THE ASSOCIATES OF MANAGER RELATIONS, HUMAN RESOURCES PRACTICES AND AUTONOMY WITH EMPLOYEE INNOVATIVENESS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: EVIDENCE FROM INNOVATIVE FIRMS IN TURKEY

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 78, 33 - 57, 27.08.2015

Seçil Taştan

Öz

Çalışanlarda yenilikçilik kavramı literatürde yüksek performanslı ve yenilikçi örgütleri inceleyen çok sayıda çalışmada ele alınmış olan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.  Konu ile ilgili literatürde, çalışanlarda yenilikçiliğin daha çok destekleyici yönetim, etkin ve tatmin edici insane kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları, iş otonomisi ve destekleyici örgüt kültürü kavramları ile ilişkilendirilmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, örgütlerde yenilikçilik konusu çerçevesinde, söz konusu yönetici ilişkileri, insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve işyerindeki otonomiye ilişkin algıların çalışanlardaki yenilikçi davranışlarla ilişkili olabileceği ve algılanan yenilikçi-destekleyici tarzdaki örgüt kültürünün bu ilişkiler üzerinde düzenleyi role sahip olabileceği varsayımı üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Türkiye’de farklı sektörlerde yer alan ve yüksek performanslı ve yenilikçi kurumlar olarak tanımlanmış olan 12 firmada bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulanan anket çalışmasına 235 alt ve orta kademe yönetici katılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve LISREL programları kullanılarak  analize tabi tutulmuş, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ile değişkenlere ilişkin ölçümlemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara gore, algılanan yenilikçi-destekleyici örgüt kültürünün destekleyici yönetici ilişkileri, insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve otonominin çalışanlarda yenilikçi davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini güçlendirdiği ve düzenleyici değişken rolünün anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Innovativeness, Supportive manager relations, Human resources practices, Autonomy, Organizational culture, Innovative firms

THE ASSOCIATES OF MANAGER RELATIONS, HUMAN RESOURCES PRACTICES AND AUTONOMY WITH EMPLOYEE INNOVATIVENESS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: EVIDENCE FROM INNOVATIVE FIRMS IN TURKEY

Öz

Çalışanlarda yenilikçilik kavramı literatürde yüksek performanslı ve yenilikçi örgütleri inceleyen çok sayıda çalışmada ele alınmış olan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.Konu ile ilgili literatürde, çalışanlarda yenilikçiliğin daha çok destekleyici yönetim, etkin ve tatmin edici insane kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları, iş otonomisi ve destekleyici örgüt kültürü kavramları ile ilişkilendirilmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, örgütlerde yenilikçilik konusu çerçevesinde, söz konusu yönetici ilişkileri, insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve işyerindeki otonomiye ilişkin algıların çalışanlardaki yenilikçi davranışlarla ilişkili olabileceği ve algılanan yenilikçi-destekleyici tarzdaki örgüt kültürünün bu ilişkiler üzerinde düzenleyi role sahip olabileceği varsayımı üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Türkiye’de farklı sektörlerde yer alan ve yüksek performanslı ve yenilikçi kurumlar olarak tanımlanmış olan 12 firmada bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulanan anket çalışmasına 235 alt ve orta kademe yönetici katılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve LISREL programları kullanılarak analize tabi tutulmuş, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi ile değişkenlere ilişkin ölçümlemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara gore, algılanan yenilikçi-destekleyici örgüt kültürünün destekleyici yönetici ilişkileri, insan kaynakları uygulamaları ve otonominin çalışanlarda yenilikçi davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini güçlendirdiği ve düzenleyici değişken rolünün anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yenilikçilik, Destekleyici yönetici ilişkileri, İnsan kaynakları uygulamaları, Otonomi, Örgüt kültürü, Yenilikçi firmalar

Kaynakça

• AMABILE T.M., CONTI, R., COON, H., LAZENBY, J., HERRON, M. ,1996, “Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity”, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol.39, pp:1154-1184.
• AXTELL, C.M., HOLMAN, D.J., UNSWORTH, K.L., WALL, T.D., WATERSON, P.E., HARRINGTON, E., 2000, “Shopfloor innovation: facilitating the suggestion and implementation of ideas”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol.73, pp:265-285.
• AZANZA, G., MORIANO, J. A., MOLERO, F., 2013, "Authentic leadership and organizational culture as drivers of employees’ job satisfaction", Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, Vol.29, No.2, pp:45-50.
• BASADUR, M., 2004, “Leading others to think innovatively together: Creative leadership”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.15, No.1, pp:103-121.
• BEER, M., SPECTOR, B., LAWRENCE, P.R., QUINN MILLS, D., WALTON, R.E., 1984, Managing Human Assets, A general manager’s perspective, New York, NY: Free Press.
• BLAYSE, A.M. and MANLEY, K., 2004, “Key influences on construction innovation”, Construction Innovation, Information, Process Management, Vol.4, pp:143-154.
• BOYACIGILLER, N.A. and ADLER, N.J., 1991, "The parochial dinosaur: Organizational science in a global context", Academy of Management Journal, Vol.16, pp:262–290.
• BROWNE, M. W. and CUDECK, R., 1993, "Alternative ways of assessing model fit", Sage Focus Editions, No.154, pp:136-136.
• BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş., 2007, Handbook of Data Analysis for Social Sciences (Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı), Pegem Publishing, Ankara.
• BYRNE, B. M., 2013, Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
• CHALOFSKY, N. and KRISHNA, V., 2009, “Meaningfulness, commitment, and engagement: The intersection of a deeper level of intrinsic motivation”, Advances in Developing Human Resources, Vol.11, No.2, pp:189-203.
• CHAY, Y. W. and ARYEE, S., 1999, “Potential moderating influence of career growth opportunities on careerist orientation and work attitudes: Evidence of the protean career era in Singapore”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.20, No.5, pp:613-623.
• COTTON, J. L., 1995, “Participation’s effect on performance and satisfaction: A reconsideration of Wagner”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.20, No.2, pp:276-278.
• DAMANPOUR, F., 1991, “Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.34, No.3, pp:555–559.
• DASANAYAKA, S. W. S. B., 2009, “Implications of Organizational Culture on Innovation: An Exploratory Micro Study of Sri Lankan Gift and Decorative-ware Sector Firms”. In 3th Conference on Micro Evidence on Innovation in Developing Economies.
• DE JONG, J. P. andDEN HARTOG, D. N., 2008, Innovative work behavior: measurement and Validation, EIM Business and Policy Research: U.S.A..
• DE NIJS, W., 1998, “Human resource management”, In H.Doorewaard and W. De Nijs (Eds.), Organisatieontwikkeling en Human Resource Management (pp. 23-47). Lemma: Utrecht.
• DE SPIEGELAERE, S., VAN GYES, G., DE WITTE, H., NIESEN, W., VANHOOTEGEM, G., 2014, “On the Relation of Job Insecurity, Job Autonomy, Innovative Work Behaviour and the Mediating Effect of Work Engagement”, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol.23, No.3, pp:318-330.
• DECI, E. L. and RYAN, R. M., 2012, “Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory”, The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, Vol.6, pp.,:85-107.
• DECI, E. L., CONNELL, J. P.,RYAN, R. M., 1989, “Self-determination in a work organization”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.74, No.4, pp:580-598.
• DECI, E.L. andRYAN, R.M., 1985, Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, New York, NY: Plenum. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7.
• DIEDERICKS, E., 2012, Flourishing of employees in the information technology industry in South Africa, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
• ERTENU, B., 2008, The role of psychological empowerment between managerial practices and organizational citizenship behavior, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, Istanbul.
• GARSON, G. D., 2012, Testing statistical assumptions. North Carolina: Statistical Associates Publishing.
• GOLDSMITH, R. E., 2011, “The validity of a scale to measure global innovativeness”, Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol.7, No.2, pp:89-97.
• HACKMAN, R. and OLDHAM, G.R., 1975, “Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol.16, pp:250-279.
• HAKANEN, J., BAKKER, A. B., SCHAUFELI, W. B., 2006, “Burnout and work engagement among teachers”, Journal of School Psychology, Vol.43, pp:495–513.
• HARTMANN, A., 2006, “The role of organizational culture in motivating innovative behaviour in construction firms”, Construction Innovation: Information Process Management, Vol.6, pp: 159-172.
• HOBFOLL, S. E., 1989, “Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress”, American Psychologist, Vol.44, pp:513–524.
• HORNUNG, S. and ROUSSEAU, D.M., 2007, “Active on the job Proactive in Change: How Autonomy at Work Contributes to Employee Support for Organizational Change”, The Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol.43, pp:401-423.
• HU, L. T. and BENTLER, P. M., 1999, "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives", Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol.6, No.1, pp:1-55.
• HUHTALA, H. and PARZEFALL, M. R., 2007, “A review of employee well-being and innovativeness: An opportunity for a mutual benefit”, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol.16, No.3, pp:299-306.
• HURT, H. T., JOSEPH, K., COOK, C. D., 1977, “Scales for the measurement of innovativeness”, Human Communication Research, Vol.4, No.1, pp:58-65.
• IMRAN, R., ZAHOOR, F., ZAHEER, A., 2012, "Leadership and performance relationship: culture matters", Leadership, No.3, pp:557-579.
• JANSSEN, O., 2000, “Job demands, perceptions of effort—reward fairness and innovative work behavior”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol.73, pp:287-302.
• JASKYTE, K. and DRESSLER, W.W., 2005, “Organizational Culture and Innovation in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations”, Administrative Social Work, Vol.29, pp:23-41.
• JUNG, J., SU, X., BAEZA, M., HONG, S., 2008, "The effect of organizational culture stemming from national culture towards quality management deployment", The TQM Journal, Vol.20, No.6, pp:622-635.
• KANTER, R. M., 1988, “Three tiers for innovation research”, Communication Research, Vol.15, No.5, pp:509-523.
• KHILJI, S. E. and WANG, X., 2007, “New evidence in an old debate: Investigating the relationship between HR satisfaction and turnover”, International Business Review, Vol.16, No.3, pp:377-395.
• KOBERG, C. S. and CHUSMIR, L. H., 1987, “Organizational culture relationships with creativity and other job-related variables”, Journal of Business Research, Vol.15, No.5, pp:397-409.
• KRANENBURG, D.G., 2013, The Effect of Organizational Culture and Leadership Style on Organizational Commitment Within SMEs in Suriname, With Job Satisfaction as a Mediator. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Maastricht School of Management, Management & Business Strategy.
• KULIK T.C., OLDHAM G.R., HACKMAN J.R., 1987, “Work Design as an Approach to Person-Environment Fit”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.31, pp:278-296.
• LIMPANITGUL, T., JIROTMONTREE, A., ROBSON, M. J., BOONCHOO, P., 2013, "Job attitudes and prosocial service behavior: A test of the moderating role of organizational culture", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol.20, pp:5-12.
• LOK, P. andCRAWFORD, J., 2004, “The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison”, Journal of Management Development, Vol.23,No.4,pp:321-338.
• MARTIN, E.C. and TERBLANCHE, F., 2003, “Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.6, pp: 64-74.
• MATUSKA, E., 2011, “Innovations at organization via creativity of employees”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, Vol.3, No.1, pp:103-112.
• MAY, D. R., GILSON, R. L., HARTER, L. M., 2004, “The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol.77, No.1, pp:11-37.
• MIDGLEY, D. F. and DOWLING, G. R., 1978, “Innovativeness: the concept and its measurement”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.2, pp:229-242.
• MUMFORD, M.D., SCOTT, G.M., GADDIS, B., STRANGE, J.M., 2002, “Leading Creative People: Orchestrating Expertise and Relationships”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.13, pp:705-750.
• NUNNALLY, J.C.and BERNSTEIN, I.H., 1994, Psychometric Theory, 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. Sharma.
• OLDMAN, R. and CUMMINGS, A., 1996, “Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Factors at Work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.39, pp:607-634.
• PALICH, L.E., HOM, P.W., GRIFFETH, R.W., 1995, "Managing in the international context: Testing the cultural generality of sources of commitment to multinational enterprises", Journal of Management, Vol.21, pp:671–690.
• PANUWATWANICH, K., STEWART, R.A., MOHAMED, S., 2009, “Critical Pathways to Enhanced Innovation Diffusion and Business Performance in Australian Design Firms”, Automation Construction, Vol.18, pp: 790-797.
• PARZEFALL, M. R., SEECK, H., LEPPÄNEN, A., 2008, “Employee innovativeness in organizations: a review of the antecedents”, Finnish Journal of Business Economics, Vol.2, pp: 165-182.
• PODSAKOFF, P. M., MACKENZIE, S. B., LEE, J.-L., PODSAKOFF, N. P., 2003, “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical View of the Literature and Recommended Remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.88, pp:879–903.
• PURCELL, J. and HUTCHINSON, S., 2007, “Front-line managers as agents in the HRM-performance causal chain: Theory, analysis and evidence”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.17, No.1, pp:3-20.
• RAMAMOORTHY, N., FLOOD, P. C., SLATTERY, T., SARDESSAI, R., 2005, “Determinants of innovative work behavior: Development and test of a integrated model”, Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol.14, No.2, pp:142-150.
• RASOOL, S., KIYAN, A. A., ASLAM, M. J., AKRAM, M. U., RAJPUT, A. A., 2012, “Impact of organizational culture on employee’s career salience: An empirical study of banking sector in Islamabad, Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol.3, No.7, pp:299-306.
• REDDING, S.G., NORMAN, A., SCHLANDER, A., 1994, "The nature of individual attachment to the organization: A review of East Asian variations". In H.C. Triandis, M. Dunnette, & L. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd edn., Vol. 4, pp. 648–688). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• ROBERT, C. and WASTI, S. A., 2002, "Organizational individualism and collectivism: Theoretical development and an empirical test of a measure", Journal of Management, Vol.28, No.4, pp:544-566.
• ROGERS, E.M., 1983, The Diffusion of Innovation, 3rd Edition, New York: The Free Press.
• ROTHMANN, S. and ROTHMANN, S. Jr., 2010, “Factors associated with employee engagement in South Africa”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.36, No.2, pp:1–12.
• ROTHMANN, S., DIEDERICKS, E., SWART, J. P., 2013, “Manager relations, psychological need satisfaction and intention to leave in the agricultural sector”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol.39, No.2, pp:1-11.
• RUSCHOFF, B., 2008, Uncovering individual potential: An integrative approach to LMX and transformational leadership, Unpublished Bachelor’s Dissertation, University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Germany.
• SAKS, A. M., 2006, "Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol.21, Noç7, pp:600-619.
• SALANOVA, M., BAKKER, A. B., LLORENS, S., 2006, “Flow at Work: Evidence for an Upward Spiral of Personal and Organizational Resources”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol.7, pp:1–22.
• SAZANDRISHVILI, N., 2009, Contextual and Personal Antecedents of Innovative Behavior, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Twente, U.S.A.
• SCHERMELLEH-ENGEL, K., MOOSBRUGGER, H., MÜLLER, H., 2003, "Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures", Methods of Psychological Research Online, Vol.8, No.2, pp:23-74.
• SCOTT, S. G. and BRUCE, R. A., 1994, “Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.37,No.3, pp:580-607.
• SCOTT-LADD, B. and CHAN, C. C., 2004, “Emotional intelligence and participation in decision-making: strategies for promoting organizational learning and change”, Strategic Change, Vol.13, No.2, pp:95-105.
• SHALLEY, C.E. and GILSON, L.L., 2004, “What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol.15, No.1, pp:33–53.
• SHIPTON, H., WEST, M.A., DAWSON, J., BIRDI, K., PATTERSON, M., 2006, “HRM as a predictor of innovation”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.16, No.1, pp:3-27.
• SOLOMON, G.T., WINSLOW, E.K., TARABISHY, A., 2010, “The role of climate in fostering innovative behavior in entrepreneurial SMEs”, Derived from http://usasbe.org/knowledge/proceedings/proceedingsDocs/USASBE1998proceedings-29-Solomon.PDF (05.04.2012).
• SWART, J.P., 2012, Antecedents and outcomes of happiness of managers in the agricultural sector in South Africa, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
• ŞIMŞEK, Ö.F., 2007, Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları (Basic principles for structural equational modelling and LISREL applications), Ekinoks Publishing: Ankara.
• TAŞTAN, S. B., 2013, “The influences of participative organizational climate and self-leadership on innovative behavior and the roles of job involvement and proactive personality: A survey in the context of SMEs in Izmir”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol.75, pp:407-419.
• TORKA, N. and SCHYNS, B., 2007, “On the transferability of “traditional” satisfaction theory to non-traditional employment relationships: Temp agency work satisfaction”, Employee Relations, Vol.29, No.5, pp:440-457.
• VALENCIA, J.C.N., VALLE, R.S., JIMENEZ, D.J., 2010, “Organizational culture as determinant of product innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.13, pp:466-480.
• VAN DEN BROECK, A., VANSTEENKISTE, M., LENS, W.,DE WITTE, H., 2010, “Unemployed individuals' work values and job flexibility: An explanation from expectancy-value theory and self-determination theory”, Applied Psychology, Vol.59, No.2, pp:296-317.
• VINCENT, A. S., DECKER, B. P., MUMFORD, M. D., 2002, “Divergent thinking, intelligence, and expertise: A test of alternative models”, Creativity Research Journal, Vol.14, No.2, pp:163-178.
• YUSOF, N. A. and ABIDIN, N. Z., 2011, "Does Organizational Culture Influence the Innovativeness of Public-Listed Housing Developers?", American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.8, No.7, pp:724-744.
• WALKER, I., 2012, Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, Structural Equation Modelling, Johns and Bartlett Publisher.
• WALLACH, E. J., 1983, “Individuals and organizations: The cultural match”, Training & Development Journal, Vol.37, No.2, pp:28-50.
• WALSH, M., LYNCH, P.,HARRINGTON, D., 2009, “Innovativeness: A conceptual framework–antecedents, dimensions, and outcomes”. In 27th Euro CHRIE Conference: From Services to Experiences in Tourism and the Hospitality Industry and Education, Vol. 22, pp:1-20.
• WANG, C.L. and AHMED, P.K., 2004, “The development and validation of the organizational innovativeness construct using confirmatory factor analysis”, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.7, No.4, pp:303-313.
• WANG, H., LAW, K. S., HACKETT, R. D., WANG, D.,CHEN, Z. X., 2005, “Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behavior”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.48, No.3, pp:420-432.
• WASTI, S.A., 2003, “The influence of cultural values on antecedents of organizational commitment: an individual-level analysis”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol.52, No.4, pp:533-554.
• WOODMAN, R. W., SAWYER, J. E. AND GRIFFIN, R. W., 1993, “Toward a theory of Organizational Creativity”, Academy of Management Review, Vol.18, No.2, pp:293-321.
• XANTHOPOULOU, D., BAKKER, A. B., DEMEROUTI, E., SCHAUFELI, W. B., 2009, “Reciprocal Relationships Between Job Resources, Personal Resources, And Work Engagement”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.74, No.3, pp:235-244.
• ZHENG,W., YANG, B., MCLEAN, G.N., 2009, "Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management", Journal of Business Research, doi:10,1016.
• https://www.stat.purdue.edu/StructuralEquationModeling.doc,Accessed: 15.02.2014.