latent classes (sub-groups) to be distinguishable both quantitatively and qualitatively in the study sample: general delinquents, emotionally disturbed, and low-risk youths. These subgroups are comparable with those identified in similar previous studies. However, the subgroups’ sizes in this study vary slightly from the sizes of the subgroups identified by earlier studies. The study concludes by presenting the reasons for the identified differences, policy implications, study limitations, and future research directions.
Kaynakça
- Agresti, A. (2018). An introduction to categorical data analysis. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
- Andrade, J. T., Vincent, G. M., and Saleh, F. M. (2006). Juvenile sex offenders: A complex population. Journal of forensic sciences, 51(1), 163-167. google scholar
- Bandeen-Roche, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Zeger, S. L., and Rathouz, P. J. (1997). Latent variable regression for multiple discrete outcomes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 92(440), 1375-1386. google scholar
- Barra, S., Bessler, C., Landolt, M. A., and Aebi, M. (2018). Patterns of adverse childhood experiences in juveniles who sexually offended. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 30, 803-827. google scholar
- Becker, J. V., Cunningham-Rathner, J., and Kaplan, M. S. (1986). Adolescent sexual offenders: Demographics, criminal and sexual histories, and recommendations or reducing future offenses. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 431-445. google scholar
- Biderman, A. D., & Reiss, A. J. (2017). On exploring the “dark figure” of crime. In Quantitative Methods in Criminology (pp. 201-215). Routledge. google scholar
- Brown, A. (2019). Using latent class analysis to explore subtypes of youth who have committed sexual offenses. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 17(4), 413-430. google scholar
- Buker, H. and Erbay, A. (2020). Juvenile sex offenders in Turkey: A study on offense characteristics, risk factors, and the differences between juvenile sex offenders and other juvenile offenders. Crime Delinquency, 67(5), 689-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720930667 google scholar
- Butler, S. M. and Seto, M. C. (2002). Distinguishing two types of adolescent offenders. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 83-90. google scholar
- Calleja, N. G. (2015). Juvenile sex and non-sex offenders: A comparison of recidivism and risk. Journal of Addictions Offender Counseling, 36(1), 2-12. google scholar
- Charles, G. and Mcdonald, M. (2005). Adolescent sexual offenders: An overview. Journal Of Child And Youth Care, 11. google scholar
- Christiansen, A. K. and Vincent, J. P. (2013). Characterization and prediction of sexual and non-sexual recidivism among adjudicated juvenile sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31(4), 506-529. google scholar
- Curry, I., Luk, J. W., Trim, R. S., Hopfer, C. J., Hewitt, J. K., Stallings, M. C., Brown, S. A., and TL., W. (2018). Impulsivity dimensions and risky sex behaviors in an at-risk young adult sample. Arch Sex Behav, 41(2), 529-36. google scholar
- Dayton, C. M. and Macready, G. B. (1988). Concomitant-variable latent-class models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(401), 173-178. google scholar
- DeGue, S., Massetti, G. M., Holt, M. K., Tharp, A. T., Valle, L. A., Matjasko, J. L., and Lippy, C. (2013). Identifying links between sexual violence and youth violence perpetration: New opportunities for sexual violence prevention. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 140-156. google scholar
- Dir, A. L., Coskunpinar, A., and Cyders MA., A. (2014). meta-analytic review of the relationship between adolescent risky sexual behavior and impulsivity across gender, age, and race. Clin Psychol Rev, 34(7), 551- 62. google scholar
- Dunton, C. A. (2020). Toward an empirically derived classification of sexually aggressive juveniles in a treatment setting. Violence and Victims, 35(5), 751-779. google scholar
- Dwyer, R. G. and Letourneau, E. J. (2011). Juveniles who sexually offend: Recommending a treatment program and level of care. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(3), 413-429. google scholar
- Dziak, J. J., Lanza, S. T., & Tan, X. (2014). Effect size, statistical power, and sample size requirements for the bootstrap likelihood ratio test in latent class analysis. Structural equation modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(4), 534-552. google scholar
- Ekundayo, O. O. and Babalola, O. B. (2020). Sexual risk behavior: The roles of impulsivity, family type and peer pressure among undergraduate students in Nigeria. European Review of Applied Sociology, 13(20), 15-23. google scholar
- Falligant, J. M., Alexander, A. A., and Burkhart, B. R. (2017). Offense characteristics and cognitive functioning in juveniles adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(3), 291-299. google scholar
- Fanelli, C. A. (2018). Comparing Juvenile Sex Offenders and Juvenile Non-sex Offenders in an Adjudicated Group (unpublish doctoral dissertation). Fordham University, New York, USA. google scholar
- Fanniff, A. M. and Kolko, D. J. (2012). Victim age-based subtypes of juveniles adjudicated for sexual offenses. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(3), 224-264. google scholar
- FBI (2019). Crime in the United States, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2021 from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019 google scholar
- Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., and Chaffin, M. (2009). Juveniles who commit sex offenses against minors. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf google scholar
- Ford, M. E. and Linney, J. A. (1995). Comparative analysis of juvenile sexual offenders, violent non-sexual offenders, and status offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(1), 56-70. google scholar
- Fox, B. and Delisi, M. (2018). From criminological heterogeneity to coherent classes. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 16(3), 299-318. google scholar
- Fox, B. H. (2017). What makes a difference? evaluating the key distinctions and predictors of sexual and non-sexual offending among male and female juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 7(2), 134-150. google scholar
- Gamache, D., Diguer, L., Laverdiere, O., and Rousseau, J. (2012).‘ Development of an object relation-based typology of adolescent sex offenders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 76(4), 329-364. google scholar
- Goodman, L. A. (1974). Exploratory latent structure analysis using both identifiable and unidentifiable models. Biometrika, 61, 215-231. google scholar
- Graves, R. B. (1993). Conceptualizing the youthful male sex offender: A meta-analytic examination of offender characteristic by offense type. PhD thesis, Unpublished, Utah State University. google scholar
- Gunby, C. and Woodhams, J. (2010). Sexually deviant juveniles: Comparisons between the offender and offense characteristics of "child abusers" and "peer abusers." psychology. Crime Law, 16(1), 47-64. google scholar
- Hackett, S., Phillips, J., Masson, H., and Balfe, M. (2013). Individual, family and abuse characteristics of 700 british child and adolescent sexual abusers. Child Abuse Review, 22(4), 232-245. google scholar
- Hunter, J. A. (2018). Patterns of sexual offending in juveniles and risk factors. In Ryan, E. P., Hunter, J. A., and Murrie, D. C., (Eds.), Juvenile sex offenders: A guide to evaluation and treatment for mental health professionals, pp. 34-53. Oxford University Press, Oxford. google scholar
- Hunter, J. A., Figueredo, A. J., Malamuth, N. M., and Becker, J. V. (2003). Juvenile sex offenders: Toward the development of a typology. Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 27-48. google scholar
Hunter Jr, J. A. and Becker, J. V. (1994). The role of deviant sexual arousal in juvenile sexual offending: Etiology, evaluation, and treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21(1), 132-149. google scholar
- Isaksson, J., Stickley, A., Koposov, R., and Ruchkin, V. (2018). The danger of being inattentive - ADHD symptoms and risky sexual behavior in Russian adolescents. European Psychiatry, 47, 42-48. google scholar
- Karsten, T. M. and Dempsey, R. (2018). Neuropsychological risk factors to consider when assessing for sexually abusive youth. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(8), 1-19. google scholar
- Kavoussi, R. J., Kaplan, M., and Becker, J. V. (1988). Psychiatric diagnoses in adolescent sex offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(2), 241-243. google scholar
- Kemper, T. S. and Kistner, J. A. (2010). An evaluation of classification criteria for juvenile sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(2), 172-190. google scholar
- Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., and Hurts, H. (2012). Early adolescent sexual debut: the mediating role of working memory ability, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. Dev Psychol, 48(5), 1416-28. google scholar
- Knight, R. A. and Prentky, R. (1993). Exploring characteristics for classifying juvenile sex offenders. In Barbaree, E., Marshall, W. L., and Hudson, S. M., editors, H, pages 49-79. Guilford, The Juvenile Sex Offender, New York. google scholar
- Lazarsfeld, P. F. and Henry, N. W. (1968). Latent structure analysis. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. google scholar
- Linzer, D. A. and Lewis, J. B. (2011). polca: An r package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(10), 1- 29. google scholar
- Lombardi, K. and Jones, K. (2015). Campus sexual assault statistics don’t add up. Retrieved November 12, 2020 from https://publicintegrity.org/education/campus-sexual-assault-statistics-dont-add-up/ google scholar
- Lussier, P., Berg, V. D., C., B. C., and Hendriks, J. (2012). A developmental taxonomy of juvenile sex offenders for theory, research, and prevention: The adolescent-limited and the high rate slow desister. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(12), 1559-1581. google scholar
- Magnusson, B., Crandall, A., and Evans, K. (2019). Early sexual debut and risky sex in young adults: The role of low self-control. BMC public health, 19(1), 1-8. google scholar
- McCuish, E. C., Lussier, P., and Corrado, R. R. (2016). Criminal careers of juvenile sex and non-sex offenders: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 14(3), 199-224. google scholar
- Miller, H. A., Turner, K., and Henderson, C. E. (2009). Psychopathology of sex offenders: A comparison of males and females using latent profile analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(8), 778-792. google scholar
- O’Brien, M. (1991). Taking sibling incest seriously. In Patton, M. Q., editor, Family Sexual Abuse, pages 75-92. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. google scholar
- O’Brien, M. and Bera, W. (1986). Adolescent sexual offenders: A descriptive typology. Newsletter of the National Family Life Education Network, 1, 1-5. google scholar
- Oxnam, P. and Vess, J. (2006). A personality-based typology of adolescent sexual offenders using the millon adolescent clinical inventory. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 36-44. google scholar
- Oxnam, P. and Vess, J. (2008). A typology of adolescent sexual offenders: Millon adolescent clinical inventory profiles, developmental factors, and offence characteristics. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology, 19(2), 228-242. google scholar
- Rasmussen, L. A. (2004). Differentiating youth who sexually abuse: Applying a multidimensional framework when assessing and treating subtypes. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 57-82. google scholar
- Rasmussen, L. A. and Miccio-Fonseca, L. C. (2007). Paradigm shift: Implementing mega, a new tool proposed to define and assess sexually abusive dynamics in youth ages 19 and under. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(1), 85-106. google scholar
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- Riser, D. K., Pegram, S. E., and Farley, J. P. (2013). Adolescent and young adult male sex offenders: Understanding the role of recidivism. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(1), 9-31. google scholar
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Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 262 - 274, 23.02.2024
Nicholas Hasan Buker
,
Achraf Cohen
Kaynakça
- Agresti, A. (2018). An introduction to categorical data analysis. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
- Andrade, J. T., Vincent, G. M., and Saleh, F. M. (2006). Juvenile sex offenders: A complex population. Journal of forensic sciences, 51(1), 163-167. google scholar
- Bandeen-Roche, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Zeger, S. L., and Rathouz, P. J. (1997). Latent variable regression for multiple discrete outcomes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 92(440), 1375-1386. google scholar
- Barra, S., Bessler, C., Landolt, M. A., and Aebi, M. (2018). Patterns of adverse childhood experiences in juveniles who sexually offended. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 30, 803-827. google scholar
- Becker, J. V., Cunningham-Rathner, J., and Kaplan, M. S. (1986). Adolescent sexual offenders: Demographics, criminal and sexual histories, and recommendations or reducing future offenses. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 431-445. google scholar
- Biderman, A. D., & Reiss, A. J. (2017). On exploring the “dark figure” of crime. In Quantitative Methods in Criminology (pp. 201-215). Routledge. google scholar
- Brown, A. (2019). Using latent class analysis to explore subtypes of youth who have committed sexual offenses. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 17(4), 413-430. google scholar
- Buker, H. and Erbay, A. (2020). Juvenile sex offenders in Turkey: A study on offense characteristics, risk factors, and the differences between juvenile sex offenders and other juvenile offenders. Crime Delinquency, 67(5), 689-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720930667 google scholar
- Butler, S. M. and Seto, M. C. (2002). Distinguishing two types of adolescent offenders. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 83-90. google scholar
- Calleja, N. G. (2015). Juvenile sex and non-sex offenders: A comparison of recidivism and risk. Journal of Addictions Offender Counseling, 36(1), 2-12. google scholar
- Charles, G. and Mcdonald, M. (2005). Adolescent sexual offenders: An overview. Journal Of Child And Youth Care, 11. google scholar
- Christiansen, A. K. and Vincent, J. P. (2013). Characterization and prediction of sexual and non-sexual recidivism among adjudicated juvenile sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences the Law, 31(4), 506-529. google scholar
- Curry, I., Luk, J. W., Trim, R. S., Hopfer, C. J., Hewitt, J. K., Stallings, M. C., Brown, S. A., and TL., W. (2018). Impulsivity dimensions and risky sex behaviors in an at-risk young adult sample. Arch Sex Behav, 41(2), 529-36. google scholar
- Dayton, C. M. and Macready, G. B. (1988). Concomitant-variable latent-class models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(401), 173-178. google scholar
- DeGue, S., Massetti, G. M., Holt, M. K., Tharp, A. T., Valle, L. A., Matjasko, J. L., and Lippy, C. (2013). Identifying links between sexual violence and youth violence perpetration: New opportunities for sexual violence prevention. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 140-156. google scholar
- Dir, A. L., Coskunpinar, A., and Cyders MA., A. (2014). meta-analytic review of the relationship between adolescent risky sexual behavior and impulsivity across gender, age, and race. Clin Psychol Rev, 34(7), 551- 62. google scholar
- Dunton, C. A. (2020). Toward an empirically derived classification of sexually aggressive juveniles in a treatment setting. Violence and Victims, 35(5), 751-779. google scholar
- Dwyer, R. G. and Letourneau, E. J. (2011). Juveniles who sexually offend: Recommending a treatment program and level of care. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(3), 413-429. google scholar
- Dziak, J. J., Lanza, S. T., & Tan, X. (2014). Effect size, statistical power, and sample size requirements for the bootstrap likelihood ratio test in latent class analysis. Structural equation modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(4), 534-552. google scholar
- Ekundayo, O. O. and Babalola, O. B. (2020). Sexual risk behavior: The roles of impulsivity, family type and peer pressure among undergraduate students in Nigeria. European Review of Applied Sociology, 13(20), 15-23. google scholar
- Falligant, J. M., Alexander, A. A., and Burkhart, B. R. (2017). Offense characteristics and cognitive functioning in juveniles adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(3), 291-299. google scholar
- Fanelli, C. A. (2018). Comparing Juvenile Sex Offenders and Juvenile Non-sex Offenders in an Adjudicated Group (unpublish doctoral dissertation). Fordham University, New York, USA. google scholar
- Fanniff, A. M. and Kolko, D. J. (2012). Victim age-based subtypes of juveniles adjudicated for sexual offenses. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(3), 224-264. google scholar
- FBI (2019). Crime in the United States, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2021 from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019 google scholar
- Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., and Chaffin, M. (2009). Juveniles who commit sex offenses against minors. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved December 12, 2020 from https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf google scholar
- Ford, M. E. and Linney, J. A. (1995). Comparative analysis of juvenile sexual offenders, violent non-sexual offenders, and status offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(1), 56-70. google scholar
- Fox, B. and Delisi, M. (2018). From criminological heterogeneity to coherent classes. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 16(3), 299-318. google scholar
- Fox, B. H. (2017). What makes a difference? evaluating the key distinctions and predictors of sexual and non-sexual offending among male and female juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 7(2), 134-150. google scholar
- Gamache, D., Diguer, L., Laverdiere, O., and Rousseau, J. (2012).‘ Development of an object relation-based typology of adolescent sex offenders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 76(4), 329-364. google scholar
- Goodman, L. A. (1974). Exploratory latent structure analysis using both identifiable and unidentifiable models. Biometrika, 61, 215-231. google scholar
- Graves, R. B. (1993). Conceptualizing the youthful male sex offender: A meta-analytic examination of offender characteristic by offense type. PhD thesis, Unpublished, Utah State University. google scholar
- Gunby, C. and Woodhams, J. (2010). Sexually deviant juveniles: Comparisons between the offender and offense characteristics of "child abusers" and "peer abusers." psychology. Crime Law, 16(1), 47-64. google scholar
- Hackett, S., Phillips, J., Masson, H., and Balfe, M. (2013). Individual, family and abuse characteristics of 700 british child and adolescent sexual abusers. Child Abuse Review, 22(4), 232-245. google scholar
- Hunter, J. A. (2018). Patterns of sexual offending in juveniles and risk factors. In Ryan, E. P., Hunter, J. A., and Murrie, D. C., (Eds.), Juvenile sex offenders: A guide to evaluation and treatment for mental health professionals, pp. 34-53. Oxford University Press, Oxford. google scholar
- Hunter, J. A., Figueredo, A. J., Malamuth, N. M., and Becker, J. V. (2003). Juvenile sex offenders: Toward the development of a typology. Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 27-48. google scholar
Hunter Jr, J. A. and Becker, J. V. (1994). The role of deviant sexual arousal in juvenile sexual offending: Etiology, evaluation, and treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21(1), 132-149. google scholar
- Isaksson, J., Stickley, A., Koposov, R., and Ruchkin, V. (2018). The danger of being inattentive - ADHD symptoms and risky sexual behavior in Russian adolescents. European Psychiatry, 47, 42-48. google scholar
- Karsten, T. M. and Dempsey, R. (2018). Neuropsychological risk factors to consider when assessing for sexually abusive youth. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(8), 1-19. google scholar
- Kavoussi, R. J., Kaplan, M., and Becker, J. V. (1988). Psychiatric diagnoses in adolescent sex offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(2), 241-243. google scholar
- Kemper, T. S. and Kistner, J. A. (2010). An evaluation of classification criteria for juvenile sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(2), 172-190. google scholar
- Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., and Hurts, H. (2012). Early adolescent sexual debut: the mediating role of working memory ability, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. Dev Psychol, 48(5), 1416-28. google scholar
- Knight, R. A. and Prentky, R. (1993). Exploring characteristics for classifying juvenile sex offenders. In Barbaree, E., Marshall, W. L., and Hudson, S. M., editors, H, pages 49-79. Guilford, The Juvenile Sex Offender, New York. google scholar
- Lazarsfeld, P. F. and Henry, N. W. (1968). Latent structure analysis. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. google scholar
- Linzer, D. A. and Lewis, J. B. (2011). polca: An r package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(10), 1- 29. google scholar
- Lombardi, K. and Jones, K. (2015). Campus sexual assault statistics don’t add up. Retrieved November 12, 2020 from https://publicintegrity.org/education/campus-sexual-assault-statistics-dont-add-up/ google scholar
- Lussier, P., Berg, V. D., C., B. C., and Hendriks, J. (2012). A developmental taxonomy of juvenile sex offenders for theory, research, and prevention: The adolescent-limited and the high rate slow desister. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(12), 1559-1581. google scholar
- Magnusson, B., Crandall, A., and Evans, K. (2019). Early sexual debut and risky sex in young adults: The role of low self-control. BMC public health, 19(1), 1-8. google scholar
- McCuish, E. C., Lussier, P., and Corrado, R. R. (2016). Criminal careers of juvenile sex and non-sex offenders: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 14(3), 199-224. google scholar
- Miller, H. A., Turner, K., and Henderson, C. E. (2009). Psychopathology of sex offenders: A comparison of males and females using latent profile analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(8), 778-792. google scholar
- O’Brien, M. (1991). Taking sibling incest seriously. In Patton, M. Q., editor, Family Sexual Abuse, pages 75-92. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. google scholar
- O’Brien, M. and Bera, W. (1986). Adolescent sexual offenders: A descriptive typology. Newsletter of the National Family Life Education Network, 1, 1-5. google scholar
- Oxnam, P. and Vess, J. (2006). A personality-based typology of adolescent sexual offenders using the millon adolescent clinical inventory. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 36-44. google scholar
- Oxnam, P. and Vess, J. (2008). A typology of adolescent sexual offenders: Millon adolescent clinical inventory profiles, developmental factors, and offence characteristics. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Psychology, 19(2), 228-242. google scholar
- Rasmussen, L. A. (2004). Differentiating youth who sexually abuse: Applying a multidimensional framework when assessing and treating subtypes. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 57-82. google scholar
- Rasmussen, L. A. and Miccio-Fonseca, L. C. (2007). Paradigm shift: Implementing mega, a new tool proposed to define and assess sexually abusive dynamics in youth ages 19 and under. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(1), 85-106. google scholar
- Richardson, G., Kelly, T. P., Graham, F., and Bhate, S. R. (2004). A personality-based taxonomy of sexually abusive adolescents derived from the millon adolescent clinical inventory (maci). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 283-298. google scholar
- Riser, D. K., Pegram, S. E., and Farley, J. P. (2013). Adolescent and young adult male sex offenders: Understanding the role of recidivism. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(1), 9-31. google scholar
- Ryan, E. (2018). Sexual offending in society and the legal system. In Ryan, E. P., Hunter, J. A., and Murrie, D. C., editors, Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Guide to Evaluation and Treatment for MentalHealth Professionals, pages 1-20. Oxford University Press, Oxford. google scholar
- Ryan, E. P. and Otonichar, J. M. (2016). Juvenile sex offenders. Current psychiatry reports, 18(7), 67. google scholar
- Seto, M. C. and Lalumiere, M. L. (2010). What is so special about male‘ adolescent sexual offending? a review and test of explanations through meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 526-575. google scholar
- Smith, W. R., Monastersky, C., and Deisher, R. M. (1987). Mmpi-based personality types among juvenilesexual offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 422-430. google scholar
- Thornberry T.P. and Krohn, M.D. (2003) Comparison of self-report and official data for measuring crime. In: J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, C.V, (eds) Measurement problems in criminal justice research: workshop summary (pp 43-94). National Academies Press, Washington, DC. google scholar
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