Duygu Yüklü Kelimelerin İşlenmesinde Konfigürasyon Temelli Temsiller

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 79 - 104, 27.03.2020

Elif Memiş Çiçek Güney Ahu Gökçe

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0014

Öz

Duyguların bilişsel süreçlere etkisi son yıllarda sıklıkla çalışılan bir konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada duyguların görsel-mekansal dikkat süreci ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bireylerin görsel-mekansal dikkat süreçleri, konfigürasyon oluşturan kelimelerin lokalizasyon görevi sırasında işlenmesi yoluyla incelenmiştir. Lokalizasyon görevinde katılımcılardan gördükleri fiksasyon işaretinin (‘+’) rengi ile aynı renkte yazılı olan kelimenin konfigürasyondaki yerini klavyede önceden belirlenen tuşa basarak belirtmeleri istenmiştir. Her denemede, farklı renklerde dört kelime, bir kare konfigürasyonu oluşturacak şekilde konumlandırılmıştır. Farklı deney koşullarında kare konfigürasyonu oluşturan kelimeler duygusal değerlikte (nötr, pozitif ve negatif kelimeler) farklılık göstermiştir. Denemeler arası geçişlerde (deneme 1  deneme 2) hedef uyaranın konfigürasyondaki yeri (örn., sağ üst köşe), konfigürasyonun büyüklüğü (büyük ya da küçük kare) ve kelime türü (duygu yüklü, nötr kelime) değişiklik göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, duygu yüklü ve nötr kelimelerin işlenmesi sürecinde etkili olan değişkenler arasındaki etkileşimi incelemektir. Bu değişkenler, dikkatin yönlendirildiği alanın boyutu ve denemeler arasında tekrarlanan ya da değişen hedef uyaran konum tespitidir. Kare konfigürasyonun denemeler arasında büyük ya da küçük olması dikkatin yönlendirildiği alanın boyutunu belirlemektedir. Sonuçlar kullanılan kelime türünün ve konfigürasyon boyutunun lokalizasyon görevi performansında farklılığa yol açtığını göstermektedir. Nötr ve negatif kelimeler kullanıldığında hedef uyaran lokasyonun denemeler arasında tekrarlanmasının tepki süresinin uzamasına sebep olduğu bulunmuştur. Hedef uyaranın lokasyonu farklı olduğunda ise katılımcıların tepki süresinin kısaldığı, yani kelimenin işlenmesinin daha kolay olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, yalnızca duygu yüklü kelimeler kullanıldığında büyük konfigürasyonların küçük konfigürasyonlara göre daha iyi bir performansa yol açtığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular, kelime uyaranlarının kullanımı ile konfigürasyonların otomatik olarak oluştuğunu ve duygu yüklü ve nötr kelimelerin farklı şekilde işlenmesinde etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duygusal kelime işlenmesi, konfigürel temsiller, global/ yerel işleme süreçleri, görsel tarama, mekansal dikkat

Emotional Word Processing Within Configural Representations

Öz

The impact of emotions on cognitive processes has been studied intensively in the last years. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between visuospatial attention processes and emotions. Visuospatial attention processes were investigated by using a localization task which required processing of the words that formed the configuration. In the localization task, participants were asked to indicate the position of the target word which matched the color of the fixation cross (“+”) by pressing the relevant keyboard button. In each trial, four words in different colors were positioned to form a square configuration. In different experimental conditions, words that formed the configuration varied in their valence (neutral, positive and negative words). The intertrial transitions (trial 1  trial 2) consisted of changes in the target’s location within the configuration (e.g. top right corner), size of configuration (big/small square) and type of word (emotional/neutral). The main goal of the present study is to investigate the interaction between the processing of emotional and neutral words and certain variables. The variables were the size of the attended area and localizing the target word that was repeated or changed across trials. By changing the size of the configuration (small / big sized square) across trials, the size of the attended area was determined. The results revealed that changes in word valence and size of the configuration led to differences in the localization task performance. It was found that neutral and negative words led to target location repetition cost. Different location targets were processed faster suggesting that word processing was easier. Additionally, bigger, compared to smaller configurations, led to better performance only when emotional words were used. Overall findings of the present study suggest that configural representations are formed automatically by using the word stimuli, and they influence the processing of emotional and neutral words differently.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotional word processing, configural representations, global/local processing, visual search, spatial attention

Kaynakça

• Anderson, B. A. ve Folk, C. L. (2012). Dissociating location-specific inhibition and attention shifts: Evidence against the disengagement account of contingent capture. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 74(6), 1183-1198.
• Anderson, A. K. ve Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411(6835), 285-305.
• Awh, E. ve Jonides, J. (2001). Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(3), 119-126.
• Baumann, N. ve Kuhl J. (2005). Positive affect and flexibility: Overcoming the precedence of global over local processing of visual information. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 123-134.
• Bless, H., Fiedler, K., ve Forgas J. P. (2006). Mood and the regulation of information processing and behavior. J. P. Forgas (Eds.), Affect in social thinking and behavior içinde. New York: Taylor & Francis Psycology Press.
• Boduroglu, A. ve Shah, P. (2009). Effects of spatial configurations on visual change detection: An account of bias changes. Memory & Cognition. 37(8), 1120-1131.
• Broadbent, D. E. (1982). Task combination and selective intake of information. Acta Psychologica, 50(3), 253-290.
• Broadbent, D. E. (2013). Perception and communication. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Brosch, T., Scherer, K. R., Grandjean, D. M. ve Sander, D. (2013). The impact of emotion on perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. Swiss Medical Weekly, 143, 1-10.
• Cahill, L., Haier, R. J., Fallon, J., Alkire, M. T., Tang, C., Keator, D. ve Mcgaugh, J. L. (1996). Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(15), 8016-8021.
• Carrasco, M., (2011). Visual attention: The past 25 years. Vision Research, 51(13), 1484-1525.
• Carretie, L. (2014). Exogenous (automatic) attention to emotional stimuli: a review. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience, 14(4), 1228-1258
• Chao, H. F. (2011). Target-to-target repetition cost and location negative priming are dissociable: Evidence for different mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(4), 1060-1074.
• Chartrand, T. L., van Baaren, R. B. ve Bargh, J. A. (2006). Linking automatic evaluation to mood and information processing style: Consequences for experienced affect, impression formation, and stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135(1), 58-70.
• Clore, G. L., Gasper, K. ve Garvin, E. (2001). Affect as information. J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Handbook of affect and social cognition içinde (s. 121-144).
• Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Clore, G. L. ve Huntsinger, J. R. (2007). How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(9), 393-399.
• Collaer, M. L. ve Nelson, J. D. (2002). Large visuospatial sex difference in line judgment: Possible role of attentional factors. Brain and Cognition, 49(1), 1-12.
• Dolan, R. J. (2002). Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science, 298(5596), 1191-1194. Downing, C. J. (1985). The spatial structure of visual attention. Mechanisms of Attention: Attention and Performance, 11, 171-187.
• Egeth, H. (1977). Attention and preattention, The Psychology of Learning and Motivation,11, 277-320.
• Eich, E., Kihlstrom, J. F., Bower, G. H., Forgas, J. P. ve Niedenthal, P. M. (2000). Cognition and emotion. UK: Oxford University Press.
• Eriksen, C. W. ve Hoffman, J. E. (1973). The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 14(1), 155-160.
• Eriksen, C. W. ve James, J. D. S. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception & Psychophysics, 40(4), 225-240.
• Eriksen, C. W. ve Yeh, Y. Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(5), 560-583.
• Fink, G. R., Halligan, P. W., Marshall, J. C., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. ve Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural mechanisms involved in the processing of global and local aspects of hierarchically organized visual stimuli. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 120(10), 1779-1791.
• Folkman, S.ve Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Current Directions in Psychological science, 9(4), 115-118.
• Gable, P. ve Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows: Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21(2), 211-215.
• Gasper, K. (2004). Do you see what I see? Affect and visual information processing. Cognition and Emotion, 18(3), 405-421.
• Gasper, K. ve Clore, G. L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 13(1), 34-40.
• Geiser, C., Lehmann, W. ve Eid, M. (2008). A note on sex differences in mental rotation in different age groups. Intelligence, 36(6), 556-563.
• Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Tang, J., Mehmedbegovic, F., Farrow, M., Bradshaw, J. ve Sheppard, D. (2006). Age-related differences in cognitive function using a global local hierarchical paradigm. Brain Research, 1124(1), 86-95.
• Gmeindl, L., Nelson, J. K., Wiggin, T. ve Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2011). Configural representations in spatial working memory: modulation by perceptual segregation and voluntary attention. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 73, 2130-2142.
• Gokce, A., Müller, H. J. ve Geyer, T. (2013). Positional priming of pop-out is nested in visuospatial context. Journal of Vision, 13(3), 12-32.
• Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(9), 394-400.
• Hillstrom, A. P. (2000). Repetition effects in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 800-817. Hoffman, J. E. (1980). Interaction between global and local levels of a form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6(2), 200-222.
• Huang, L. Q. ve Pashler, H. (2005). Expectation and repetition effects in searching for featural singletons in very brief displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 67(1), 150-157.
• Huntsinger, J. R. (2013). Does emotion directly tune the scope of attention? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(4), 265-270.
• Itti, L. ve Koch, C. (2001). Computational modelling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(3), 180-194.
• Izard, C. E. (1984). Emotion-cognition relationships and human development. Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior, 1, 17-37.
• Jiang, Y., Olson, I. R. ve Chun, M. M. (2000). Organization of visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(3), 670-683.
• Julesz, B. (1980). Spatial nonlinearities in the instantaneous perception of textures with identical power spectra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 290(1038), 83-94.
• Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2018). Turkish emotional word norms for arousal, valence, and discrete emotion categories. Psychological Reports. doi: 10.1177/0033294118814722
• Kern, R. P., Libkuman, T. M., Otani, H. ve Holmes, K. (2005). Emotional stimuli, divided attention, and memory. Emotion, 5(4), 390-408.
• Kimchi, R. (1992). Primacy of wholistic processing and global/local paradigm: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 10-24.
• Kimchi, R. ve Palmer, S.E. (1982). Form and texture in hierarchically constructed patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 521-535.
• Kinchla, R. A. ve Wolfe, J. M. (1979). The order of visual processing: “Top-down”, “bottom-up,” or “middle-out”. Perception & Psychophysics, 25(3), 225-231.
• Kingstone, A. ve Pratt, J. (1999). Inhibition of return is composed of attentional and oculomotor processes. Perception & Psychophysics, 61(6), 1046-1054.
• Klein, R. M. (2000). Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(4), 138-147.
• Klein, R. M. ve MacInnes, W. J. (1999). Inhibition of return is a foraging facilitator in visual search. Psychological Science, 10(4), 346-352.
• Kristjánsson, Á. ve Driver, J. (2008). Priming in visual search: Separating the effects of target repetition, distractor repetition and role reversal. Vision Research, 48, 1217-1232.
• Lamb, M. R. ve Robertson, L. C. (1990). The effect of visual angle on global and local reaction times depends on the set of visual angles presented. Perception & Psychophysics, 47(5), 489-496.
• LeDoux, J. E. (1984). Cognition and emotion. Handbook of cognitive neuroscience içinde (s. 357-368). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Libkuman, T. M., Nichols-Whitehead, P., Griffith, J. ve Thomas, R. (1999). Source of arousal and memory for detail. Memory & Cognition, 27(1), 166-190.
• Loring-Meier, S. ve Halpern, D. F. (1999). Sex differences in visuospatial working memory: Components of cognitive processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(3), 464-471.
• Maljkovic, V. ve Nakayama, K. (1994). Priming of pop-out I: Role of features. Memory & Cognition, 22(6), 657-672.
• Maljkovic, V. ve Nakayama, K. (1996). Priming of pop-out-out II. The role of position. Perception & Psychophysics, 58(7), 977-991.
• Maljkovic, V. ve Nakayama, K. (2000). Priming of pop-out III. A short term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection. Visual Cognition, 7(5), 571-595.
• Müller, N. G., Mollenhauer, M., Rösler, A. ve Kleinschmidt, A. (2005). The attentional field has a Mexican hat distribution. Vision Research, 45(9), 1129-1137.
• Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9(3), 353-383.
• Navon, D. (1981). The forest revisited: More on global precedence. Psychological Research, 43(1), 1-32.
• Niedenthal, P. M. ve Kitayama, S. (Ed.). (2013). The heart’s eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention. San Diego: Academic Press.
• Pan, F., Wu, X. ve Zhang, L. (2017). Is inhibition of return modulated by involuntary orienting of spatial attention: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 98-113.
• Peirce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy—psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13.
• Peters, E., Lipkus, I. ve Diefenbach, M. A. (2006). The functions of affect in health communications and in the construction of health preferences. Journal of Communication, 56, S140-S162.
• Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(1), 3-25.
• Posner, M. I. ve Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. Attention and Performance X: Control of Language Processes, 32, 531-556.
• Posner, M. I., Cohen, Y. ve Rafal, R. D. (1982). Neural systems control of spatial orienting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 298(1089), 187-198.
• Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. ve Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
• General, 109(2), 160. Power, M. ve Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. New York: Taylor & Francis Psychology Press.
• Remington, R. ve Pierce, L. (1984). Moving attention: Evidence for time-invariant shifts of visual selective attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 35(4), 393-399.
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 102-141.
• Shulman, G. L., Remington, R. W. ve Mclean, J. P. (1979). Moving attention through visual space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5(3), 500-522.
• Srinivasan, N. ve Hanif, A. (2010). Global-happy and local-sad: Perceptual processing affects emotion identification. Cognition and Emotion, 24(6), 1062-1069.
• Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Tootell, R. B., Hadjikhani, N., Hall, E. K., Marrett, S., Vanduffel, W., Vaughan, J. T. ve Dale, A. M. (1998). The retinotopy of visual spatial attention. Neuron, 21(6), 1409-1422.
• Treisman, A. (1982). Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8(2), 180- 194.
• Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585-594.
• Vuilleumier, P. ve Huang, Y. M. (2009). Emotional attention: Uncovering the mechanisms of affective biases in perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 148-152.
• Wadlinger, H. A. ve Isaacowitz, D. M. (2006). Positive mood broadens visual attention to positive stimuli. Motivation and Emotion, 30(1), 87-99.
• Walden, T. A. ve Smith, M. C. (1997). Emotion regulation. Motivation and emotion, 21(1), 7-25.
• Wegbreit, E., Franconeri, S. ve Beeman, M. (2015). Anxious mood narrows attention in feature space. Cognition and Emotion, 29(4), 668-677.
• Wertheimer, M. (1923). A brief introduction to gestalt, identifying key theories and principles. Psychologische Forschung, 4(1), 301-350.
• Wolfe, J. M. ve Horowitz, T. S. (2017). Five factors that guide attention in visual search. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 1-8.
• Zeelenberg, R., Wagenmakers, E. J. ve Rotteveel, M. (2006). The impact of emotion on perception: Bias or enhanced processing? Psychological Science, 17(4), 287-291.