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Ekonomik Büyüme ile Dış Yardımlar Arasındaki İlişki: Afganistan Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 141 - 154, 04.08.2021

Öz

Dış yardımların temel hedeflerinden biri, az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ekonomik büyümelerine katkı sağlaması ve büyümelerini hızlandırmasıdır. Afganistan’a uzun yıllardır gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler tarafından dış yardımlar yapılmaktadır. Özellikle 2001 yılından sonra Afganistan’a dış yardım akışı başlamış ve bu dış yardım hala devam etmektedir. Milyarca dış yardım sağlanmasın rağmen, hala ülke ekonomisi düşük gelir seviyesi, yüksek yoksulluk ve işsizlik oranı ile karşı karşıyadır. Bu çalışmada, alınan resmi kalkınma yardımı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki, 1986-2018 yılları arasındaki dönemde Afganistan için zaman serisi yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak kullanılan serilerin durağanlaştırılması için ADF ve Phillips-Perron (PP) birim kök testleri yapılmıştır. Daha sonra gecikme uzunluğunu belirlenmesinin ardından bu iki değişkenin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket edip etmediğini sınamak için Johansen eşbütünleşme testi yapılmıştır. Yapılan test sonucunda, değişkenler arasında bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisi ispat edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu iki değişken arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini araştırmak için hata düzeltme modeline dayalı Granger nedensellik testi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, alınmış resmi kalkınma yardımlardan ekonomik büyümeye tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak yapılan varyans ayrıştırma sonuçları da Granger nedensellik testinin sonucunu desteklemektedir.

Teşekkür

Prof. Dr. Halil Tunalı (İstanbul Üniversitesi)

Kaynakça

  • Ata, B., & Eren, T. M. (2018). Dış ticaret-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: İran örneğinde bir nedensellik analizi. Ekonomik Teori ve Analiz Dergisi 2(4): 329-46. google scholar
  • Esen, E. (2007). Post Keynesyen istihdam analize ve Türkiye uygulaması, Ph.D. Thesis., PhD Thesis. Eskisehir, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
  • Fayissa, B. & El-Kaissy, M.I. (1999). Foreign aid and economic growth developing countries : Further evidence. Studies in Comparative International Development. google scholar
  • Fasanya, İ., & Onakoya, A. (2012). Does foreign aid accelerate economic growth? An empirical analysis for Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 423-431. google scholar
  • Farahamand, M., & Esen, E. (2018). Doğal kaynakların Afganistan ekonomisine katkısı, Journal of International Studies Sosyal Bilimler Bildiriler Kitabı, sayfa, 1114-1121. Kocaeli: İmascon. google scholar
  • Görgülü, M. (2016). Dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(5), 1292-1322. google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K., Amin, M. Y., & Taspinar, N. (2015). The relationship among international trade, financial development and economic growth: The case of Pakistan. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 489-496. google scholar
  • Hatemi-j, A., & İrandoust, M. (2005). Foreign aid and economic growth: New evidence from panel cointegration. Journal Of Economic Development, 30(1), 71-80. google scholar
  • Hee Yiew, T., & Lau, E. (2018). Does foreign aid contribute to or impeded economic growth?, 11(3), 21-30. google scholar
  • Hussen, M. S., & Lee, K.W. (2018). Kye-Woo Lee. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Ethiopia. Asian International Studies Review 13(2): 87-112. google scholar
  • IEG. (2013). “Afghanistan: A Synthesis Paper of Lessons from Ten Years of Aid.”: 1-19. https://ieg.worldbankgroup. org/Data/reports/Afghanistan_Lessons_Ten_Years.pdf. google scholar
  • Karras, G. (2006). Foreign aid and long-run economic growth: Empirical evidence for panel of developing countries. Journal of International Development, 18, 15-28. google scholar
  • Kabil, T C. Büyükelçiliği Ticaret Müşavirliği, (2017), Afgan stan Ülke Raporu. google scholar
  • Koç, B. (2016). Dış yardımların ekonnomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(14), 145-156. google scholar
  • Kutlar, A. (2005). Uygulamalı Ekonometri. Ankara: Nobel. google scholar
  • Levy, V. (1988). Aid and growth in sub-Saharan Africa: the recent experience. European Economic Review, 32, 1777-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(88)90085-2. google scholar
  • Liew, C. Y., Mohamed, M. R., & Mzee, S.S. (2012). The impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of East African countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3, 129-138. google scholar
  • Mallik, G. (2008). Foreign aid and economic growth: A cointegration analysis of the six poorest African countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 38(2), 251-260. google scholar
  • Mbah, S., & Amassoma, D. (2014). The linkage between foreign aid and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 4(6), 2247-7225. google scholar
  • Nasery, J. (2014). Withdrawal, the economic shock to Afghanistan caused by aid reduction and troops. IEE Working Papers, No. 202, ISBN 978-3-927276-88-8. google scholar
  • Noorani, J., & Brouckere, L. (2016). A balancing act for extractive sector governance. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, publishing code, 1610E, ISBN 978-9936-628-15-1. google scholar
  • Papanek, G. (1973). Aid foreign private investment, savings, and growth in less developed countries.”, Journal of Political Economy, 1, 120-130. google scholar
  • Sekmen, F. (2006). Dış yardım ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkinin eşbütünleşme ve Granger nedensellik testleri çerçevesinde incelenmesi: Mısır örneği. Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2006 , 500-514. google scholar
  • Siddique, H., Kian, A., & Batool, S. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on economic growth: evidence from a panel of selected countries. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 34-37. google scholar
  • Tüzemen, S.,& Barış Tüzemen, Ö. (2015). Dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 58-71. google scholar
  • United States Congress. (2018). “Special inspector general for Afghanistan reconstruction. https://www.sigar.mil/ pdf/quarterlyreports/Addendum_2018-01-30qr.pdf. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2017). Afghanistan development update. World Bank. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2018). “Afghanistan development update.” World Bank Report. google scholar
  • World Bank. (December 2018). “Afghanistan development brief. Highlights of Afghanistan Fiscal Year 1398 Budget. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2019). Afghanistan Development Brief, World Bank. google scholar
  • Zazai, A. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on the economy, development, and stability of Afghanistan. MA in International Economics American University. google scholar

The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 141 - 154, 04.08.2021

Öz

One of the main goals of foreign aid is to contribute to underdeveloped and developing countries’ economic growth and accelerate their growth. Foreign aid has been provided to Afghanistan by developed and developing countries for many years. Especially after 2001, the flow of foreign aid to Afghanistan started and continues until today. Despite billions of foreign aids provided, the country’s economy still faces low- income levels, high poverty, and unemployment rates. In this study, the relationship between official development assistance and economic growth was analyzed using the time series method for Afghanistan between 1986 and 2018. For this purpose, ADF and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests were performed to stabilize the series used. Then, after the lag length was determined, the Johansen cointegration test was conducted to test whether these two variables move together in the long run. As a result of the test, a cointegration relationship between variables has been proved. The Granger causality test based on the error correction model was conducted to investigate the causality relationship between these two variables. As a result, a one-way causality relationship from the received official development assistance to economic growth was determined. Finally, the results of variance decomposition support the result of the Granger causality test.

Kaynakça

  • Ata, B., & Eren, T. M. (2018). Dış ticaret-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: İran örneğinde bir nedensellik analizi. Ekonomik Teori ve Analiz Dergisi 2(4): 329-46. google scholar
  • Esen, E. (2007). Post Keynesyen istihdam analize ve Türkiye uygulaması, Ph.D. Thesis., PhD Thesis. Eskisehir, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
  • Fayissa, B. & El-Kaissy, M.I. (1999). Foreign aid and economic growth developing countries : Further evidence. Studies in Comparative International Development. google scholar
  • Fasanya, İ., & Onakoya, A. (2012). Does foreign aid accelerate economic growth? An empirical analysis for Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 423-431. google scholar
  • Farahamand, M., & Esen, E. (2018). Doğal kaynakların Afganistan ekonomisine katkısı, Journal of International Studies Sosyal Bilimler Bildiriler Kitabı, sayfa, 1114-1121. Kocaeli: İmascon. google scholar
  • Görgülü, M. (2016). Dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(5), 1292-1322. google scholar
  • Gokmenoglu, K., Amin, M. Y., & Taspinar, N. (2015). The relationship among international trade, financial development and economic growth: The case of Pakistan. Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, 489-496. google scholar
  • Hatemi-j, A., & İrandoust, M. (2005). Foreign aid and economic growth: New evidence from panel cointegration. Journal Of Economic Development, 30(1), 71-80. google scholar
  • Hee Yiew, T., & Lau, E. (2018). Does foreign aid contribute to or impeded economic growth?, 11(3), 21-30. google scholar
  • Hussen, M. S., & Lee, K.W. (2018). Kye-Woo Lee. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Ethiopia. Asian International Studies Review 13(2): 87-112. google scholar
  • IEG. (2013). “Afghanistan: A Synthesis Paper of Lessons from Ten Years of Aid.”: 1-19. https://ieg.worldbankgroup. org/Data/reports/Afghanistan_Lessons_Ten_Years.pdf. google scholar
  • Karras, G. (2006). Foreign aid and long-run economic growth: Empirical evidence for panel of developing countries. Journal of International Development, 18, 15-28. google scholar
  • Kabil, T C. Büyükelçiliği Ticaret Müşavirliği, (2017), Afgan stan Ülke Raporu. google scholar
  • Koç, B. (2016). Dış yardımların ekonnomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(14), 145-156. google scholar
  • Kutlar, A. (2005). Uygulamalı Ekonometri. Ankara: Nobel. google scholar
  • Levy, V. (1988). Aid and growth in sub-Saharan Africa: the recent experience. European Economic Review, 32, 1777-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(88)90085-2. google scholar
  • Liew, C. Y., Mohamed, M. R., & Mzee, S.S. (2012). The impact of foreign aid on the economic growth of East African countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3, 129-138. google scholar
  • Mallik, G. (2008). Foreign aid and economic growth: A cointegration analysis of the six poorest African countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 38(2), 251-260. google scholar
  • Mbah, S., & Amassoma, D. (2014). The linkage between foreign aid and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 4(6), 2247-7225. google scholar
  • Nasery, J. (2014). Withdrawal, the economic shock to Afghanistan caused by aid reduction and troops. IEE Working Papers, No. 202, ISBN 978-3-927276-88-8. google scholar
  • Noorani, J., & Brouckere, L. (2016). A balancing act for extractive sector governance. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, publishing code, 1610E, ISBN 978-9936-628-15-1. google scholar
  • Papanek, G. (1973). Aid foreign private investment, savings, and growth in less developed countries.”, Journal of Political Economy, 1, 120-130. google scholar
  • Sekmen, F. (2006). Dış yardım ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkinin eşbütünleşme ve Granger nedensellik testleri çerçevesinde incelenmesi: Mısır örneği. Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2006 , 500-514. google scholar
  • Siddique, H., Kian, A., & Batool, S. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on economic growth: evidence from a panel of selected countries. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 34-37. google scholar
  • Tüzemen, S.,& Barış Tüzemen, Ö. (2015). Dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 58-71. google scholar
  • United States Congress. (2018). “Special inspector general for Afghanistan reconstruction. https://www.sigar.mil/ pdf/quarterlyreports/Addendum_2018-01-30qr.pdf. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2017). Afghanistan development update. World Bank. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2018). “Afghanistan development update.” World Bank Report. google scholar
  • World Bank. (December 2018). “Afghanistan development brief. Highlights of Afghanistan Fiscal Year 1398 Budget. google scholar
  • World Bank. (2019). Afghanistan Development Brief, World Bank. google scholar
  • Zazai, A. (2018). The impact of foreign aid on the economy, development, and stability of Afghanistan. MA in International Economics American University. google scholar
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammad Akbar 0000-0002-5457-9105

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbar, M. (2021). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 8(2), 141-154.
AMA Akbar M. The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. JEPR. Ağustos 2021;8(2):141-154.
Chicago Akbar, Muhammad. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2021): 141-54.
EndNote Akbar M (01 Ağustos 2021) The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8 2 141–154.
IEEE M. Akbar, “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan”, JEPR, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 141–154, 2021.
ISNAD Akbar, Muhammad. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 8/2 (Ağustos 2021), 141-154.
JAMA Akbar M. The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. JEPR. 2021;8:141–154.
MLA Akbar, Muhammad. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, c. 8, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 141-54.
Vancouver Akbar M. The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. JEPR. 2021;8(2):141-54.