Mültecilere Yönelik Politika Desteği ve Tutumlar: Tehdit Algısı ve Algılanan Öncelikli Devlet Muamelesinin Rolleri

Öz

Araştırmalar, mültecilerin ve göçmenlerin oluşturduğu tehdit algısının (çoğunlukla Batılı) ev sahibi toplumlarda bu topluluklara yönelik tepkileri şekillendirdiğini belgelemiştir. Bu çalışmada, gerçekçi tehdit, sembolik tehdit ve kolektif psikolojik sahiplik tehditlerinin ampirik olarak farklı olup olmadığı ve mülteci karşıtı kamuoyu duyarlılığının oldukça güçlü olduğu Türkiye'de, Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik önyargıyı ve mülteci karşıtı politika desteğini yordayıp yordamadığı test edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, ev sahibi toplumun mültecilere yönelik tepkilerini şekillendirmede devletin mültecilere yönelik öncelikli muamelesine (yani, haksız bir şekilde, vatandaşlar pahasına mültecilerin ihtiyaçlarına öncelik verilmesine) ilişkin algıların rolü dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında üniversitenin katılımcı havuzu kullanılarak 349 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Gerçekçi tehdit, sembolik tehdit ve kolektif psikolojik sahiplik tehditlerinin farklı kavramlar olup olmadığını incelemek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonuçları bu hipotezi desteklemiştir. Gerçekçi tehdit, sembolik tehdit, kolektif psikolojik sahiplik tehdidi ve mültecilere yönelik algılanan öncelikli devlet muamelesinin kontrol değişkenleriyle beraber (gruplar arası iletişim, politik ideoloji ve dindarlık) üç alanda mülteci karşıtı politika desteği (mültecilerin kabulü ve kültürel entegrasyonu, maddi yardımlar, siyasi haklar ve vatandaşlık), sosyal mesafe ve önyargıyı yordadığı Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli oluşturulmuştur. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli sonuçları, gerçekçi tehdit ve sembolik tehdidin önyargı ve göçmen karşıtı politika desteğini pozitif bir şekilde yordadığını, ancak kolektif psikolojik sahiplik tehdidinin yordamadığını ortaya koymuştur. Algılanan mültecilere yönelik öncelikli devlet muamelesi, maddi yardım politikalarına daha düşük destek vermeyi ve daha uzak sosyal mesafeyi yordadığı görülmüştür. Keşfedici analizler, Suriyeli mültecilere ilişkin algıların Afgan mültecilere yönelik önyargılara yayıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Bulgularımızın sonuçlarının tehdit ve göreli yoksunluk teorileri için yansımalarını ve ev sahibi toplumlar için uygulamalı çıkarımlarını tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gerçekçi tehdit
• sembolik tehdit
• kolektif psikolojik sahiplik tehdidi
• önyargı
• mülteciler

Policy Support and Attitudes towards Refugees: The Roles of Perceived Threat, and Perceived Preferential Treatment by the State

Öz

Research has documented that perceived threats posed by refugees and immigrants shape responses toward these populations in (mostly Western) host societies. In this study, we tested whether realistic, symbolic, and collective psychological ownership threats are empirically distinct and whether they predict prejudice toward Syrian refugees and anti-refugee policy support in Türkiye, where anti-refugee public sentiment is quite strong. In addition, we considered the role of perceptions of the state’s treatment of refugees (i.e., as unfairly prioritizing the needs of the refugees at the expense of citizens) in shaping the responses of host nation members toward refugees. We collected data from 349 participants using university’s participant pool. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to examine if realistic, symbolic, and collective psychological ownership threats are distinct constructs. The results supported this hypothesis. We conducted structural equation models where anti-refugee policy support related to three domains (acceptance and cultural integration of refugees, financial aids, political rights and citizenship), social distance, and negative attitudes were regressed on realistic, symbolic, collective psychological ownership threats, and perceived treatment of refugees by the state, along with control variables (intergroup contact, political ideology, and religiosity). The results have shown that realistic and symbolic threats positively predicted prejudice and anti-immigrant policy support whereas collective psychological ownership threat did not. Perceived treatment of refugees by the state predicted lower support for financial aid policies and greater social distance. Exploratory analyses suggested that perceptions regarding Syrian refugees spilled over to prejudice toward Afghan refugees. We discuss the implications of our findings for threat and relative deprivation theories as well as their applied implications for host societies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Realistic threat
• symbolic threat
• collective psychological ownership threat
• prejudice
• refugees

Kaynakça

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