Technological developments play an important role in economic growth and development and form the basis in the convergence of socioeconomic factors between developed and developing countries, especially income. At the same time, developing countries aim to catch up with the leading countries by improving their technological capabilities, and examining the technological convergence between countries, especially developing countries, is essential at this stage. This study aims to examine whether technological convergence occurs in 10 emerging economies. For this purpose, the study analyzes technological convergence over the variables of number of patents, labor productivity, and total factor productivity using Pesaran’s (2007) cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) and seemingly unrelated regression augmented Dickey-Fuller (SURADF) unit root tests. According to the results of the analysis, although there is convergence in some countries, it does not confirm in general technological convergence among the countries.
Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about growth And other essays on economic growth and welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
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AlKathiri, N. (2022). Labour productivity growth and convergence in manufacturing: A nonparametric production frontier approach. Applied Economics, 54(4), 406-429. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1963410. google scholar
Apergis, N. (2015). Convergence in Public Expenditure Across a Sample of Emerging Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(3) , 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/154049 6X.2015.1025670. google scholar
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. (2017). Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests. Energy Economics 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2016.11.027. google scholar
Apergis, N., Christou, C., & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU countries: evidence from club convergence. Economics & Finance Research, 1, 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/216494 80.2013.86273. google scholar
Archibugi , D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring technological Change through patents and innovation surveys. Technovation, 16(9), 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4. google scholar
Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368. DOI: 10.1093/spp/19.6.35. google scholar
Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2004). A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries (ArCo). World Development 32(4), 629-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.008. google scholar
Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kalkınma Küresel Kalkınma Odaklı Sorunlar Yeni Model Arayışları. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth 2, 1-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930. google scholar
Baumol, W. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469. google scholar
Blanco, F., Delgado, F., & Presno, M. (2020). R&D expenditure in the EU: convergence or divergence? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 33(1), 1685-1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1756371. google scholar
Bozkurt, K. (2018). Teknolojik Yakınsama: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz. L. Aytemiz, E. Karayılmazlar içinde, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Araştırmalar- V (s. 357-370). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. google scholar
Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2001). Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit-Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity. Review of International Economics, 9 (3), 482-493. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9396.00294. google scholar
Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series-specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64 (5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00276. google scholar
Byrne, J., Fazio, G., & Piacentino, D. (2009). Total Factor Productivity Convergence among Italian Regions: Some Evidence from Panel Unit Root Tests. Regional Studies 43(1), 63-76. https://doi. org/10.1080/00343400701654137. . google scholar
Caldas, J., Godinho, M., & Mamede, R. (2009). Simulating the prospects of technological catching us. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18(6), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590802233651. . google scholar
Camilla, M., Serlenga, L., & Shin, Y. (2013). Globalisation and technological convergence in the EU. J Prod Anal 40, 15-29. DOI 10.1007/s11123-012-0308-9. google scholar
Castellanos-Sosa, F. (2020). Labor Productivity Convergence in Mexico, . International Journal of Political Economy, 49 (3), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2020.1824733. google scholar
Cavenaile, L., & Dubois, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of incomeconvergence in the European Union. Applied Economics Letters, 18, 1705-1708. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2011.560104. google scholar
Caviggioli, F. (2016). Technology fusion: Identification and analysis of the drivers of technology convergence using patent data. Technovation 55-56, 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016lj.technovation.2016.04.003. google scholar
Co, C., & Wohar, M. (2004). Technological convergence among US regions and states. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13(2), 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590410001628107. google scholar
Ferreiro, J., Garcia-Del-Valle, M., & Gomez, C. (2009). Is the composition of public expenditures converging in EMU countries? Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31(3), 459-484. DOI 10.2753/PKE0160-3477310305. google scholar
Fischer, R., & Serra, S. (1996). Income Convergence within and between Countries. International Economic Review, 37(3), 531-551. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2527440. google scholar
ILO. (2023, 01 03). Statistics on Labour Productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/ adresinden alındı google scholar
Jungmittag, A. (2005). Innovations, Technological Specialisation and Economic Convergence in the EU. S. Welfens, and A. Wziatek-Kubiak içinde, Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics The Economics of EU Eastern Enlargement (s. 171-199). Berlin: Springer . google scholar
Kathuria, V., & Oh, K. (2018). ICT access: Testing for convergence across countries. The Information Society 34(3), 166-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1438549. . google scholar
Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialisation. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi. org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F. google scholar
Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, 26(2), 213-243. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13600819808424154. google scholar
Leonida, L., Petraglia, C., & Murillo-Zamorano, L. (2004). Total factor productivity and the convergence hypothesis in the Italian regions. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2187-2193. DOI: 10.1080/0003684042000282506. google scholar
Lim, L., & McAleer, M. (2004). Convergence and catching up in ASEAN: a comparative analysis. Applied Economics, 36(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000174038. . google scholar
Makkonen, T. (2015). National innovation system capabilities among leader and follower countries: widening gaps or global convergence? Innovation and Development, 5(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/215793 0X.2014.992818. . google scholar
Narayan, S. (2007). Do health expenditures ‘catch-up’? Evidence from OECD countries. Health Econ. 16(10), 9931008. DOI: 10.1002/hec.1196. google scholar
Nghiem, S., & Connelly, L. (2017). Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Economics Review 7(29), 2-11. DOI 10.1186/s13561-017-0164-. google scholar
Pesaran, M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951. . google scholar
Rey, S., & Montouri, B. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945. google scholar
Sedgley, N. (1998). Technology gaps, economic growth and convergence across US states, . Applied Economics Letters, 5(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/758540128. google scholar
Strazicich, M., & List, J. (2003). Are CO 2 Emission Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries? Environmental andResource Economics 24, 263-271. https://doi.Org/10.1023/A:1022910701857. google scholar
Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE. google scholar
Turganbayev, Y. (2017). Total factor productivity convergence across the Kazakh regions. Post-Communist Economies, 29(2), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2016.1267975. google scholar
Ulucak, R. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi Açısından Yakınsama Hipotezine Yeni Bir Bakış: Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Kulüp Yakınsamaya Dayalı Ampirik Bir Analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 29-38. https:// doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552674. google scholar
Utku-İsmihan, F. (2019). Knowledge, technological convergence and economic growth: a dynamic panel data analysis of Middle East and North Africa and Latin America. Quality & Quantity 53, 713-733. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11135-018-0785-7. google scholar
Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık. google scholar
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World Bank. (2022, 12 08). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups adresinden alındı google scholar
Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme
Teknolojik gelişmeler, ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesinde ve kalkınmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki başta gelir olmak üzere sosyoekonomik faktörlerde yakınsamanın temelinde teknolojik gelişmeler yer almaktadır. Aynı zamanda gelişmekte olan ülkeler teknolojik yetenek düzeylerini geliştirerek lider ülkeleri yakalamayı hedeflemektedirler. Bu aşamada başta gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere ülkeler arasındaki teknolojik yakınsamanın incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada on yükselen ekonomide teknolojik yakınsamanın olup olmadığının incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda patent sayıları, işgücü verimliliği ve toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinden teknolojik yakınsama Pesaran CADF ve SURADF birim kök testleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bazı ülkelerde yakınsama olsa da, ülkeler arasında genel olarak teknolojik yakınsama doğrulanamamaktadır.
Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about growth And other essays on economic growth and welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Albulescu, C., Oros, C., & Tiwari, A. (2017). Is there any convergence in health expenditures across EU countries?Economics Bulletin, 37(3), 2095-2101. hal-01981082 . google scholar
AlKathiri, N. (2022). Labour productivity growth and convergence in manufacturing: A nonparametric production frontier approach. Applied Economics, 54(4), 406-429. DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2021.1963410. google scholar
Apergis, N. (2015). Convergence in Public Expenditure Across a Sample of Emerging Countries: Evidence from Club Convergence. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(3) , 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/154049 6X.2015.1025670. google scholar
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. (2017). Per capita carbon dioxide emissions across U.S. states by sector and fossil fuel source: Evidence from club convergence tests. Energy Economics 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eneco.2016.11.027. google scholar
Apergis, N., Christou, C., & Hassapis, C. (2013). Convergence in public expenditures across EU countries: evidence from club convergence. Economics & Finance Research, 1, 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/216494 80.2013.86273. google scholar
Archibugi , D., & Pianta, M. (1996). Measuring technological Change through patents and innovation surveys. Technovation, 16(9), 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4. google scholar
Archibugi, D. (1992). Patenting as an indicator of technological innovation: a review. Science and Public Policy, 19(6), 357-368. DOI: 10.1093/spp/19.6.35. google scholar
Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2004). A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries (ArCo). World Development 32(4), 629-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.008. google scholar
Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kalkınma Küresel Kalkınma Odaklı Sorunlar Yeni Model Arayışları. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1997). Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth 2, 1-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40215930. google scholar
Baumol, W. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469. google scholar
Blanco, F., Delgado, F., & Presno, M. (2020). R&D expenditure in the EU: convergence or divergence? Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 33(1), 1685-1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1756371. google scholar
Bozkurt, K. (2018). Teknolojik Yakınsama: OECD Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz. L. Aytemiz, E. Karayılmazlar içinde, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Araştırmalar- V (s. 357-370). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı. google scholar
Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2001). Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit-Root Tests with an Illustration from Purchasing Power Parity. Review of International Economics, 9 (3), 482-493. https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9396.00294. google scholar
Breuer, J., McNown, R., & Wallace, M. (2002). Series-specific Unit Root Tests with Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64 (5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00276. google scholar
Byrne, J., Fazio, G., & Piacentino, D. (2009). Total Factor Productivity Convergence among Italian Regions: Some Evidence from Panel Unit Root Tests. Regional Studies 43(1), 63-76. https://doi. org/10.1080/00343400701654137. . google scholar
Caldas, J., Godinho, M., & Mamede, R. (2009). Simulating the prospects of technological catching us. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18(6), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590802233651. . google scholar
Camilla, M., Serlenga, L., & Shin, Y. (2013). Globalisation and technological convergence in the EU. J Prod Anal 40, 15-29. DOI 10.1007/s11123-012-0308-9. google scholar
Castellanos-Sosa, F. (2020). Labor Productivity Convergence in Mexico, . International Journal of Political Economy, 49 (3), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2020.1824733. google scholar
Cavenaile, L., & Dubois, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of incomeconvergence in the European Union. Applied Economics Letters, 18, 1705-1708. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2011.560104. google scholar
Caviggioli, F. (2016). Technology fusion: Identification and analysis of the drivers of technology convergence using patent data. Technovation 55-56, 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016lj.technovation.2016.04.003. google scholar
Co, C., & Wohar, M. (2004). Technological convergence among US regions and states. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 13(2), 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590410001628107. google scholar
Ferreiro, J., Garcia-Del-Valle, M., & Gomez, C. (2009). Is the composition of public expenditures converging in EMU countries? Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31(3), 459-484. DOI 10.2753/PKE0160-3477310305. google scholar
Fischer, R., & Serra, S. (1996). Income Convergence within and between Countries. International Economic Review, 37(3), 531-551. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2527440. google scholar
ILO. (2023, 01 03). Statistics on Labour Productivity. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/ adresinden alındı google scholar
Jungmittag, A. (2005). Innovations, Technological Specialisation and Economic Convergence in the EU. S. Welfens, and A. Wziatek-Kubiak içinde, Structural Change and Exchange Rate Dynamics The Economics of EU Eastern Enlargement (s. 171-199). Berlin: Springer . google scholar
Kathuria, V., & Oh, K. (2018). ICT access: Testing for convergence across countries. The Information Society 34(3), 166-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2018.1438549. . google scholar
Lall, S. (1992). Technological Capabilities and Industrialisation. World Development, 20(2), 165-186. https://doi. org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90097-F. google scholar
Lall, S. (1998). Technological Capabilities in Emerging Asia,. Oxford Development Studies, 26(2), 213-243. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13600819808424154. google scholar
Leonida, L., Petraglia, C., & Murillo-Zamorano, L. (2004). Total factor productivity and the convergence hypothesis in the Italian regions. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2187-2193. DOI: 10.1080/0003684042000282506. google scholar
Lim, L., & McAleer, M. (2004). Convergence and catching up in ASEAN: a comparative analysis. Applied Economics, 36(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000174038. . google scholar
Makkonen, T. (2015). National innovation system capabilities among leader and follower countries: widening gaps or global convergence? Innovation and Development, 5(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/215793 0X.2014.992818. . google scholar
Narayan, S. (2007). Do health expenditures ‘catch-up’? Evidence from OECD countries. Health Econ. 16(10), 9931008. DOI: 10.1002/hec.1196. google scholar
Nghiem, S., & Connelly, L. (2017). Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in OECD countries. Health Economics Review 7(29), 2-11. DOI 10.1186/s13561-017-0164-. google scholar
Pesaran, M. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951. . google scholar
Rey, S., & Montouri, B. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945. google scholar
Sedgley, N. (1998). Technology gaps, economic growth and convergence across US states, . Applied Economics Letters, 5(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/758540128. google scholar
Strazicich, M., & List, J. (2003). Are CO 2 Emission Levels Converging Among Industrial Countries? Environmental andResource Economics 24, 263-271. https://doi.Org/10.1023/A:1022910701857. google scholar
Taymaz, E. (2001). Ulusal Yenilik Sistemi Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Teknolojik Değişim ve Yenilik Süreçleri. Ankara: TÜBİTAK / TTGV / DİE. google scholar
Turganbayev, Y. (2017). Total factor productivity convergence across the Kazakh regions. Post-Communist Economies, 29(2), 182-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2016.1267975. google scholar
Ulucak, R. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi Açısından Yakınsama Hipotezine Yeni Bir Bakış: Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Kulüp Yakınsamaya Dayalı Ampirik Bir Analiz. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 29-38. https:// doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.552674. google scholar
Utku-İsmihan, F. (2019). Knowledge, technological convergence and economic growth: a dynamic panel data analysis of Middle East and North Africa and Latin America. Quality & Quantity 53, 713-733. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11135-018-0785-7. google scholar
Ünsal, E. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayıncılık. google scholar
WIPO. (2023, 01 13). WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/index.htm?tab=patent adresinden alındı google scholar
World Bank. (2022, 12 08). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/ knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups adresinden alındı google scholar
Zuhal, M. (2023). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520
AMA
Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. Ağustos 2023;10(2):567-586. doi:10.26650/JEPR1260520
Chicago
Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 567-86. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520.
EndNote
Zuhal M (01 Ağustos 2023) Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10 2 567–586.
IEEE
M. Zuhal, “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme”, JEPR, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 567–586, 2023, doi: 10.26650/JEPR1260520.
ISNAD
Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10/2 (Ağustos 2023), 567-586. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1260520.
JAMA
Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. 2023;10:567–586.
MLA
Zuhal, Mustafa. “Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri Ile Bir İnceleme”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 567-86, doi:10.26650/JEPR1260520.
Vancouver
Zuhal M. Yükselen Ekonomilerde Teknolojik Yakınsama: Birim Kök Testleri ile Bir İnceleme. JEPR. 2023;10(2):567-86.