Türkiye'de Kadınların İşgücüne Katılımı: 1988-2008 Dönemine Yeniden Bakış

Yıl 2023, , 213 - 244, 30.01.2023

Serkan Değirmenci

https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1201276

Öz

Bu çalışma, 1980 sonrası piyasa liberalleşme döneminde Türkiye işgücü piyasasına işgücüne katılımın yapısal belirleyicilerindeki değişiklikleri kır-kent yerleşimi, cinsiyet, yaş ve eğitime göre ayrıştırarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İncelenen dönemin bir özelliği olarak, ekonomik krizlerin, evli kadınlar gibi bu etkilere karşı özellikle savunmasız gruplar üzerinde cesareti kırılmış bir işçi etkisine karşı ek bir işçi etkisi yaratma üzerindeki etkilerini de inceler. Bu makale, 1988 ve 2007 dönemlerine ait Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketinden elde edilen mikro verileri, tüm örneklemler için ve cinsiyete göre ayrıştırılmış gruplar için ayrı ayrı bir logit regresyon analizi aracılığıyla Türkiye işgücü piyasasındaki uzun vadeli işgücü arzı davranışını analiz etmek için kullanmaktadır. Ayrıca, 2000-2001 ve 2007- 2008 yılları için Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi mikro veri setlerini, ekonomik kriz yıllarında kocası işsiz olan evli kadınlar üzerinde artan ve cesareti kırılan işçi etkilerinin varlığını ve baskınlığını test etmek için kullanır. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma, evli olmanın ve hanede küçük çocuk sahibi olmanın, kadınların işgücüne katılımını erkeklerden farklı olarak azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, ekonomik krizler, kocalarının işsizliği ile karşı karşıya kalan evli kadınların işgücü piyasasına katılma olasılığını artırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ek çalışan etkisi, Cesareti kırılmış çalışan etkisi, Ekonomik krizler, Kadınların işgücü arzı, Kadınların işgücüne katılımı

Female Labor Force Participation in Turkiye: Revisiting the 1988-2008 Period

Öz

This study aims to investigate the changes in the structural determinants of labor force participation in the Turkish labor market for the post-1980 market liberalization period disaggregated by rural-urban location, gender, age, and education. As a characteristic of the period under investigation, it also examines the effects of the economic crises on producing an added worker effect versus a discouraged worker effect on particularly vulnerable groups to these effects, such as married women. This paper employs the microdata from the Household Labor Force Survey for the two periods 1988 and 2007 to analyze the long-term labor supply behavior in the Turkish labor market through a logit regression analysis for the whole samples and separately for groups disaggregated by gender. Additionally, it uses the Household Labor Force Survey microdata sets for 2000-2001 and 2007-2008 to test the existence and dominance of added versus discouraged worker effects on married women whose husbands were unemployed in the years of economic crises. As a result, this study finds that being married and having small children in the household decreases women’s labor force participation, unlike men. However, economic crises increase the possibility of labor market participation for married women facing husbands’ unemployment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Added worker effect, Discouraged worker effect, Economic crises, Female labor supply, Female labor force participation

Kaynakça

• Akyol, P., & Ökten, Ç. (2019). The role of culture on female labor supply: Evidence from Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 12620. google scholar
• Aldan, A., & Öztürk, S. (2020). Kadın İşgücüne Katılımında Artışın Belirleyicileri: Kuşak Etkisinin Ayrıştırılması (Determinants of the Rise in Female Labor Force Participation: Identifying Cohort Effects). Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 21 (2), 141-156. google scholar
• Atasoy, B. S. (2017). Female labour force participation in Turkey: The role of traditionalism. The European Journal of Development Research, 29(4), 675-706. google scholar
• Ayhan, S. H. (2018). Married women’s added worker effect during the 2008 economic crisis-The case of Turkey. Review of Economics of the Household, 16, 767-790. google scholar
• Başlevent, C., & Onaran, O. (2003). Are married women in Turkey more likely to become added or discouraged workers? Labour, 17(3), 439-458. google scholar
• Başlevent, C., & Onaran, O. (2004). The effect of export-oriented growth on female labor market outcomes in Turkey. World Development, 32(8), 1375-1393. google scholar
• Biçerli, M. K. (2004). İşsizlikle mücadelede aktif istihdam politikaları, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, No. 1563, Eskişehir. google scholar
• Boratav, K. (2009). Türkiye iktisat tarihi 1908-2007, İmge Kitabevi, 13. Baskı, Ankara. google scholar
• Borjas, G. J. (2002). Labor economics. Second Edition, Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. google scholar
• Bulutay, T. (1995). Employment, unemployment, and wages in Turkey. International Labor Organization. google scholar
• Cahuc, P., & Zylberberg, A. (2004). Labor Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. google scholar
• Çağatay, N., & Berik, G. (1990). Transition to export-led growth in Turkey: Is there a feminization of employment? Review of Radical Political Economics, 22(1), 115-134. google scholar
• Çağatay, N., & Özler, Ş. (1995). Feminization of the labor force: The effects of long-term development and structural adjustment. World Development, 23(11), 1883-1894. google scholar
• Çam, S. (2002). Neo-liberalism and labour within the context of an ‘emerging market’ economy-Turkey. Capital & Class, 77, 89-114. google scholar
• Çınar, M. (1994). Unskilled urban migrant women and disguised employment: Home-working women in Istanbul, Turkey. World Development, 22(3), 369-380. google scholar
• Dayıoğlu, M. (2000). Labor force participation of women in Turkey. In F. Acar and A. Gunes-Ayata (Eds.), Gender and Identity Construction: Women of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Turkey (pp. 44-73). Leiden: Brill. google scholar
• Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2006). Female employment, earnings inequality, and household well-being: The case of urban Turkey. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Economic Research Forum. google scholar
• Dayıoğlu M., & Kırdar M. G. (2010). Determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in Turkey. State Planning Organization of the Republic of Turkey and World Bank, Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program, Working Paper Number 5, Ankara. google scholar
• Değirmenci, S., & İlkkaracan, İ. (2014). Economic crises and the added worker effect in the Turkish labor market. In R. Antonopoulos (Ed.), Gender perspectives and gender impacts of the global economic crisis (pp. 209254). New York, NY: Routledge. google scholar
• Demir, F., & Erdem, N. (2010). Labor market performance after structural adjustment in developing countries. In L.K. Valencia & B.J. Hahn (Eds.), Employment and labor issues: Unemployment, youth employment and child labor (Chapter 1). Nova Science Publishers. google scholar
• Dildar, Y. (2015). Patriarchal norms, religion, and female labor supply: Evidence from Turkey. World Development, 76, 40-61 google scholar
• Eyüboğlu, A., Özar, Ş., & Tanrıöver, H. T. (2000). The socioeconomic and cultural aspects of urban women’s participation problems (Kentlerde Kadınların İş Yaşamına Katılım Sorunlarının Sosyo-ekonomik ve Kültürel Boyutları), KSSGM. google scholar
• Gevrek, Z. E., & Gevrek, D. (2022). Social norms and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2022.2094315 google scholar
• Göksel, İ. (2013). Female labor force participation in Turkey: The role of conservatism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 41 (1), 45-54. google scholar
• Gündüz-Hoşgör, A., & Smits, J. (2008). Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 31(2), 104-117. google scholar
• Güner, D., & Uysal, G. (2014). Culture, religiosity and female labor supply. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 8132. google scholar
• Haque, I. (2004). Globalization, neoliberalism, and labour. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Discussion Papers. google scholar
• İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37. google scholar
• İnce, M., & Demir, M. H. (2006). The determinants of female labor force: Empirical evidence for Turkey. Eskisehir Osmangazi University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 1, 71-90. google scholar
• İnce, M. (2010). How the education affects female labor force? Empirical evidence from Turkey, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 634-639. google scholar
• İzdeş, Ö. (2012). Economic cycles and gendered employment patterns in Turkey. In A. Deshpande, & K. Nurse (Eds.), The Global Economic Crisis and the Developing World: Implications and Prospects for Recovery and Growth. Routledge Studies in Development Economics. google scholar
• Karaoğlan, D., & Ökten, C. (2015). Labor force participation of married women in Turkey: Is there an added or a discouraged worker effect? Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(1), 274-290. google scholar
• Kasnakoğlu, Z., & Dayıoğlu, M. (1996). Education and the labour market participation of women in Turkey. In T. Bulutay (Ed.), Education and the labour market in Turkey. Ankara: State Institutes of Statistics. google scholar
• Kasnakoğlu, Z., & Dayıoğlu, M. (1997). Female labor force participation and earnings differentials between genders in Turkey. In J. Rives & M. Yousefi (Eds.), Economic dimensions of gender inequality. London: Praeger. google scholar
• Kepenek, Y., & Yentürk, N. (2005). Türkiye ekonomisi (18th ed.). İstanbul, Turkey: Remzi Kitabevi. google scholar
• Kılıç, D., & Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de Kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130. google scholar
• Köse, A. H., & Yeldan, A. E. (1998). Turkish economy in the 1990s: An assessment of fiscal policies, labor markets and foreign trade. New Perspectives on Turkey, 18, 51-78. google scholar
• Köse, A. H., & Öncü, A. (2000). 1980 Sonrası dönemde Türkiye imalat sanayi. Toplum ve Bilim, 86, 72-90. google scholar
• Leibowitz, A., & Klerman, J. A. (1995). Explaining changes in married mothers’ employment over time. Demography, 32(3), 365-378. google scholar
• McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Macpherson, D. A. (2006). Contemporary Labor Economics, Seventh Edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. google scholar
• Moghadam, V. M. (1998). Turkey: From housewife to worker? In V. M. Moghadam (Ed.), Women, work and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reinner Publishers. google scholar
• Moghadam, V. M. (2005). Women’s economic participation in the middle east: What difference has the neoliberal policy turn made? Journal of Middle East Women S Studies, 1 (1), 110-146. google scholar
• Mütevellioğlu, N., & Işık, S. (2009). Türkiye emek piyasasında neoliberal dönüşüm. In N. Mütevellioğlu & S. Sönmez (Eds.), Küreselleşme, kriz ve Türkiye’de neoliberal dönüşüm (pp. 159-204). Istanbul, Turkey: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
• Nichols, T., & Suğur, N. (2004). Global management and local labour. MacMillian-Palgrave. google scholar
• Onaran, Ö. (2000). The effect of trade liberalisation on labor demand in Turkish manufacturing industry. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İşletme Mühendisliği Tartışma Yazıları, 00/3. google scholar
• Özler, S. (2000). Export orientation and female employment. World Development, 28(7), 1239-1248. google scholar
• Şenses, F. (1994). Labour market response to structural adjustment and institutional pressures. METU Studies in Development, 21(3), 405-448. google scholar
• Şenses, F. (1996). Structural adjustment policies and employment in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 15, 6593. google scholar
• Şenses, F. (1997). İşgücü piyasalarında esneklik Türkiye için geçerli bir kavram mıdır? Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ekonomik Araştırmalara Merkezi Çalışma Raporu, 1997-4. google scholar
• Tansel, A. (1994). Wage employment, earnings and returns to schooling for men and women in Turkey. Economics ofEducation Review, 13(4), 305-320 google scholar
• Tansel, A. (2001). Economic development and female labor force participation in Turkey: Time-series evidence and cross-province estimates. Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics 01/05, Middle East Technical University. google scholar
• Tunalı, İ. (1997). To work or not to work: An examination of female labour force participation rates in urban Turkey. Working Paper, Department ofEconomics, Koç University, Istanbul. google scholar
• Tunalı, İ. (2003). Background study on labor market and employment in Turkey. Report for the European Training Foundation. google scholar
• Tunalı, İ., Kırdar, M. G., & Dayıoğlu, M. (2021). Down and up the “U” - A synthetic cohort (panel) analysis of female labor force participation in Turkey, 1988-2013. World Development, 146. google scholar
• TurkStat. (2021). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=istihdam-issizlik-ve-ucret-108&dil=1 google scholar
• Uraz, A., Aran, M. A., Hüsamoğlu, M., Okkalı Şanalmış, D., & Capar, S. (2010). Recent trends in female labor force participation in Turkey. State Planning Organization of the Republic of Turkey and World Bank Welfare and Social Policy Analytical Work Program Working Paper No. 2 google scholar
• Verick, S. (2018). Female labor force participation and development. IZA World ofLabor, 87. google scholar
• World Bank, (2009). Female labor force participation in Turkey: Trends, determinants and policy framework. Human Development Sector Unit Europe and Central Asia Region, Report No. 48508-TR. google scholar