Carlopolis: Sketches of Everyday Life of A Swedish-Cossack Camp on the Frontier (1709 – 1713)

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 35, 97 - 118, 10.11.2021

Volodymyr Milchev

https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.795197

Öz

The purpose of this article is to highlight the daily life of the inhabitants of the camp of the Swedish King Charles (Carl) XII and his Ukrainian allies, in the vicinity of the Turkish fortress Bender on the Dniester River (now the territory of the Republic of Moldova), between 1709 and 1713. The sequence and time of Swedes and Cossacks’ staying in three alternating locations, their conveniences and disadvantages, the influence of the nature of development and the degree of comfort of buildings on the sanitary and epidemiological situation were specified. In the course of the study, the methods of providing food to the population of the camps, the differences in the diet of ordinary soldiers and senior officers, and their relationship with moral and military combat readiness were studied. Also, the influence of the border situation under the conditions of the ongoing war and the unusualness of landscape and climate for the Swedes, on the occurrence of rumours and phobias, and the general mental perception of the steppe region to them was found out.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bender Fortress, Carlopolis, Everyday Life, Charles Xii, Frontier, Ivan Mazepa, Northern War, Swedish-Ukrainian Alliance

Destekleyen Kurum

Zaporizhia National University & Odesa National University "I. Mechnikov"

Teşekkür

dr., prof. Olena Bachyns'ka (Odesa National University "I. Mechnikov")

Kaynakça

• Arkhiv Sankt-Peterburgskogo Instituta istorii Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk, F. 83, Op. 1, D. 5842, L. 1-4.
• Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Voyenno-morskogo flota, F. 233, Op. 1, D. 34, L. 1-471.
• Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov, F. 89, Op. 1, 1711 g., D. 14, L. 1-5.
• Otdel rukopisey, Rossiyskaya natsional’naya biblioteka, F. 905, Op. 2, D. Q-344, L. 1-4 ob.
• Kungliga biblioteket (Sveriges nationalbibliotek). Carl XII. C.17. G1006415. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: http://goran.baarnhielm.net/kb/Snoilsky/Sno_CXII.htm. 20.07.2020.
• Aubry de La Motraye. Travels through Europe, Asia, and into Part of Africa. Vol. II. London, 1723.
• Carl Ignaz Lorinser. Die Pest des Orients. Wie sie entsteht und verhütet wird. Berlin: Enslin, 1837.
• François Marie Arouet Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède. Bâle, 1731.
• Great Northern War plague outbreak. [Электронный ресурс] // Режим доступа: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak#See_also. 05.08.2020.
• Ion Tentiuc, Alexandru Levinschi, Eugen Sava. Investigaţii istorico-arheologice ale sitului istoric “Tabăra regelui Suediei Carol al XII-lea de la Varniţa” // Situl istoric “Tabăra regelui Suediei Carol al XII-lea de la Varnița”. Restaurarea memoriei. Ed.: Eugen Sava, Elena Ploșnița. Chișinău: Tipogr. “Bons Offices”, 2017. С. 123-152.
• Aleksandr Markevich, “K prebyvaniyu Karla ХІІ v Benderakh”. Kiyevskaya starina. Vyp. 12. Kiyev, 1889. S. 642.
• Aleksandr Pushkin, “Zapiski brigadira Moro-de-Braze (kasayemyye do turetskogo pokhoda 1711 goda)”. Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy v 10 tomakh. Tom 8. Moskva-Leningrad, 1951. S. 365-420.
• Andriy Krasnozhon. Fortetsi ta mista Pivnichno-Zakhidnoho Prychornomorya (XV–XVIII st.). Odesa: Chornomorya, 2018.
• Vyacheslav Stanislavs’kyy, “Ivan Mazepa v tabori Karla ХII: turets’kyy vektor dyplomatychnoyi diyal’nosti”. Ukrayins’kyy istorychnyy zhurnal. № 5. Kyyiv, 2008.S. 39-49.
• Vilgelm Lagus, “Karl ХІІ v yuzhnoy Rossii”. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey. Vyp. 3. Odessa, 1853. S 308-336.
• Vladimir Artamonov, Turetsko-russkaya voyna 1710 – 1713 gg. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo «Kuchkovo pole», 2019.
• Volodymyr Milchev, “Zaporoz’kyy harnizon Novoserhiyivs’koyi fortetsi: storinka kampaniyi 1711 roku”. Ukrayina v Tsentral’no-Skhidniy Yevropi (z naydavnishykh chasiv do kintsya XVIII st.). Vyp. 5. Kyyiv, 2005 S. 462-470.
• Georgiy Astvatsaturov, Benderskaya krepost’. Bender: Petitsa, 1997.
• Daniel Krman, Podorozhniy shchodennyk (Initerarium, 1708 – 1709). Kyyiv, 1999.
• Igor Sapozhnikov, Vladimir Levchuk, “Issledovaniya i opisaniya mesta lagerya Karla XII v Varnitse v 1810-kh – 1850-kh gg.”. Situl istoric “Tabăra regelui Suediei Carol al XII-lea de la Varnița”. Restaurarea memoriei. Ed.: Eugen Sava, Elena Ploșnița. Chișinău: Tipogr. “Bons Offices”, 2017. S. 41-56.
• Igor Sapozhnikov, “Mecheti i tserkvi Bender do serediny ХІХ veka”. Emіnak: naukoviy shchokvartal’nik. № 4 (20) (zhovten’-gruden’). T. 2. Mikolaїv, 2017. S. 67-78.
• Nikolay Makarov [sostavitel’], Polnyy russko-frantsuzskiy slovar’. CH. 1-2. Sankt-Peterburg, 1874.
• Oleksandr Herasymchuk [uporyadnyk-perekladach], [Anonim], “Shchodennyk vidstupu shveds’koho korolya do Bender pislya Poltavs’koho boyu”. Siveryans’kyy litopys. № 3 (135). Chernihiv, 2017. S. 96-110.
• Oleksandr Sereda, Osmans’ko-ukrayins’ke stepove porubizhzhya v osmans’ko-turets’kykh dzherelakh XVIII st. Odesa, 2015.
• Oleksandr Slisarenko, Ukrayinc’ko-shveds’kyy viys’kovyy soyuz u Pivnichniy viyni u 1708–1714 rokakh: Dysertatsiya na zdobuttya naukovoho stupenya doktora istorychnykh nauk zi spetsial’nosti 07.00.01. Istoriya Ukrayiny. Kam”yanets’-Podil’s’kyy, 2019.
• Oleksandra Shutko, “Valide Gyul’nush – pokrovytel’ka Karla ХII: tayemne lystuvannya”. Het’mans’ki chytannya. Vyp. 10. Kyyiv, 2019. S. 28-46.
• Opisaniye del Arkhiva morskogo ministerstva za vremya s poloviny XVII do nachala ХІХ stoletiya. T. 1. Sankt-Peterburg, 1877.
• Pavel Krotov, “Kalabalyk u Bender: arkhivnyye materialy o pridnestrovskoy «zavarukhe» Karla ХІІ”. Severnaya voyna v Pridnestrov’ye: Istoriya i sovremennost’. Tiraspol’, 2010. S. 114-123.
• “Perepiska i drugiye bumagi shvedskogo korolya Karla XII, pol’skogo Stanislava Leshchinskogo, tatarskogo khana, turetskogo sultana, general’nogo pisarya F. Orlika, i kiyevskogo voyevody Iosifa Pototskogo, na latinskom i pol’skom yazykakh / Predisloviye O. Bodyanskogo”. Chteniya v Obshchestve istorii i drevnostey Rossiyskikh. Moskva: V Universitetskoy tipografii, 1847. № 1. Razdel ІІІ. Materialy inostrannyye. S. 18-68.
• Peter Englund, Poltava: Rozpovid’ pro zahybel’ odniyeyi armiyi. Kharkiv: Folio; Stokhol’m: Shveds’kyy instytut, 2009.
• Serhiy Pavlenko [uporyadnyk], Viys’kovi kampaniyi doby het’mana Ivana Mazepy v dokumentakh. Kyyiv, 2009.
• Stanislaw Poniatovsky, “Zapiska, ili rasskaz mazovetskogo voyevody S.Poniatovskogo o sobytiyakh ego zhizni so vremeni ego vykhoda iz roditel’skogo doma, napisannyy im po trebovaniyu ego sem’i 22 yanvarya 1734 goda”. Zhurnal Russkogo voyenno-istoricheskogo obshchestva. Vyp. 4. Sankt-Peterburg, 1910. S. 29-45.
• Teodor Mats’kiv, Het’man Ivan Mazepa v zakhidn’oyevropeys’kykh dzherelakh 1687 – 1709. Vyd 2-e, dop. Kyyiv-Poltava, 1995.
• [Fridrikh II Velikiy]. Rassuzhdeniye Friderika II, korolya Prusskogo, o svoystve i voinskikh darovaniyakh Karla XII, posleduyemyye lyubopytnymi i maloizvestnymi anekdotami gosudarstvovaniya i osobennoy zhizni velikogo sego Monarkha. Perevedeno s frantsuzskogo. Moskva: V Universitetskoy tipografii, 1789.
• Khristian-Avgust Vul’pius, Karl XII pri Benderakh. Sankt-Peterburg: V tipografii Imperatorskogo teatra, 1810.