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WOMAN’S PLACE IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN TURKEY: PERSPECTIVES OF ACADEMICS, PRACTITIONERS, AND REPRESENTATIVES OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON IT

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 47, 125 - 142, 15.12.2014

Öz

The place of women in the field of public relations is quite a controversial issue studied mainly in the world, but little has been researched on it in Turkey. The development of public relations in Turkey has occurred with the joint efforts of male and female public relations practitioners. However, it is possible to state that nowadays women are more involved in the public relations work. The purpose of this study is to get the perspectives of academics working in public and private universities, practitioners working in agencies and companies, and representatives of two professional organizations that are active in Istanbul on women and public relations in Turkey. In this study, the aim is to discuss the issue in a broader range by involving different perspectives with detailed data from each of these three groups. In this respect, interviews were conducted with 11 people who are working in the field of public relations for 20 years or more in Istanbul. Although participants indicated that the number of women working in the field was generally higher, they stated that the public relations was not a profession that is specific to women by staying away from a gendered discourse. The development of public relations in Turkey has been reported as atypical compared to other countries in the sense that Turkish women public relations practitioners have top level positions as well

Kaynakça

  • Aldoory, L. & Toth, E. (2002) Gender Discrepancies in A Gendered Profession: A Developing Theo- ry For Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(2), 103–126.
  • Aldoory, L., Reber, B. H., Berger, B.K. & Toth, E. L. (2008). Provocations İn Public Relations: A Study Of Gendered Ideologies of Power–Influence in Practice. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(4), 735–750.
  • Alsaqer, L. (2008). Experience of Female Public Relations Practitioners in Bahrain. Public Relations Review, 34(1), 77–79.
  • Andsgaer, J. L. & Hust, S. J. T. (2005). Differential Gender Orientation in Public Relations: Implica- tions for Career Choices. Public Relations Review, 31(1), 85–91.
  • Bıçakçı, A. B. & Hürmeriç, P. (2013). Milestones in Turkish Public Relations History. Public Rela- tions Review, 39(2), 91–100.
  • Broom, G. M. (1982). A Comparison of Sex Roles in Public Relations. Public Relations Review, 8(3), 17–22.
  • Broom, G.M. & Dozier, D.M. (1986). Advancement for Public Relations Role Models. Public Rela- tions Review, 12(1), 37–56
  • Brown, J. (1998). Spin Sisters: Why is PR The Only High–Tech Field That Women Run?. Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/1998/11/30/feature947543038/
  • Ciner, Ö. (2003). Halkla İlişkiler Sektöründe Cinsiyete Dayalı Ayrımcılık. (Unpublished Master The- sis). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
  • Derosa, D. & Wilcox, D. L. (1989). Gaps Are Narrowing Between Female and Male Students. Pub- lic Relations Review, 15(1), 80–90.
  • Dozier, D. M. & Sha, B. L. (2010). Delusions vs. Data: Longitudinal Analysis of Research on Gen- dered Income Disparities in Public Relations, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention. Denver Colorado, 5 August 2010.
  • Dozier, D. M., Sha, B. L. & Shen, H. (2012). Why Women Earn Less Than Men: The Cost of Gender Discrimination in U.S. Public Relations. Public Relations Journal, 7(1). Retrieved from http:// www.prsa.org/intelligence/prjournal/documents/2013doziershashen.pdf.
  • Farmer, B. & Waugh, L. (1999). Gender Differences in Public Relations Students’ Career Attitudes: A Benchmark Study. Public Relations Review, 25(2), 235–249.
  • Fitch, K. & Third, A. (2010). Working Girls: Revisiting The Gendering of Public Relations. Prism, 7(4), Retrieved from http://www.prismjournal.org.
  • Foss, K. A., Foss, S. K., Griffin, C. L. (1999). Feminist Rhetorical Theories. California: Sage Publica- tions.
  • Froehlich, R. (2004). Obstacles for Women’s Future and Career in Public Relations: Feminine and Feminist Values As A “Friendliness Trap”?. Anzac Conference 2004. Sydney/Australia, Re- trieved from http://www.anzca.net/documents/anzca–04–1/refereed–proceedings–8/310– obstacles–for–women–s–future–and–career–in–public–relations–feminine–and–feminist– values–as–a–frie–1/file.html.
  • Fröhlich, R. & Peters, S. B. (2007). PR Bunnies Caught in The Agency Ghetto? Gender Stereotypes, Organizational Factors, And Women’s Careers in PR Agencies. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(3), 229–254.
  • Garcia, T. (2010). In PR, Women Outnumber Men But Men Still Earn More, Retrieved from http:// www.mediabistro.com/prnewser/in–pr–women–outnumber–men–but–men–still–earn– more_b5703.
  • Geyer, V. (2009). Public Relations: A Role For Women?. Proceedings of The New York State Com- munication Association. Article 2. Retrieved from http://docs.rwu.edu/nyscaproceedings/ vol2008/iss1/2.
  • Görpe, S., Petersone, B. & Walker, B. (2012). Feminisation of The Public Relations/Communica- tions Profession in Europe: Initial Findings: Where Are Women in Public Relations Academia and in The Professional World?. Euprera Congress. İstanbul/ Turkey, 20–22 September 2012.
  • Grunig, L. A., Hon, L. C., & Toth, E. L. (2008). Women in Public Relations: How Gender İnfluences Practice. Mahwah, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Grunıg, L. A., Toth, E. L., & Hon, L. C. (2000). Feminist Values in Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 49–68.
  • Horsley, J. S. (2009). Women’s Contributions to American Public Relations, 1940–1970. Journal of Communication Management, 13(2), 100–115.
  • Bureau Of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 12, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdf
  • KİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.kid–tr.com/uyelerimiz/
  • TÜHİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.tuhid.org/tarihce.html
  • TÜHİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.tuhid.org/tuhidde–yeni–donem.html
  • Hutton, J. G. (2005). The Myth of Salary Discrimination in Public Relations. Public Relations Re- view, 31(1), 73–83.
  • Kocacık, F. & Gökkaya, V. B. (2005). Türkiye’de Çalışan Kadınlar ve Sorunları. C.Ü. İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (1), 195–219.
  • Lesly, P. (1988). Public Relations Numbers Are Up But Stature Down. Public Relations Review, 14(4), 1–7.
  • Makovsky, K. (2013). Women in Leadership in PR. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/ kenmakovsky/2013/02/25/davos–blog–1–women–in–leadership–in–pr/
  • Marketing Türkiye Dergisi. (2005, March 15).
  • Melgin, E. (2013). Gender Imbalance: Why is The Female–Dominated PR Industry Still Led By Men? Retrieved from http://www.ipra.org/itl/10/2013/gender–imbalance–why–is–the–fe- male–dominated–pr–industry–still–led–by–men.
  • Mitrook, M. A. (2005). Changing Attitudes and Aptitudes: Gender Differences and Outlook On The Future By Incoming Public Relations Students From 1994–2004. International Communi- cation Association Annual Conference. New York/USA, May 26–30 2005.
  • Preston, J. A. (1999). Occupational Gender Segregation: Trends and Explanations. The Quarterly Review of Economics And Finance, 39(5), 611– 624.
  • Prsa Work, Life & Gender 2010 Survey. Retrieved from http://www.prsa.org/conferences/ınter- nationalconference/ program/sessions/ details/485/work_life_gender _findings_ from_the_ prsa_2010_surve#.u7_tqvl_v9s.
  • Sha, B. (2001). The Feminization of Public Relations: Contributing To A More Ethical Practice. In E. L. Toth & L. Aldoory (Eds.), The Gender Challenge To Media: Diverse Voices From The Field (pp.153–177). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Taff, H. P. (2003). Times Have Changed? IABC Research Foundation’s ‘The Velvet Ghetto Study’ Revisited. Communication World. Feb/Mar, 10–11.
  • Tanyıldızı, N. İ. (2011). Türkiye’de Halkla İlişkiler Mesleğinde Kadın, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomı̇k Araştırmalar Dergı̇si, 13(20), 75–81.
  • Toth, E. L. (1989). Whose Freedom and Equity in Public Relations? The Gender Balance Argu- ment. Mass Communication Review, 16, 70–76.
  • Tuncer, M. U. (2011). Halkla İlişkilerde Meslek Standartları: Uygulayıcılara Yönelik Bir Araştırma,

TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 47, 125 - 142, 15.12.2014

Öz

Halkla ilişkiler alanında kadının yeri, dünyada oldukça tartışılan bir konu olmasına rağmen ülkemizde yeteri kadar incelenmemiştir. Türkiye’de halkla ilişkilerin gelişimi, kadın ve erkek halkla ilişkiler uygulayıcılarının ortak çabası ile gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak günümüzde halkla ilişkiler işlerinde daha çok kadınların yer aldığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de halkla ilişkiler alanında kadınların durumuna ilişkin devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinde çalışan akademisyenlerin, ajansta veya işletmelerdeki uygulamacıların ve İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren iki meslek örgütünün temsilcilerinin görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında her üç gruptan da detaylı veriler elde ederek, konuyu geniş bir alanda ve farklı bakış açıları doğrultusunda tartışmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 20 yıl veya daha uzun süredir halkla ilişkiler alanında çalışan 11 kişi ile İstanbul’da görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Katılımcılar, genel olarak alanda çalışan kadınların sayısının daha fazla olduğunu belirtmekle birlikte, cinsiyetçi bir söylemden uzak durarak halkla ilişkilerin kadınlara özgü bir meslek olmadığını belirtmiştir. Türkiye’de halkla ilişkiler alanındaki gelişimin tipik bir örnek olmadığı belirtilmiş ve kadınların bu alanda üst düzeylerde de rahatça yer aldığı dile getirilmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Aldoory, L. & Toth, E. (2002) Gender Discrepancies in A Gendered Profession: A Developing Theo- ry For Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 14(2), 103–126.
  • Aldoory, L., Reber, B. H., Berger, B.K. & Toth, E. L. (2008). Provocations İn Public Relations: A Study Of Gendered Ideologies of Power–Influence in Practice. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(4), 735–750.
  • Alsaqer, L. (2008). Experience of Female Public Relations Practitioners in Bahrain. Public Relations Review, 34(1), 77–79.
  • Andsgaer, J. L. & Hust, S. J. T. (2005). Differential Gender Orientation in Public Relations: Implica- tions for Career Choices. Public Relations Review, 31(1), 85–91.
  • Bıçakçı, A. B. & Hürmeriç, P. (2013). Milestones in Turkish Public Relations History. Public Rela- tions Review, 39(2), 91–100.
  • Broom, G. M. (1982). A Comparison of Sex Roles in Public Relations. Public Relations Review, 8(3), 17–22.
  • Broom, G.M. & Dozier, D.M. (1986). Advancement for Public Relations Role Models. Public Rela- tions Review, 12(1), 37–56
  • Brown, J. (1998). Spin Sisters: Why is PR The Only High–Tech Field That Women Run?. Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/1998/11/30/feature947543038/
  • Ciner, Ö. (2003). Halkla İlişkiler Sektöründe Cinsiyete Dayalı Ayrımcılık. (Unpublished Master The- sis). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
  • Derosa, D. & Wilcox, D. L. (1989). Gaps Are Narrowing Between Female and Male Students. Pub- lic Relations Review, 15(1), 80–90.
  • Dozier, D. M. & Sha, B. L. (2010). Delusions vs. Data: Longitudinal Analysis of Research on Gen- dered Income Disparities in Public Relations, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Convention. Denver Colorado, 5 August 2010.
  • Dozier, D. M., Sha, B. L. & Shen, H. (2012). Why Women Earn Less Than Men: The Cost of Gender Discrimination in U.S. Public Relations. Public Relations Journal, 7(1). Retrieved from http:// www.prsa.org/intelligence/prjournal/documents/2013doziershashen.pdf.
  • Farmer, B. & Waugh, L. (1999). Gender Differences in Public Relations Students’ Career Attitudes: A Benchmark Study. Public Relations Review, 25(2), 235–249.
  • Fitch, K. & Third, A. (2010). Working Girls: Revisiting The Gendering of Public Relations. Prism, 7(4), Retrieved from http://www.prismjournal.org.
  • Foss, K. A., Foss, S. K., Griffin, C. L. (1999). Feminist Rhetorical Theories. California: Sage Publica- tions.
  • Froehlich, R. (2004). Obstacles for Women’s Future and Career in Public Relations: Feminine and Feminist Values As A “Friendliness Trap”?. Anzac Conference 2004. Sydney/Australia, Re- trieved from http://www.anzca.net/documents/anzca–04–1/refereed–proceedings–8/310– obstacles–for–women–s–future–and–career–in–public–relations–feminine–and–feminist– values–as–a–frie–1/file.html.
  • Fröhlich, R. & Peters, S. B. (2007). PR Bunnies Caught in The Agency Ghetto? Gender Stereotypes, Organizational Factors, And Women’s Careers in PR Agencies. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(3), 229–254.
  • Garcia, T. (2010). In PR, Women Outnumber Men But Men Still Earn More, Retrieved from http:// www.mediabistro.com/prnewser/in–pr–women–outnumber–men–but–men–still–earn– more_b5703.
  • Geyer, V. (2009). Public Relations: A Role For Women?. Proceedings of The New York State Com- munication Association. Article 2. Retrieved from http://docs.rwu.edu/nyscaproceedings/ vol2008/iss1/2.
  • Görpe, S., Petersone, B. & Walker, B. (2012). Feminisation of The Public Relations/Communica- tions Profession in Europe: Initial Findings: Where Are Women in Public Relations Academia and in The Professional World?. Euprera Congress. İstanbul/ Turkey, 20–22 September 2012.
  • Grunig, L. A., Hon, L. C., & Toth, E. L. (2008). Women in Public Relations: How Gender İnfluences Practice. Mahwah, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Grunıg, L. A., Toth, E. L., & Hon, L. C. (2000). Feminist Values in Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), 49–68.
  • Horsley, J. S. (2009). Women’s Contributions to American Public Relations, 1940–1970. Journal of Communication Management, 13(2), 100–115.
  • Bureau Of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 12, 2014 from http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdf
  • KİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.kid–tr.com/uyelerimiz/
  • TÜHİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.tuhid.org/tarihce.html
  • TÜHİD, (2014, August 11). Retrieved from http://www.tuhid.org/tuhidde–yeni–donem.html
  • Hutton, J. G. (2005). The Myth of Salary Discrimination in Public Relations. Public Relations Re- view, 31(1), 73–83.
  • Kocacık, F. & Gökkaya, V. B. (2005). Türkiye’de Çalışan Kadınlar ve Sorunları. C.Ü. İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (1), 195–219.
  • Lesly, P. (1988). Public Relations Numbers Are Up But Stature Down. Public Relations Review, 14(4), 1–7.
  • Makovsky, K. (2013). Women in Leadership in PR. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/ kenmakovsky/2013/02/25/davos–blog–1–women–in–leadership–in–pr/
  • Marketing Türkiye Dergisi. (2005, March 15).
  • Melgin, E. (2013). Gender Imbalance: Why is The Female–Dominated PR Industry Still Led By Men? Retrieved from http://www.ipra.org/itl/10/2013/gender–imbalance–why–is–the–fe- male–dominated–pr–industry–still–led–by–men.
  • Mitrook, M. A. (2005). Changing Attitudes and Aptitudes: Gender Differences and Outlook On The Future By Incoming Public Relations Students From 1994–2004. International Communi- cation Association Annual Conference. New York/USA, May 26–30 2005.
  • Preston, J. A. (1999). Occupational Gender Segregation: Trends and Explanations. The Quarterly Review of Economics And Finance, 39(5), 611– 624.
  • Prsa Work, Life & Gender 2010 Survey. Retrieved from http://www.prsa.org/conferences/ınter- nationalconference/ program/sessions/ details/485/work_life_gender _findings_ from_the_ prsa_2010_surve#.u7_tqvl_v9s.
  • Sha, B. (2001). The Feminization of Public Relations: Contributing To A More Ethical Practice. In E. L. Toth & L. Aldoory (Eds.), The Gender Challenge To Media: Diverse Voices From The Field (pp.153–177). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Taff, H. P. (2003). Times Have Changed? IABC Research Foundation’s ‘The Velvet Ghetto Study’ Revisited. Communication World. Feb/Mar, 10–11.
  • Tanyıldızı, N. İ. (2011). Türkiye’de Halkla İlişkiler Mesleğinde Kadın, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomı̇k Araştırmalar Dergı̇si, 13(20), 75–81.
  • Toth, E. L. (1989). Whose Freedom and Equity in Public Relations? The Gender Balance Argu- ment. Mass Communication Review, 16, 70–76.
  • Tuncer, M. U. (2011). Halkla İlişkilerde Meslek Standartları: Uygulayıcılara Yönelik Bir Araştırma,
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

BURCU Öksüz Bu kişi benim

SERRA Görpe Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

APA Öksüz, B., & Görpe, S. (2014). TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal(47), 125-142.
AMA Öksüz B, Görpe S. TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal. Aralık 2014;(47):125-142.
Chicago Öksüz, BURCU, ve SERRA Görpe. “TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal, sy. 47 (Aralık 2014): 125-42.
EndNote Öksüz B, Görpe S (01 Aralık 2014) TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal 47 125–142.
IEEE B. Öksüz ve S. Görpe, “TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal, sy. 47, ss. 125–142, Aralık 2014.
ISNAD Öksüz, BURCU - Görpe, SERRA. “TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal 47 (Aralık 2014), 125-142.
JAMA Öksüz B, Görpe S. TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal. 2014;:125–142.
MLA Öksüz, BURCU ve SERRA Görpe. “TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal, sy. 47, 2014, ss. 125-42.
Vancouver Öksüz B, Görpe S. TÜRKİYE’DE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER ALANINDA KADININ YERİ: AKADEMİSYENLER, UYGULAMACILAR VE MESLEK ÖRGÜTÜ TEMSİLCİLERİNİN KONUYA YAKLAŞIMLARI. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi | Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal. 2014(47):125-42.