Cezaevinden Çıkan Eski Hükümlülerin Suçu Terk Etmeleri Üzerinde Aile Desteğinin Önemi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 25 - 56, 08.07.2024

Sadullah Seyidoğlu , Zahir Kızmaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2024-1450449

Öz

Bu araştırmada cezaevinden tahliye olan eski hükümlülerin gerek cezaevinde gerekse cezaevinden sonraki dönemde ailelerinden gördükleri sosyo-ekonomik ve psikolojik desteğin onların suçu terk etmeleri üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada nitel bir araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda cezaevinden çıktıktan sonra en az iki yıl suç işlememiş 50 eski hükümlü ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşme yapılan eski mahkûmlar Diyarbakır’da ikamet eden bireylerden seçilmiştir. Araştırmada katılımcıların büyük bir çoğunluğu gerek cezaevinde gerekse cezaevi sonrası dönemde ailelerinden gördükleri desteğin onların suçu terk etmelerinde önemli bir katkı sağladığını belirtmişlerdir. Bu kapsamda eski hükümlülerin cezaevinde iken aileleri tarafından ziyaret edilmeleri, telefon görüşmeleri gerçekleştirmeleri, cezaevinde maddi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaları ve cezaevi sonrası dönemde de ailenin sosyo-ekonomik desteği sunmaya devam etmesinin onların suçu terk etmeleri üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca eski hükümlülerden evli ve çocuk sahibi olanlar suçu daha kolay terk ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu araştırmada cezaevinden çıkan eski hükümlülerin aile ilişkilerinin devam ettiği, onlara karşı dışlayıcı tutumdan kaçınıldığı, gelir ve barınma desteğinin sunulduğu görülmüş ve bu tutumun eski hükümlülerin suçu terk etmelerinde önemli düzeyde etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu bulgulardan hareketle eski hükümlülerin yeniden suç işlemelerinin önlenmesinde aile temelli destekler içeren program ve faaliyetlerin daha sistematik bir şekilde sunulması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eski hükümlüler, eski hükümlülerin suçu terk etmeleri, eski hükümlülerin suçu terk etmeleri üzerinde ailenin etkisi

The Importance of Family Support on the Desistance of the Ex-convicts Discharged from Prison

Öz

This study concentrates on the impact of socioeconomic and psychological support from the families of ex-convicts discharged from prison on their desistance from crime, both in prison and in the post-prison period. A qualitative research method was adopted in this study. In this context, 50 ex-convicts who had not committed a crime since at least two years after their release from prison were interviewed. The ex-convicts interviewed were selected from among the individuals residing in Diyarbakr. In the conducted research, the majority of the participants stated that the support they were provided by their families both in prison and in the post-prison period made a significant contribution to their desistance from crime. In this context, it was concluded that being visited by the families of ex-convicts while they were in prison, making phone calls, meeting their pecuniary needs in prison, and continuing to provide socio-economic support by the family in the post-prison period were effective in reducing their desistance from crime. In addition, it was determined that ex-convicts who were married and had children committed crime more easily. In conclusion, it was presented in this study that the family relations of ex-convicts discharged from prison continued, that an exclusionary attitude towards them was avoided, and that income and accommodation support was provided. Thus, this attitude had a significant role in ex-convicts’ quitting their crime. Based on these findings, it was concluded that it is necessary to provide family-based support programmes and activities more systematically to prevent ex-convicts from recommitting crime.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ex-convicts, ex-convicts’ desistances from crime, the effect of family on x-convicts’ desistances from crime

Kaynakça

• Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x google scholar
• Agnew, R. (1993). Why do they do it? An examination of the intervening mechanisms between ‘social control’ variables and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 245-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030003001 google scholar
• Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30,475-505. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x google scholar
• Akers, R. L., Sellers, C. S., & Jennings, W. G. (2012). Criminological Theories. New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., & Yıldırım, E. (2004). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri-SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi. google scholar
• Arslanoğlu, Ç. E. (2016). Koşullu Salıverme ile Tahliye Olmuş Hükümlülerde Damgalanma Algısı ve Damgalanma ile Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Arasındaki İlişki (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Au, G., & Wong, D. (2022). Desistance from crime among Chinese delinquents: The integrated effects of family bonding, prosocial models and religious bonding. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105894 google scholar
• Bacaksız, P. (2015). Cezalandırma ve topluma yeniden kazandırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 4917-4941. google scholar
• Bahr, S. J., Harris, L., Fisher, J. K., & Armstrong, A. H. (2010). Successful reentry: What differentiates successful and unsuccessful parolees? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(5), 667-692. doi:10.1177/0306624X09342435 google scholar
• Baier, C. J., & Wright, B. R. (2001). ‘If you love me, keep my commandments’: A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 3-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427801038001001 google scholar
• Bales, W. D., & Mears, D. P. (2008). Inmate social ties and the transition to society. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 287-321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427808317574 google scholar
• Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274. google scholar
• Berg, M. T., & Huebner, B. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28, 382-410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.498383 google scholar
• Bersani, B. E., Laub, J. H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2009). Marriage and desistance from crime in the Netherlands: Do gender and socio-historical context matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 3-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-008-9056-4 google scholar
• Bersani, B., & Doherty, E. E. (2013). When the ties that bind unwind: Examining the enduring and situational processes of change behind the marriage effect. Criminology, 51, 399-433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12008 google scholar
• Blokland, A. J., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2005). The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal trajectories of offending. Criminology, 43(4), 1203-1240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2005.00037.x google scholar
• Boman, J. H., & Mowen, T. J. (2017). Building the ties that bind, breaking the ties that don’t. Criminology & Public Policy, 16, 753-774. google scholar
• Bottoms, A., & Shapland, J. (2011). Steps Towards Desistance Among Male Young Adult Recidivists. S. Farrall, R. Sparks, & S. Maruna (Dü) içinde,Escape routes: Contemporary perspectives on life after punishment (s. 43-80). Routledge. google scholar
• Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804618 google scholar
• Byrne, C. F., & Trew, K. J. (2008). Pathways through crime: The development of crime and desistance in the accounts of men and women offenders. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 47(3), 238-258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2008.00520.x google scholar
• Calverley, A. (2013). Cultures of Desistance: Rehabilitation, Reintegration and Ethnic Minorities. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. google scholar
• Canter, R. J. (1982). Family correlates of male and female delinquency. Criminology, 20, 149-168. google scholar
• Cid, J., & Marti, J. (2012). Turning points and returning points: Understanding the role of family ties in the process of desistance. European Journal of Criminology, 9, 603-620. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370812453102 google scholar
• Clarke, R. V., & Cornish, D. B. (1985). Modeling offenders’ decisions: A framework for research and policy. Crime and Justice, 6, 147-185. google scholar
• Cobbina, J. E., Huebner, B. M., & Berg, M. T. (2012). Men, women, and postrelease offending. Crime & Delinquency, 58(3), 331-361. doi:10.1177/0011128710382348 google scholar
• Cochran, J. C. (2014). Breaches in the wall: Imprisonment, social support, and recidivism. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51, 200-229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427813497963 google scholar
• Codd, H. (2013). In the Shadow of Prison: Families Imprisonment and Criminal Justice. London. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781843925613 google scholar
• Colvin, M. (2000). Crime and Coercion: An Integrated Theory of Chronic Criminality. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 02 26, 2023 tarihinde https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-and-coercion-integrated-theory-chronic-criminality adresinden alındı google scholar
• Colvin, M., Cullen, F. T., & Vander Ven, T. (2002). Coercion, social support, and crime: An emerging theoretical consensus. Criminology, 40(1), 19-42. 03 02, 2023 tarihinde https://www.academia.edu/39940637/Coercion_Social_Support_and_Crime adresinden alındı google scholar
• Comfort, M. (2008). Doing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison. University of Chicago Press. google scholar
• Costello, B. J. (2010). Hirschi, Travis: Social control theory. Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory, 451-458. doi:https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412959193.n124 google scholar
• Craig, J., & Foster, H. (2013). Desistance in the transition to adulthood: The roles of marriage, military, and gender. Deviant Behavior, 34, 208-223. doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.726173. google scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. CA: SAGE Publications. google scholar
• Cullen, F. T. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527-558. google scholar
• Çimen, A. (2015). Ceza infaz kurumlarında sosyalleşme ve ıslah ilişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 159-188. 07 07, 2023 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cuilah/issue/27032/284632 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Derkzen, D. M., Gobeil, R., & Gileno, J. (2009). Visitation and post-release outcome among federally-sentenced offenders. Correctional Service of Canada. 04 12, 2023 tarihinde https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/r205-eng.shtml adresinden alındı google scholar
• Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2013). Marriage and offending among a cohort of disadvantaged African Americans. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 104-131. doi:10.1177/0022427811423106 google scholar
• Durkin, K. F., Scott, E. W., & Ross, W. M. (2007). Social bond theory and drunk drivingin a sample of college students. College Student Journal, 41, 734-744. google scholar
• Duwe, B. G., & Clark, V. (2012). The importance of social support for prisoner reentry. Corrections Today, 46-51. 05 11, 2023 tarihinde https://www.proquest.com/docview/1022616267 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Ekland-Olson, S., Supancic, M., Campbell, J., & Lenihan, K. J. (1983). Postrelease depression and the importance of familial support. Criminology, 21, 253-275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00261.x google scholar
• Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). xplaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. google scholar
• Farrington, D. P., & Hawkins, J. D. (1991). Predicting participation, early onset and later persistence in officially recorded offending. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1, 1-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1991.1.1.1 google scholar
• Farrington, D. P., & West, D. (1995). Effects of Marriage, Separation, and Children on Adult Offending by Adult Males. Z. S. Blau, & J. Hagan (Dü) içinde, Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle, vol. 4 (s. 249-281). Greenwich CT: Jai Press. google scholar
• Feeney, F. (1986). Robbers are Decision Makers. The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending (s. 53-68). içinde New York: Springer-Verlag. google scholar
• Fırat, H. B. (2017). Türkiye’de 2000 Yılından Sonra Tahliye Olmuş Politik Kadınların Hapishane ve Sonrası Deneyimleri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi. google scholar
• Fitzpatrick, S., Pleace, N., Stephens, M., & Quilgars, D. (2009). An overview of homelessness in the UK. S. Fitzpatrick, D. Quilgars, & N. Pleace (Dü) içinde, Homelessness in the UK (s. 1-20). Chartered Institute of Housing. google scholar
• Gartner, R., & Piliavin, I. (1988). The Aging Offender and the Aged Offender. P. Baltes, D. Featherman, & R. Lerner (Dü) içinde, Life Span Development and Behavior (s. 287-315). google scholar
• Gençtürk, Z. (2019). Eski Hükümlü Bireylerin Sosyal Hayata Katılımı Sürecinde İşgücü Piyasası Politikaları: Isparta İlindeki İşverenler ve Eski Hükümlü Bireyler Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Doktora Tezi). Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Gençtürk, Z., & Korkmaz, A. (2019). Eski hükümlü bireylerin işgücü piyasasına ilişkin görüşleri üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 369-384. google scholar
• Giddens, A. (2012). Sosyoloji. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları. google scholar
• Gideon, L. (2010). Drug offenders perceptions of motivation: The role of motivation in rehabilitation and reintegra-tion. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(4), 597-610. 02 01, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24213402_Drug_Offenders’_Perceptions_of_Motivation_The_Role_of_Motivation_in_ Rehabilitation_and_Reintegration adresinden alındı google scholar
• Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a the-ory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107(4), 990-1064. 03 12, 2023 tarihinde google scholar
• https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=soc_pub adresinden alındı google scholar
• Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 02 14, 2023 tarihinde https://archive.org/details/generaltheoryofc00gott adresinden alındı google scholar
• Gökçen, S. K. (2021). Eski Hükümlülerin Toplumla Bütünleşmeleri Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Analiz (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Graham, J., & Bowling, B. (1995). Young People and Crime. London, UK: Home Office. 04 21, 2023 tarihinde https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/17550/1/a3814uab.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Grasmick, H. G., & Bursik, R. J. (1990). Conscience, significant others and rational choice: Extending the deterrence model. Law and Society Review, 24(3), 837-861. 03 16, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/3053861 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Grieb, M. D., Crawford, A., Fields, J., Smith, H., Harris, R., & Matson, P. (2014). ‘The Stress Will Kill You’: Prisoner Reentry as Experienced by Family Members and the Urgent Need for Support Services. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 25, 1183-2000. google scholar
• Griffiths, C., Dandurand, Y. Murdoch, D. (2007), The Social Reintegration of Offenders and Crime Prevention, Kanada: NCPC google scholar
• Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., & Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Hairston, C. F. (1988). Family Ties during Imprisonment: Do They Influence Future Criminal Activity? Federal Probation, 52, 48-52. 03 28, 2023 tarihinde https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/112936NCJRS.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Haynie, D. L. (2002). Friendship networks and delinquency: a relative nature of peer delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 99-134. doi:10.1023/A:1015227414929 google scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1969). The Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315081649 google scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1977). Causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. Sociological Inquiry, 47(3/4), 322-341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1977.tb00804.x google scholar
• Hirschi, T. (2002). Social control theories. D. Levinson içinde, Encyclopedia of crime and punishment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 04 22, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337873997_Social_Control_Theory adresinden alındı google scholar
• Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender accounts of successful reentry from prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54, 406-428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818820902 google scholar
• Horney, J., Osgood, D. W., & Marshall, I. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-ındividual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60, 655-673. 02 13, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096316?origin=crossref adresinden alındı google scholar
• Jiang, S., & Winfree, T. L. (2006). Social support, gender, and inmate adjustment to prison life: Insights from a national sample. The Prison Journal, 86, 32-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505283876 google scholar
• King, R. D., Massoglia, M., & MacMillan, R. (2007). The context of marriage and crime: Gender, the propensity to marry, and offending in early adulthood. Criminology, 45(1), 33-65. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00071.x google scholar
• Kızmaz, Z. (2006). Cezaevi Müdavimleri İnatçı Suçlular. Ankara: Orion Yayınları. google scholar
• Krohn, M. D., & Massey, J. L. (1980). Social control and delinquent behavior: An examination of the elements of the social bond. The Sociological Quarterly, 21, 529-43. google scholar
• Kürzinger, J. (1996). Kriminologie. Stuttgart: Auflage. google scholar
• La Vigne, N. G., Naser, R. L., Brooks, L. E., & Castro, J. L. (2005). Examining the effect of incarcera-tion and in-prison family contact on prisoners family relationships. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 314-350. 05 15, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237968231_Examining_the_Effect_of_Incarceration_and_In-Prison_Family_Contact_on_Prisoners’Family_Relationships adresinden alındı google scholar
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00111_12.x google scholar
• Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance pro-cess. American Sociological Review, 63, 225-238. 05 11, 2023 tarihinde https://scholar.harvard.edu/sampson/files/1998_asr_trajectories.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Laub, J. H., Sampson, R. J., & Sweeten, G. A. (2011). Assessing Sampson and Laub’s life-course theory of crime. F. Cullen, J. Wright, & K. Blevins içinde, Taking stock: The status of criminological theory (Advances in criminological theory, Vol. 15). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. google scholar
• Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1-69. 05 14, 2023 tarihinde https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3226958/Sampson_UnderstandingDesistance.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Lebel, T. (2006). Invisinle Stripes? Formerly incarcerated persons’ perceptions of and responses to stigma (PhD thesis). University at Albany, State University of New York. 03 12, 2023 tarihinde https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00081.x adresinden alındı google scholar
• LeBel, T., Burnett, R., & Maruna, S. (2008). The ‘chicken and egg’ of subjective and social factors in desistance from crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5(2), 131-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370807087640 google scholar
• Listwan, S. J., Sullivan, C. J., Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., & Colvin, M. (2013). The pains of imprisonment revisited: The impact of strain on inmate recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 30, 144-168. google scholar
• Livingston, J. (1996). Crime and Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. google scholar
• Lopoo, L. M., & Western, B. (2005). Incarceration and the formation of stability in marital unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 721-34. 05 10, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600200 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Lynch, J., & Sabol, W. (2004). Assessing the effects of mass incarceration on informal social control in communities. Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 267-294. google scholar
• Maldonado, S. (2006). Recidivism and paternal engagement. Family Law Quarterly, 40, 191-212. 05 14, 2023 tarihinde https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1789898 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Martinez, D. J. (2006). Informal helping mechanisms. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44, 23-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v44n01_02 google scholar
• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 03 24, 2023 tarihinde https://psycnet.apa.org/PsycBOOKS/toc/10430 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Maruna, S., & LeBel, T. (2010). The desistance paradigm in correctional practice: from programs to lives. F. McNeill, P. Raynor, & C. Trotter içinde, Offender supervision: New directions in theory, research and practice (s. 65-87). New York, NY: Willan. doi:http://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/Maruna_Lebel_2010.pdf google scholar
• Maruna, S., & Roy, K. (2007). Amputation or reconstruction? Notes on the concept of “knifing off” and desistance from crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1), 104-124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986206298951 google scholar
• Maruna, S., Immarigeon, R., & LeBel, T. (2004). Ex-offender reintegration: Theory and practice. S. Maruna, & R. Immarigeon içinde, After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender Reintegration (s. 3-26). Portland, OR: Willan. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781843924203 google scholar
• McGillivray, C. (2019). Rendering them Visible: A Review of Progress towards Increasing Awareness and Support of Prisoners’ Families. Edinburgh: Families Outside. 06 01, 2023 tarihinde https://www.familiesoutside.org.uk/content/uploads/2017/12/Rendering-Them-Visible-FINAL.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Mears, D. P., Cochran, J. C., Siennick, Siennick, S. E., & Bales, W. D. (2012). Prison visitation and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 29, 888-918. 05 08, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233291632_Prison_Visitation_and_Recidivism adresinden alındı google scholar
• Meisenhelder, T. (1977). An exploratory study of exiting from criminal careers. Criminology, 15(3), 319-334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1977.tb00069.x google scholar
• Mills, A., Gojkovic, D., Meek, R., & Mullins, D. (2013). Housing ex-prisoners: the role of the third sector. Safer Communities, 12(1), 38-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/17578041311293134 google scholar
• Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). General strain theory and delinquency: focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 54, 582-613. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707301627 google scholar
• Morizot, J., & Le Blanc, M. (2007). Behavioral, self, and social control predictors of desistance from crime: A test of launch and contemporaneous effect models. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1), 50-71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986206298945 google scholar
• Morris, R. G., Carriaga, M. L., Diamond, B., Piquero, N. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Does prison strain lead to prison misbehavior? An application of general strain theory to inmate misconduct. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 194-201. 04 21, 2023 tarihinde https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235211001267?via%3Dihub adresinden alındı google scholar
• Mowen, T. J., Stansfield, R., & Boman, J. H. (2018). Family matters: Moving beyond “if” family support matters to “why” family support matters during reentry from prison. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 20(2), 1-41. doi: 10.1177/0022427818820902 google scholar
• Naser, R. L., & La Vigne, N. G. (2006). Family support in the prisoner reentry process: Expectations and realities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43, 93-106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n01_05 google scholar
• Nelson, M., Dees, P., & Allen, C. (1999). The First Month Out: Post Incarceration Experiences in New York City. New York: Vera Institute of Justice. 04 19, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238341461_The_First_Month_Out_Post-Incarceration_Experiences_in_New_York_City adresinden alındı google scholar
• Niven, S., & Stewart, D. (2005). Resettlement outcomes on release from prison in 2003. Home Office Research Findings, 248. Home Office. 05 26, 2023 tarihinde https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/resettlement-outcomes-release-prison-2003 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Nugent, B., & Schinkel, M. (2016). The pains of desistance. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16, 568-584. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895816634812 google scholar
• Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American journal of sociology, 108(5), 937-975. 06 20, 2023 tarihinde https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/pager/files/pager_ajs.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Pansag, F. J., Rosaroso, R. C., Paradiang, L. A., Labasano, F., & Lasana, G. (2016). Journey of an Ex-convict: From Conviction to Liberation. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2), 21-28. 06 06, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301752893_Journey_of_an_Ex-convict_From_Conviction_to_Liberation adresinden alındı google scholar
• Paternoster, R., & Bushway, S. (2009). Desistance and the “feared self”: Toward an identity theory of criminal desistance. Criminology, 99(4), 1103-1156. 05 09, 2023 tarihinde https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=7339&context=jclc adresinden alındı google scholar
• Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 235-263. doi:10.1177/0022427894031003001 google scholar
• Petersilia, J. (2004). What works in prisoner reentry? Reviewing and questioning the evidence. Federal Probation, 68(2), 4-10. 06 11, 2023 tarihinde https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/68_2_2_0.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Rand, A. (1987). Transitional life events and desistance from delinquency and crime. M. E. Wolfgang, T. P. Thornberry, & R. M. Figlio içinde, From boy to man, from delinquency to crime (s. 134-162). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 05 19, 2023 tarihinde https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/transitional-life-events-and-desistance-delinquency-and-crime-boy adresinden alındı google scholar
• Rebellon, C. J. (2006). Do adolescents engage in delinquency to attract the social attention of peers? An extension and longitudinal test of the social reinforcement hypothesis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 387-411. doi:10.1177/0022427806291259 google scholar
• Rebellon, C. J., Manasse, M. E., Van Gundy, K. T., & Cohn, E. S. (2012). Perceived injustice and delinquency: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 230-237 . 06 02, 2023 tarihinde https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235212000244?via%3Dihub adresinden alındı google scholar
• Richmond, D. (2006). Barriers to Reentry For Ex-Offenders: Factors Contributing to Recidivism. California: California State University Department of Social Work. google scholar
• Rocque, M., Bierie, D. M., Posick, C., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2013). Unraveling change: Social bonds and recidivism among released offenders. Victims and Offenders, 8, 209-230. 05 13, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257942714_Unraveling_Change_Social_Bonds_and_Recidivism_among_Released_Offenders adresinden alındı google scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 05 19, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37711855_Crime_in_the_Making_Pathways_and_Turning_Points_Through_Life adresinden alındı google scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Laub, J. H., & Wimer, C. (2006). Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects. Criminology, 44, 465-508. 04 22, 2023 tarihinde https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/sampson/files/2006_criminology_laubwimer_1.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Savolainen, J. (2009). Work, family and criminal desistance: Adult social bonds in a nordic welfare state. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 285-304. 06 09, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/23639580 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Shinkfield, A. J., & Graffam, J. (2009). Community reintegration of ex-prisoners: Type and degree of change in variables in-fluencing successful reintegration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(1), 29-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07309757 google scholar
• Shollenberger, T. L. (2009). When relatives return: Interviews with family members of returning prisoners in Houston, Texas. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. 06 22, 2023 tarihinde https://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411903_when_relatives_return.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Shover, N., & Thompson, C. Y. (1992). Age, differential expectations, and crime desistance. Criminology, 30(1), 89-104. 04 14, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/827766 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Simons, R. L., Stewart, E., Gordon, L. C., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2002). A test of life-course explanations for stability and change in antisocial behavior from adolescence to young adulthood. Criminology, 40, 401-434. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00961.x google scholar
• Sönmez, H. (2021). Eski Tutuklu ve Eski Hükümlülerin Cezaevindeki Gündelik Hayat Deneyimleri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Swanson, C., Lee, C. B., Sansone, F. A., & Tatum, K. M. (2013). Incarcerated fathers and their children: Perceptions of barriers to their relationships. The Prison Journal, 93, 453-474. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885513501024 google scholar
• Taylor, C. J. (2015). Recent victimization and recidivism: The potential moderating effects of family support. Violence and victims, 30(2), 342-360. 05 09, 2023 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=soc_crj_faculty adresinden alındı google scholar
• Taylor, C. J. (2016). The family’s role in the reintegration of formerly ıncarcerated individuals: The direct effects of emotional support. The Prison Journal, 96, 331-354. 05 13, 2023 tarihinde https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205225/ adresinden alındı google scholar
• Tewksbury, R., & Connor, D. P. (2012). Inmates who receive visits in prison: Exploring factors that predict. Federal Probation Journal, 76, 343-346. 04 25, 2023 tarihinde https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/76_3_6_0.pdf adresinden alındı google scholar
• Timurturkan, M., Demez, G., Kart, E., Ertan, C., Cankurtaran, S., & Aktin, S. (2017). Hükümlü olmanın sosyal tezahürleri: Sosyal dışlanma, damga ve suç. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 138-157. google scholar
• Toper, M. (2016). Çalişma Yaşaminda Eski Hükümlülere Yönelik Önyargilarin Bireysel Belirleyicileri: Ankara’da Belediyelerde Bir Alan Araştirmasi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2013). Redefining relationships: Explaining the countervailing consequences of paternal incarceration for parenting. American Sociological Review, 78(6), 949-979. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413505589 google scholar
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2021). Ceza İnfaz Kurumu İstatistikleri. 08 02, 2023 tarihinde https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Prison-Statistics-2019-33625 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Türkmen, M. (2017). Topluma geri dönüş yapmaya çalışan suçlular: Sivil toplum ve sosyal devlet açısından eski hükümlülerin istihdam sorunu. SOBİDER Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14, 123-145. google scholar
• Uggen, C., & Kruttschnitt, C. (1998). Crime in the breaking: Gender differences in desistance. Law & Society Review, 32(2), 339-366. 04 19, 2023 tarihinde https://www.jstor.org/stable/827766 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Uggen, C., & Piliavin, I. (1998). Asymmetrical causation and criminal desistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 8, 1399-1422. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1144260 google scholar
• UNODC, (2018), Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and The Social Reintegration of Offenders, United Nations google scholar
• Visher, C. A. (2011). Incarcerated fathers: Pathways from prison to home. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24, 9-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403411418105 google scholar
• Visher, C. A., & Courtney, S. E. (2007). One year out: Experiences of prisoners returning to Cleveland. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. 05 12, 2023 tarihinde https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/43021/311445-One-Year-Out-Experiences-of-Prisoners-Returning-to-Cleveland.PDF adresinden alındı google scholar
• Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: understanding individual pathways. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 29, 89-113. 05 12, 2023 tarihinde https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Warr, M. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36, 183-216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01246.x google scholar
• Weerman, F. M., & Smeenk, W. H. (2005). Peer similarity in delinquency for different types of friends: A comparison using two measurement methods. Criminology, 43(2), 499-524. doi:10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00015.x google scholar
• Western, B. (2006). Punishment and inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage. 05 03, 2023 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249234394_Bruce_Western_Punishment_and_Inequality_in_America_New_York_Russell_Sage _Foundation_2006 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Western, B., Braga, A. A., Davis, J., & Sirois, C. (2015). Stress and hardship after prison. American Journal of Sociology, 120, 1512-1547. doi:10.1086/681301 google scholar
• Winnick, T. A., & Bodkin, M. (2008). Anticipated stigma and stigma management among those to be labeled ‘ex-con’. Deviant Behavior, 29, 295-333. 04 29, 2023 tarihinde https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01639620701588081 adresinden alındı google scholar
• Wright, J. P., Cullen, F. T., & Miller, J. T. (2001). Family social capital and delinquent involvement. Journal of criminal Justice, 29, 1-9. doi:10.3390/socsci9100178 google scholar
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Zamble, E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1997). The Criminal Recidivism Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527579 google scholar