İSRAİL'İN GAZZE ABLUKASI VE MAVİ MARMARA SALDIRISI = (ISRAELI BLOCKADE OF GAZA AND THE ATTACK ON MAVİ MARMARA)

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 103 - 154, 18.02.2013

Ahmet Topal

Öz

İsrail tarafından abluka altında tutulan Gazze Şeridi'ne insanî yardım götürmek üzere organize edilen Gazze Yardım Filosuna yönelik olarak İsrail silahlı kuvvetlerince gerçekleştirilen saldırı neticesinde, dokuz Türk vatandaşı hayatını kaybetmiş ve pek çoğu da yaralanmıştır. En yakın sahil noktasına 72 mil, İsrail'in uyguladığı deniz abluka sahasına 64 mil uzakta uluslararası sularda gerçekleştirilen bu saldırı, uluslararası hukuk açısından birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Ablukayı ihlal ettikleri gerekçesiyle sivil yardım filosundaki gemilerin durdurulması, zor kullanmak suretiyle gemilere çıkılması ve sivillerin öldürülmesi pahasına içindeki yük ve yolcularla beraber gemilere el koyularak İsrail'e götürülmesi tartışılması gereken sorunlardan sadece bazılarıdır. Çalışmada, temel olarak açık denizde seyir halindeki yardım filosunu hedef alan bu saldırının hukukî yönden meşru bir uygulama olup olmadığı sorusu cevaplanmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle uluslararası hukuk açısından ablukanın tabi olduğu kurallar ve düzenlemeler ortaya koyulacak, ardından uygulanışı ve neden olduğu sonuçlar itibarıyla ablukanın uluslararası hukuka uygunluğu ele alınacaktır. Son olarak Gazze Ablukası çerçevesinde yardım filosuna yönelik saldırının hukukî meşruiyeti değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Gazze Şeridi, İsrail, Hamas, Deniz Savaşı, Uluslararası Olmayan Silahlı Çatışma, Abluka, Mavi Marmara, Seyrüsefer Serbestisi, Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk

Abstract

Israel's attack on the Gaza Freedom Flotilla which was organized to deliver humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip under blockade from Israel resulted in the death of nine Turkish citizens and the injury of many more. The attack, which was launched at a point that was 72 nautical miles off the nearest coast and 64 nautical miles off of the blockade area, carried highly questionable elements in terms of international law, among which are interception of the ships in the aid flotilla on the grounds that they violated the Gaza blockade, forceful boarding of the ships and taking control of the aid ships at the cost of killing civilians. This article aims primarily at answering the question of the legality of the Israeli attack on the aid flotilla in international waters. It first outlines the rules and regulations concerning blockade in international law and then assesses the legality of the blockade in the light of its enforcement and consequences. Subsequently, it evaluates the legality of the attack on the aid flotilla in the context of Israeli blockade of Gaza.

Keywords: Gaza Strip, Israel, Hamas, Naval Warfare, Non-International Armed Conflict, Blockade, Mavi Marmara, Freedom of Navigation, International Humanitarian Law

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gazze Şeridi, İsrail, Hamas, Deniz Savaşı, Uluslarara

ISRAELI BLOCKADE OF GAZA AND THE ATTACK ON MAVI MARMARA

Öz

Israel’s attack on the Gaza Freedom Flotilla which was organized to deliver
humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip under blockade from Israel resulted in the
death of nine Turkish citizens and the injury of many more. The attack, which
was launched at a point that was 72 nautical miles off the nearest coast and 64
nautical miles off of the blockade area, carried highly questionable elements in
terms of international law, among which are interception of the ships in the aid
flotilla on the grounds that they violated the Gaza blockade, forceful boarding
of the ships and taking control of the aid ships at the cost of killing civilians.
This article aims primarily at answering the question of the legality of the Israeli
attack on the aid flotilla in international waters. It first outlines the rules
and regulations concerning blockade in international law and then assesses the
legality of the blockade in the light of its enforcement and consequences. Subsequently,
it evaluates the legality of the attack on the aid flotilla in the context
of Israeli blockade of Gaza

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gaza Strip, Israel, Hamas, Naval Warfare, Non-International Armed Conflict, Blockade, Mavi Marmara, Freedom of Navigation, International Humanitarian Law

Kaynakça

• ARI, Tayyar; Geçmişten Günümüze Orta Doğu Siyaset, Savaş ve Diplomasi, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
• ASH, Robert Weston; Is Palestine a State? A Response to Professor John Quig- ley’s Article, The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court: The Statehood Issue, Rutgers Law Record, Sayı 35, 2009, s. 186– 200.
• BEN-NAFTALI, Orna & MICHAELI, Keren R.; We Must Not Make a Scarec- row of the Law: A Legal Analysis of the Israeli Policy of Targeted Kil- lings, Cornell International Law Journal, Cilt 36, 2003-2004, s. 234-292.
• BENOLIEL, Daniel & PERRY, Ronen; Israel, Palestine, and the ICC, Michigan Journal of International Law, Cilt 32, Sayı 1, 2010, s. 73-127.
• BISHARAT, George E.; Israel’s Invasion of Gaza in International Law, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Cilt 38, Sayı 1, 2009, s. 41-115.
• BUCHAN, Russell; The International Law of Naval Blockade and Israel’s In- terception of the Mavi Marmara, Netherlands International Law Revi- ew, Cilt 58, Sayı 2, 2011, s. 209-241.
• BUCHAN, Russell; The Palmer Report and the Legality of Israel’s Naval Bloc- kade of Gaza, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cilt 61, Sayı 1, 2012, 264-273.
• FINKELSTEIN, Norman G.; Torpedoing the Law: How the Palmer Report Jus- tified Israel’s Naval Blockade of Gaza, Insight Turkey, Cilt 13, Sayı 4, 2011, s. 11-29.
• FRANCIS, David R.; What Aid Cutoff to Hamas would Mean, The Christian Science Monitor, 27 Şubat 2006, http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0227/ p17s01-cogn.html (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011)
• GUILFOYLE, Douglas; The Mavi Marmara Incident and Blockade in Armed Conflict, British Yearbook of International Law, May 2011, s. 1-23.
• HENCKAERTS, Jean-Marie & DOSWALD-BECK, Louise; Uluslararası İn- sancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku Cilt I: Kurallar, Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi ve Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, İs- tanbul, 2005.
• IHH İnsanî Yardım Vakfı, Rotamız Filistin Yükümüz İnsanî Yardım Filosu Özet Raporu, http://www.ihh.org.tr/uploads/2010/insaniyardim-filosu- ozet-raporu_tr.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• International Committee of the Red Cross, Gaza Closure: not Another Year , 14 Haziran 2010, http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palesti- ne-update-140610 (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Security Cabinet Declares Gaza Hostile Ter- ritory, 19 Eylül 2007, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Commu- niques/2007/Security+Cabinet+declares+Gaza+hostile+territory+19- Sep-2007.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Cabinet Resolution Regarding the Di- sengagement Plan, 6 Haziran 2004, http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ Peace+Process/Reference+Documents/Revised+Disengagement+Plan +6-June-2004.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Gaza Flotilla and the Maritime Blocka- de of Gaza - Legal Background, 31 Mayıs 2010, http://www.mfa.gov.il/ MFA/Government/Law/Legal+Issues+and+Rulings/Gaza_flotilla_mari- time_blockade_Gaza-Legal_background_31-May-2010.htm (Erişim Ta- rihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• KRASKA, James; Rule Selection in the Case of Israel’s Naval Blockade of Gaza: Law of Naval Warfare or Law of the Sea?, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Cilt 13, 2010, s. 367-395.
• KERSHNER, Isabel; Israel Agrees to Truce with Hamas on Gaza, The Newyork Times, 18 Haziran 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/world/ middleeast/18mideast.html?hp (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2011).
• KRETZMER, David; Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-Judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence?, The European Journal of International Law, Cilt 16, Sayı 2, 2005, s. 171–212.
• MASTORODIMOS, Konstantinos; The Character of the Conflict in Gaza: Ano- ther Argument towards Abolishing the Distinction between Internatio- nal and Non-International Armed Conflicts, International Community Law Review, Cilt 12, Sayı 4, 2010, s. 437–469.
• MELZER, Nils; Interpretative Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, http://www.icrc. org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc-002-0990.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2011).
• MILANOVIC, Marko; Lessons for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in the War on Terror: Comparing Hamdan and the Israeli Targeted Killings Case, International Review of the Red Cross, Cilt 89, Sayı 866, 2007, s. 373-393.
• OKUR, Derya Aydın & SARIBEYOĞLU, Meltem & ERKİNER, Hakkı Hakan; Mavi Marmara Olayının Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Değerlendiril- mesi, Güncel Hukuk, Temmuz 2010, s. 32-37.
• PAZARCI, Hüseyin; Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri II. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2005.
• PAZARCI; Hüseyin; Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri IV. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2005.
• QUIGLEY, John, The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court: The Statehood Issue, Rutgers Law Record, Sayı 35, 2009, s. 1–10.
• SAMSON, Elizabeth; Is Gaza Occupied? Redefining the Status of Gaza under International Law, American University International Law Review, Cilt 25, Sayı 5, 2010, s. 915-967.
• SANGER, Andrew; The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Cilt 13, 2010, s. 397-446.
• TARHANLI, Turgut; İnsan Hakları Aktivizmi Işığında Mavi Marmara Vakası, Güncel Hukuk, Temmuz 2010, s. 39-40.
• TAŞDEMİR, Fatma; Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar Hu- kuku, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2009.
• TOPAL, Ahmet Hamdi; Uluslararası Terörizm ve Terörist Eylemlere Karşı Kuvvet Kullanımı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
• Turkel Commission, Report of the Public Commission to Examine the Mariti- me Incident of 31 May 2010, 23 Ocak 2011.
• UN, Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Inquiry on the 31 May 2010 Flotilla Incident, Eylül 2011.
• UN Human Rights Council, Human Rights in Palestine and other Occupied Arab Territories Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, A/HRC/12/48, 25 Eylül 2009.
• UN Human Rights Council, Report of the International Fact-Finding Mission to Investigate Violations of International Law, including International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law, Resulting from the Israeli At- tacks on the Flotilla of Ships Carrying Humanitarian Assistance, A/ HRC/15/21, 27 Eylül 2010.
• UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied since 1967, A/HRC/7/17, 21 Ocak 2008.
• UN, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Implementation of the Human Rights Council Resolution S-9/1, The Grave Violations of Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Particularly due to the Recent Israeli Military Attacks against the Occu- pied Gaza Strip, A/HRC/12/37, 13 Ağustos 2009.
• VAN DER VYVER, Johan D.; Legal Ramifications of the War in Gaza, Florida Journal of International Law, Cilt 21, Sayı 3, 2009, s. 403-449.
• VON HEINEG, Woff Heintschel; Naval Blockade and International Law, için- de Bruce A. Elleman ve Sarah C. M. Paine, (der.) Naval Blockades and Sea Power: Strategies and Counter-Strategies, 1805-2005, Routledge, Londra 2006, s. 10-23.