Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi

Umut Sezer; Serdar Kocaekşi; Arıkan Ektirici; Cihan Aygün; Tuğba Özcan

doi:10.26650/SP2020-805306

Araştırma Makalesi

Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 899 - 926, 31.12.2021

Umut Sezer , Serdar Kocaekşi , Arıkan Ektirici Cihan Aygün , Tuğba Özcan

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-805306

Öz

Sosyal kaytarma olgusu toplumdaki bireyler, sosyal kurumlar ve örgütler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinden ötürü “toplumsal bir hastalık” olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği (ASKÖ) Türkçe formunun genç ve yetişkin sporculardan oluşan örneklemlerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik bakımından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemi, kolayda örnekleme yoluyla seçilen takım sporlarından (futbol, basketbol, voleybol, hentbol, rugby ve yüzme) genç ve yetişkin sporculardan oluşmaktadır. Örneklemin yetişkin grubu 201 (73 kadın ve 128 erkek; yaş Ort. = 21.59, SS = 3.84), genç grubu ise 226 (107 kadın ve 119 erkek; yaş Ort.= 14.43, SS = 1.31) sporcuyu içermektedir. Ölçüm aracının yapı geçerliğini sınamak üzere doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmış, ortalama açıklanan varyans ve birleşik güvenirlik katsayılarıyla yakınsak geçerlik incelenmiş ve alanyazında belirtilen ilişkiler test edilmiştir. Ölçüm aracına ilişkin güvenirlik ise iç tutarlılık katsayısı, birleşik güvenirlik katsayısı ve madde-toplam korelasyonlarından faydalanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin bulguları orijinal ölçekteki tek boyutlu yapının her iki örneklemde de doğrulandığını göstermektedir. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini desteklemek etmek üzere alanyazında belirtilen ilişkiler (kolektif yeterlik ve algılanan sosyal kaytarma ilişkisi; takım sargınlığı ve algılanan sosyal kaytarma ilişkisi) test edilmiş ve ilişkilerin negatif yönde ve anlamlı olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Yakınsak geçerliğe ilişkin değerlerin (AVE: ortalama açıklanan varyans ve CR: birleşik güvenirlik) istenilen düzeyde çıkması nedeniyle yakınsak geçerliğin sağlandığı değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçüm aracının her iki örneklemde de (Cronbach alfa yetişkin = .79; Cronbach alfa genç = .77) iyi derecede güvenirlik değerlerine sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, takımlarda sosyal kaytarma algısını ölçmek için kullanılan Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği Türkçe formunun, genç ve yetişkin sporcularla gerçekleştirilecek çalışmalarda kullanılabilecek ölçüde güvenirlik ve geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği, sosyal kaytarma, algı, sporcu, motivasyon

Kaynakça

Adams, S. A., Matthews, C. E., Ebbeling, C. B., Moore, C. G., Cunningham, J. E., Fulton, J. ve Hebert, J. R. (2005). The effect of social desirability and social approval on self-reports of physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi054 google scholar
Anshel, M. H. (1995). Examining social loafing among elite female rowers as a function of task duration and mood. Journal of Sport Behavior, 18(1), 39-49. google scholar
Aslan, S. ve Güven, M. (2010). Bağlanma ve kişisel uyum arasındaki ilişkide ayrışma bireyleşmenin aracılığı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(157). google scholar
Brewer, M. B. ve Yuki, M. (2014). Culture and group processes: Defining the interface. M. Yuki ve M. Brewer (Ed.), Culture and group processes içinde (s. 1-14). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. google scholar
Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. W. J. Lonner ve J. W. Berry (Ed.), Field methods in cross-cultural research içinde (s. 137-164). Beverly Hills: Sage. google scholar
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2. baskı). New York, NY: Guilford Publications. google scholar
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (14. baskı). Pegem Yayınevi, Ankara. google scholar
Byun, G., Karau, S. J., Dai, Y. ve Lee, S. (2018). A three-level examination of the cascading effects of ethical leadership on employee outcomes: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Business Research, 88, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.004 google scholar
Comer, D. R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48(6), 647-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800603 google scholar
Connors, J. V. ve Caple, R. B. (2005). A review of group systems theory. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 30(2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920590925940 google scholar
Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868310373752 google scholar
Czyz, S. H., Szmajke, A., Kruger, A. ve Kübler, M. (2016). Participation in team sports can eliminate the effect of social loafing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 754-768. https://doi. org/10.1177/0031512516664938 google scholar
Çileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. The Journal of Psychology, 134(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980009600869 google scholar
De Backer, M., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B., H0İgaard, R. ve Vande Broek, G. (2015). A team fares well with a fair coach: Predictors of social loafing in interactive female sport teams. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(6), 897-908. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12303 google scholar
Dorfman, P., M. Javidan, P. Hanges, A. Dastmalchian ve House R. (2012). “GLOBE: A Twenty Year Journey into the Intriguing World of Culture and Leadership” Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103473 google scholar
Durand-Bush, N. ve Salmela, J. H. (2002). The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: Perceptions of world and Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 154-171. google scholar
Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4), 565-581. https://doi. org/10.2307/2393567 google scholar
Earley, P. C. (1993). East meets west meets mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 319-348. https://doi. org/10.5465/256525 google scholar
Erez, M. ve Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group-based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1513-1537. https://doi. org/10.5465/257067 google scholar
Evans, M. B., Allan, V, Erickson, K., Martin, L. J., Budziszewski, R. ve Cöte, J. (2017). Are all sport activities equal? A systematic review of how youth psychosocial experiences vary across differing sport activities. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(3), 169-176. google scholar
Eys, M., Loughead, T., Bray, S. R. ve Carron, A. V. (2009). Development of a cohesion questionnaire for youth: The Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(3), 390-408. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.3.390 google scholar
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2. bs). London: Sage. google scholar
Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi. org/10.1177/002224378101800104 google scholar
Fransen, K., Kleinert, J., Dithurbide, L., Vanbeselaere, N. ve Boen, F. (2014). Collective efficacy or team outcome confidence? Development and validation of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45(2), 121-137. https://doi. org/10.7352/IJSP.2014.45.121 google scholar
Gagne, F. (2010). Motivation within the DMGT 2.0 framework. High Ability Studies, 21 (2), 81-99. google scholar
Gefen, D., Straub, D. W. ve Boudreau, M. (2000). Structural equation modeling techniques and regression: guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 1-78. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407 google scholar
George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.5465/256478 google scholar
Goodboy, A. K. ve Martin, M. M. (2020). Omega over alpha for reliability estimation of unidimensional communication measures. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(4), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1846135 google scholar
Gürbüz, S. ve Bingöl, D. (2007). Çeşitli örgüt yöneticilerinin güç mesafesi, belirsizlikten kaçınma, eril-dişil ve bireyci-toplulukçu kültür boyutlarına yönelik eğilimleri üzerine görgül bir araştırma. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 68-87. google scholar
Gürbüz, S. ve Sığrı, Ü. (2012, Mayıs). Kariyer çapalarının, temel benlik değerlendirmesi ve kültürel değerler ile ilişkisi: Türkiye ve ABD karşılaştırması. 20. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. google scholar
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7. bs). Upper saddle River, NJ: Pearson. google scholar
Hambleton, R. K. ve Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1-16. google scholar
Hardy, C. J. ve Crace, R. K. (1991). The effects of task structure and teammate competence on social loafing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 372-381. google scholar
Harkins, S. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-18. google scholar
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University. google scholar
Harwood, C. G. ve Thrower, S. N. (2020). Motivational climate in youth sport groups. M.W. Bruner, M.A. Eys ve L.J. Martin (Ed.), The power of groups in youth sport içinde (s. 145-163). Elsevier BV: Amsterdam. google scholar
Haugen, T., Reinboth, M., Hetlelid, K. J., Peters, D. M. ve H0İgaard, R. (2016). Mental toughness moderates social loafing in cycle time-trial performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(3), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1149144 google scholar
Heuze, J. P. ve Brunel, P. C. (2003). Social loafing in a competitive context. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(3), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2003.9671717 google scholar
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. google scholar
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. ve Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. London: McGraw-Hill. google scholar
Horn, T.S. ve Weiss, M. R. (1991). A developmental analysis of children’s self-ability judgements in the physical domain. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3, 312-328. google scholar
Høigaard, R. (2002). Perceived social loafing questionnaire (Yayınlanmamış makale). Agder University College, Kristiansand. google scholar
Høigaard, R. ve Ingvaldsen, R. P. (2006). Social loafing in interactive groups: The effects of identifiability on effort and individual performance in floorball. Athletic Insight, 8(2), 52-63. google scholar
H0İgaard, R. ve Ommundsen, Y. (2007). Perceived social loafing and anticipated effort reduction among young football (soccer) players: An achievement goal perspective. Psychological Reports, 100(3), 857-875. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.857-875 google scholar
Høigaard, R. ve Peters, D. M. (2009, Haziran). The contribution of group cohesion and collective efficacy to perceived social loafing in football teams. XII. Uluslararası Spor Psikolojisi Derneği Dünya Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Marrakesh, Morocco. google scholar
Høigaard, R., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B. ve Peters, D. M. (2013). Team identification reduces social loafing and promotes social laboring in cycling. International Journal of Applied Sports Science, 25, 33-40. google scholar
Høigaard, R., Fuglestad, S., Peters, D. M., Cuyper, B. D., Backer, M. D. ve Boen, F. (2010). Role satisfaction mediates the relation between role ambiguity and social loafing among elite women handball players. Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology, 22(4), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10 413200.2010.495326 google scholar
Høigaard, R., Safvenbom, R. ve T0nnessen, F E. (2006). The relationship between group cohesion, group norms, and perceived social loafing in soccer teams. Small Group Research, 37(3), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496406287311 google scholar
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal ofBusiness Research Methods, 6(1), 53- 60. google scholar
Hüffmeier, J. ve Hertel, G. (2020). Effort losses and effort gains in sports teams. Steven J. Karau (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups içinde (s. 109-148). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
Hüffmeier, J. ve Hertel, G. (2011). Many cheers make light the work: How social support triggers process gains in teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 185-204. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/02683941111112631 google scholar
İmamoğlu, E. O. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130(4), 277306. https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.130.4.277-306 google scholar
Issurin, V. B. (2017). Evidence-based prerequisites and precursors of athletic talent: A review. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 1993-2010. google scholar
Jackson, J. M. ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942. google scholar
Jassawalla, A., Sashittal, H. ve Sashittal, A. (2009). Students’ perceptions of social loafing: Its antecedents and consequences in undergraduate business classroom teams. Academy ofManagement Learning & Education, 8(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2009.37012178 google scholar
Jones, G. W., H0igaard, R. ve Peters, D. M. (2014). “Just going through the motions....”: A qualitative exploration of athlete perceptions of social loafing in training and competition contexts— implications for team sport coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(5), 1067-1082. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.5.1067 google scholar
Kafes, M. ve Kaya, Ş. D. (2017). Sosyal kaytarma davranışı üzerine yapılmış çalışmaların incelenmesi. Türk & İslam Dünyası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11, 227-245. google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959 google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, Self, and Human Development Across Cultures, Theory and Applications (2. Baskı). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. ve Cemalcılar, Z. (2014). Dünden bugüne insan ve insanlar: Sosyal psikolojiye giriş. Istanbul: Evrim Yayınları. google scholar
Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ve İmamoglu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 333-351. https://doi. org/10.1080/00224540209603903 google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Wilhau, A. J. (2020). Social loafing and motivation gains in groups: An integrative review. Steven J. Karau (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups içinde (s. 3-51). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681- 706. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681 google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (2001). Understanding individual motivation in groups: The collective effort model. M.E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research içinde (s. 113-141). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H. ve Sleeth, R. G. (2000). We’re great” vs.“you’re lazy”: How goal difficulty influences social loafing, collective efficacy and perceived team ability. Annual meeting of the Southern Management Association kongresinde sunulan bildiri, Orlando, Florida. google scholar
Kerr, N. L. ve Bruun, S. (1983). The dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free rider effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 78-94. google scholar
Kipp, L. E. (2017). Developmental considerations for working with young athletes. C. J. Knight, C. G. Harwood ve D. Gould (Editörler), Sport psychology for young athletes içinde (s. 32-42). London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2. bs). New York: The Guilford Press. google scholar
Kravitz, D. A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936-941. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.50.5.936 google scholar
Kassing, J. W., Billings, A. C., Brown, R. S., Halone, K. K., Harrison, K., Krizek, B., Mean, L.J. ve Turman, P. D. (2004). Communication in the community of sport: The process of enacting, (re) producing, consuming, and organizing sport. Annals of the International Communication Association, 28(1), 373-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2004.11679040 google scholar
Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356. google scholar
Latane, B., Williams, K. ve Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 google scholar
Lee, Y. H. (2020). The role of mindfulness and occupational stress in the goal orientations of development and winning. Sport Management Review, 23(4), 626-639. google scholar
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal ofManagement, 30(2), 285-304. google scholar
MacNamara, Â., Button, A. ve Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 52-73. google scholar
Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224. google scholar
Mefoh, P. C. ve Nwanosike, C. L. (2012). Effects of group size and expectancy of reward on social loafing. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 20(1), 229-240. google scholar
Miller, J. G. (1976). The nature of living systems. Behavioral Science, 21(5), 295-319. google scholar
Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research, 28(1), 3-39. google scholar
Morsünbül, U., Crocetti, E., Çok, F. ve Meeus, W. (2016). Identity statuses and psychosocial functioning in Turkish youth: A person-centered approach. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 145-155. google scholar
Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2018). Resilience among immigrant youth: The role of culture, development and acculturation. Developmental Review, 50, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.04.002 google scholar
Mulvey, P. W. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2753 google scholar
Mulvey, P. W., Bowes-Sperry, L. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The effects of perceived loafing and defensive impression management on group effectiveness. Small Group Research, 29(3), 394-415. https://doi. org/10.1177/1046496498293006 google scholar
Ntoumanis, N. ve Biddle, S. J. (1999). A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(8), 643-665. google scholar
Ohlert, J. ve Kleinert, J. (2012). Social loafing during preparation for performance situations. Social Psychology, 43(1), 1-7. google scholar
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. ve Reiss, A. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660-679. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.660 google scholar
Pagda, Z., Bayraktar, S. ve Jimenez, A. (2021). Exploring culture and leadership after 23 years: A replication of GLOBE project in Turkey. Journal of International Management, 27(1), 100822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100822 google scholar
Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62-81. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0191 google scholar
Schnake, M. E. (1991). Equity in effort: The” sucker effect” in co-acting groups. Journal of Management, 17(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700104 google scholar
Sezer, U. ve Kocaekşi, S. (2018). Genç Sporcu Takım Sargınlığı ölçeğinin (GSTSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 105-113. https://doi. org/10.17644/sbd.345936 google scholar
Sezer, U., Kocaekşi S., Taşçıoğlu, R., Özbal, F. ve Heper, E. (2020) Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Form of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports. Acta Gymnica, 50(2), 7782. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.007 google scholar
Shepperd, J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.67 google scholar
Singer, R. N. ve Orbach, I. (1999) Persistence, excellence, and fulfillment. R. Lidor ve M. Bar-Eli (Ed.), Sport psychology: Linking theory and practice içinde (s. 167-191). Morgantown: Bookcrafters google scholar
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 214-12. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 google scholar
Swain, A. (1996). Social loafing and identifiability: The mediating role of achievement goal orientations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(3), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.19 96.10607961 google scholar
Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. bs). Boston: Pearson Education Inc. google scholar
Tolukan, E., Bayrak, M. ve Karacan Doğan, P. (2017). Antrenörlerin sosyal kaytarma algılarının incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-13. google scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169 google scholar
Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Nagele, C. ve Gurtner, A. (2000). Task adaptive behavior and performance in groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 3(4), 367-386. https://doi. org/10.1177/1368430200003004003 google scholar
Williams, K., Harkins, S. ve Latane, B. (1981). Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 303-311. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.303 google scholar
Vaartstra, M., Dunn, J. G. H. ve Causgrove Dunn, J. (2018). Perfectionism and perceptions of social loafing in competitive youth soccer. Journal of Sport Behavior, 41, 475-500. google scholar Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Oxford, England: Wiley. google scholar
Yetim, U. (2003). The impacts of individualism/collectivism, self-esteem, and feeling of mastery on life satisfaction among the Turkish university students and academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61(3), 297-317. google scholar
Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. ve Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.465 google scholar
Yuki, M. (2003). Intergroup comparison versus intragroup cooperation: A cross-cultural examination of social identity theory in North American and East Asian cultural contexts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 166 -183. google scholar

Perceived Social Loafing Questionnaire - Turkish Form: A Validity and Reliability Study in a Sample of Youth and Adult Athletes

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 899 - 926, 31.12.2021

Umut Sezer , Serdar Kocaekşi , Arıkan Ektirici Cihan Aygün , Tuğba Özcan

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-805306

Öz

The phenomenon of social loafing can be described as a “social disease” due to its negative effects on individuals, soci-al institutions, and organizations in society. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish ver-sion of the Perceived Social Loafing Questionnaire (PSLQ) in the context of young and adult athletes. The participants of the study are composed of young and adult athletes from team sports (football, basketball, volleyball, handball, rugby, and swimming), who were recruited through convenience sampling. The adult participants consisted of 201 ath-letes (73 female and 128 male; Mage = 21.59 years, SD = 3.84), whereas the young participants consisted of 226 athletes (107 female and 119 male; Mage = 14.43 years, SD = 1.31). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the construct validity of the measure, the composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) were calcu-lated to assess the convergence validity, and the correlations with other theoretically-related measures were calculated. Reliability tests included internal consistency coefficient (coefficient alpha), CR, and item-total correlations. The CFA results indicated that the model fits the data well in both participants. Construct validity was also evidenced through correlations with other theoretically-related variables (collective efficacy and perceived social loafing; team cohesion and perceived social loafing) with relationships being negative and significant. Satisfactory convergent validity was ac-hieved through AVE and CR, with values exceeding the acceptable levels of convergence. The reliability coefficients of the measure were suitable for both participants (Cronbach’s alpha adult = 0.79; Cronbach’s alpha young = 0.77). This study demonstrates that the Turkish version of the PSLQ, which is used to measure the perception of social loafing in teams, has adequate evidence of reliability and validity to support its use in studies with young and adult athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Perceived Social Loafing Questionnaire, social loafing, perception, athletes, motivation

Kaynakça

Adams, S. A., Matthews, C. E., Ebbeling, C. B., Moore, C. G., Cunningham, J. E., Fulton, J. ve Hebert, J. R. (2005). The effect of social desirability and social approval on self-reports of physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi054 google scholar
Anshel, M. H. (1995). Examining social loafing among elite female rowers as a function of task duration and mood. Journal of Sport Behavior, 18(1), 39-49. google scholar
Aslan, S. ve Güven, M. (2010). Bağlanma ve kişisel uyum arasındaki ilişkide ayrışma bireyleşmenin aracılığı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(157). google scholar
Brewer, M. B. ve Yuki, M. (2014). Culture and group processes: Defining the interface. M. Yuki ve M. Brewer (Ed.), Culture and group processes içinde (s. 1-14). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. google scholar
Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. W. J. Lonner ve J. W. Berry (Ed.), Field methods in cross-cultural research içinde (s. 137-164). Beverly Hills: Sage. google scholar
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2. baskı). New York, NY: Guilford Publications. google scholar
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (14. baskı). Pegem Yayınevi, Ankara. google scholar
Byun, G., Karau, S. J., Dai, Y. ve Lee, S. (2018). A three-level examination of the cascading effects of ethical leadership on employee outcomes: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Business Research, 88, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.004 google scholar
Comer, D. R. (1995). A model of social loafing in real work groups. Human Relations, 48(6), 647-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800603 google scholar
Connors, J. V. ve Caple, R. B. (2005). A review of group systems theory. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 30(2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920590925940 google scholar
Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868310373752 google scholar
Czyz, S. H., Szmajke, A., Kruger, A. ve Kübler, M. (2016). Participation in team sports can eliminate the effect of social loafing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 754-768. https://doi. org/10.1177/0031512516664938 google scholar
Çileli, M. (2000). Change in value orientations of Turkish youth from 1989 to 1995. The Journal of Psychology, 134(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980009600869 google scholar
De Backer, M., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B., H0İgaard, R. ve Vande Broek, G. (2015). A team fares well with a fair coach: Predictors of social loafing in interactive female sport teams. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(6), 897-908. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12303 google scholar
Dorfman, P., M. Javidan, P. Hanges, A. Dastmalchian ve House R. (2012). “GLOBE: A Twenty Year Journey into the Intriguing World of Culture and Leadership” Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103473 google scholar
Durand-Bush, N. ve Salmela, J. H. (2002). The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: Perceptions of world and Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 154-171. google scholar
Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4), 565-581. https://doi. org/10.2307/2393567 google scholar
Earley, P. C. (1993). East meets west meets mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 319-348. https://doi. org/10.5465/256525 google scholar
Erez, M. ve Somech, A. (1996). Is group productivity loss the rule or the exception? Effects of culture and group-based motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1513-1537. https://doi. org/10.5465/257067 google scholar
Evans, M. B., Allan, V, Erickson, K., Martin, L. J., Budziszewski, R. ve Cöte, J. (2017). Are all sport activities equal? A systematic review of how youth psychosocial experiences vary across differing sport activities. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(3), 169-176. google scholar
Eys, M., Loughead, T., Bray, S. R. ve Carron, A. V. (2009). Development of a cohesion questionnaire for youth: The Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(3), 390-408. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.3.390 google scholar
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2. bs). London: Sage. google scholar
Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi. org/10.1177/002224378101800104 google scholar
Fransen, K., Kleinert, J., Dithurbide, L., Vanbeselaere, N. ve Boen, F. (2014). Collective efficacy or team outcome confidence? Development and validation of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45(2), 121-137. https://doi. org/10.7352/IJSP.2014.45.121 google scholar
Gagne, F. (2010). Motivation within the DMGT 2.0 framework. High Ability Studies, 21 (2), 81-99. google scholar
Gefen, D., Straub, D. W. ve Boudreau, M. (2000). Structural equation modeling techniques and regression: guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(1), 1-78. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407 google scholar
George, J. M. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.5465/256478 google scholar
Goodboy, A. K. ve Martin, M. M. (2020). Omega over alpha for reliability estimation of unidimensional communication measures. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(4), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1846135 google scholar
Gürbüz, S. ve Bingöl, D. (2007). Çeşitli örgüt yöneticilerinin güç mesafesi, belirsizlikten kaçınma, eril-dişil ve bireyci-toplulukçu kültür boyutlarına yönelik eğilimleri üzerine görgül bir araştırma. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 68-87. google scholar
Gürbüz, S. ve Sığrı, Ü. (2012, Mayıs). Kariyer çapalarının, temel benlik değerlendirmesi ve kültürel değerler ile ilişkisi: Türkiye ve ABD karşılaştırması. 20. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. google scholar
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7. bs). Upper saddle River, NJ: Pearson. google scholar
Hambleton, R. K. ve Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1-16. google scholar
Hardy, C. J. ve Crace, R. K. (1991). The effects of task structure and teammate competence on social loafing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 372-381. google scholar
Harkins, S. (1987). Social loafing and social facilitation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-18. google scholar
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University. google scholar
Harwood, C. G. ve Thrower, S. N. (2020). Motivational climate in youth sport groups. M.W. Bruner, M.A. Eys ve L.J. Martin (Ed.), The power of groups in youth sport içinde (s. 145-163). Elsevier BV: Amsterdam. google scholar
Haugen, T., Reinboth, M., Hetlelid, K. J., Peters, D. M. ve H0İgaard, R. (2016). Mental toughness moderates social loafing in cycle time-trial performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(3), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1149144 google scholar
Heuze, J. P. ve Brunel, P. C. (2003). Social loafing in a competitive context. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(3), 246-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2003.9671717 google scholar
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. google scholar
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. ve Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. London: McGraw-Hill. google scholar
Horn, T.S. ve Weiss, M. R. (1991). A developmental analysis of children’s self-ability judgements in the physical domain. Pediatric Exercise Science, 3, 312-328. google scholar
Høigaard, R. (2002). Perceived social loafing questionnaire (Yayınlanmamış makale). Agder University College, Kristiansand. google scholar
Høigaard, R. ve Ingvaldsen, R. P. (2006). Social loafing in interactive groups: The effects of identifiability on effort and individual performance in floorball. Athletic Insight, 8(2), 52-63. google scholar
H0İgaard, R. ve Ommundsen, Y. (2007). Perceived social loafing and anticipated effort reduction among young football (soccer) players: An achievement goal perspective. Psychological Reports, 100(3), 857-875. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.857-875 google scholar
Høigaard, R. ve Peters, D. M. (2009, Haziran). The contribution of group cohesion and collective efficacy to perceived social loafing in football teams. XII. Uluslararası Spor Psikolojisi Derneği Dünya Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Marrakesh, Morocco. google scholar
Høigaard, R., Boen, F., De Cuyper, B. ve Peters, D. M. (2013). Team identification reduces social loafing and promotes social laboring in cycling. International Journal of Applied Sports Science, 25, 33-40. google scholar
Høigaard, R., Fuglestad, S., Peters, D. M., Cuyper, B. D., Backer, M. D. ve Boen, F. (2010). Role satisfaction mediates the relation between role ambiguity and social loafing among elite women handball players. Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology, 22(4), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10 413200.2010.495326 google scholar
Høigaard, R., Safvenbom, R. ve T0nnessen, F E. (2006). The relationship between group cohesion, group norms, and perceived social loafing in soccer teams. Small Group Research, 37(3), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496406287311 google scholar
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal ofBusiness Research Methods, 6(1), 53- 60. google scholar
Hüffmeier, J. ve Hertel, G. (2020). Effort losses and effort gains in sports teams. Steven J. Karau (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups içinde (s. 109-148). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
Hüffmeier, J. ve Hertel, G. (2011). Many cheers make light the work: How social support triggers process gains in teams. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 185-204. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/02683941111112631 google scholar
İmamoğlu, E. O. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130(4), 277306. https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.130.4.277-306 google scholar
Issurin, V. B. (2017). Evidence-based prerequisites and precursors of athletic talent: A review. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 1993-2010. google scholar
Jackson, J. M. ve Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942. google scholar
Jassawalla, A., Sashittal, H. ve Sashittal, A. (2009). Students’ perceptions of social loafing: Its antecedents and consequences in undergraduate business classroom teams. Academy ofManagement Learning & Education, 8(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2009.37012178 google scholar
Jones, G. W., H0igaard, R. ve Peters, D. M. (2014). “Just going through the motions....”: A qualitative exploration of athlete perceptions of social loafing in training and competition contexts— implications for team sport coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(5), 1067-1082. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.5.1067 google scholar
Kafes, M. ve Kaya, Ş. D. (2017). Sosyal kaytarma davranışı üzerine yapılmış çalışmaların incelenmesi. Türk & İslam Dünyası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11, 227-245. google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959 google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, Self, and Human Development Across Cultures, Theory and Applications (2. Baskı). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. ve Cemalcılar, Z. (2014). Dünden bugüne insan ve insanlar: Sosyal psikolojiye giriş. Istanbul: Evrim Yayınları. google scholar
Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. ve İmamoglu, E. O. (2002). Value domains of Turkish adults and university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(3), 333-351. https://doi. org/10.1080/00224540209603903 google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Wilhau, A. J. (2020). Social loafing and motivation gains in groups: An integrative review. Steven J. Karau (Ed.), Individual motivation within groups içinde (s. 3-51). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681- 706. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681 google scholar
Karau, S. J. ve Williams, K. D. (2001). Understanding individual motivation in groups: The collective effort model. M.E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research içinde (s. 113-141). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H. ve Sleeth, R. G. (2000). We’re great” vs.“you’re lazy”: How goal difficulty influences social loafing, collective efficacy and perceived team ability. Annual meeting of the Southern Management Association kongresinde sunulan bildiri, Orlando, Florida. google scholar
Kerr, N. L. ve Bruun, S. (1983). The dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free rider effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 78-94. google scholar
Kipp, L. E. (2017). Developmental considerations for working with young athletes. C. J. Knight, C. G. Harwood ve D. Gould (Editörler), Sport psychology for young athletes içinde (s. 32-42). London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2. bs). New York: The Guilford Press. google scholar
Kravitz, D. A. ve Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 936-941. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.50.5.936 google scholar
Kassing, J. W., Billings, A. C., Brown, R. S., Halone, K. K., Harrison, K., Krizek, B., Mean, L.J. ve Turman, P. D. (2004). Communication in the community of sport: The process of enacting, (re) producing, consuming, and organizing sport. Annals of the International Communication Association, 28(1), 373-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2004.11679040 google scholar
Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36, 343-356. google scholar
Latane, B., Williams, K. ve Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 google scholar
Lee, Y. H. (2020). The role of mindfulness and occupational stress in the goal orientations of development and winning. Sport Management Review, 23(4), 626-639. google scholar
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Jaworski, R. A. ve Bennett, N. (2004). Social loafing: A field investigation. Journal ofManagement, 30(2), 285-304. google scholar
MacNamara, Â., Button, A. ve Collins, D. (2010). The role of psychological characteristics in facilitating the pathway to elite performance part 1: Identifying mental skills and behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 24(1), 52-73. google scholar
Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224. google scholar
Mefoh, P. C. ve Nwanosike, C. L. (2012). Effects of group size and expectancy of reward on social loafing. IFE PsychologIA: An International Journal, 20(1), 229-240. google scholar
Miller, J. G. (1976). The nature of living systems. Behavioral Science, 21(5), 295-319. google scholar
Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research, 28(1), 3-39. google scholar
Morsünbül, U., Crocetti, E., Çok, F. ve Meeus, W. (2016). Identity statuses and psychosocial functioning in Turkish youth: A person-centered approach. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 145-155. google scholar
Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2018). Resilience among immigrant youth: The role of culture, development and acculturation. Developmental Review, 50, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.04.002 google scholar
Mulvey, P. W. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2753 google scholar
Mulvey, P. W., Bowes-Sperry, L. ve Klein, H. J. (1998). The effects of perceived loafing and defensive impression management on group effectiveness. Small Group Research, 29(3), 394-415. https://doi. org/10.1177/1046496498293006 google scholar
Ntoumanis, N. ve Biddle, S. J. (1999). A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(8), 643-665. google scholar
Ohlert, J. ve Kleinert, J. (2012). Social loafing during preparation for performance situations. Social Psychology, 43(1), 1-7. google scholar
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. ve Reiss, A. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660-679. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.660 google scholar
Pagda, Z., Bayraktar, S. ve Jimenez, A. (2021). Exploring culture and leadership after 23 years: A replication of GLOBE project in Turkey. Journal of International Management, 27(1), 100822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100822 google scholar
Schippers, M. C. (2014). Social loafing tendencies and team performance: The compensating effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(1), 62-81. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0191 google scholar
Schnake, M. E. (1991). Equity in effort: The” sucker effect” in co-acting groups. Journal of Management, 17(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700104 google scholar
Sezer, U. ve Kocaekşi, S. (2018). Genç Sporcu Takım Sargınlığı ölçeğinin (GSTSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 105-113. https://doi. org/10.17644/sbd.345936 google scholar
Sezer, U., Kocaekşi S., Taşçıoğlu, R., Özbal, F. ve Heper, E. (2020) Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Form of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports. Acta Gymnica, 50(2), 7782. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2020.007 google scholar
Shepperd, J. A. (1993). Productivity loss in performance groups: A motivation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 113(1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.67 google scholar
Singer, R. N. ve Orbach, I. (1999) Persistence, excellence, and fulfillment. R. Lidor ve M. Bar-Eli (Ed.), Sport psychology: Linking theory and practice içinde (s. 167-191). Morgantown: Bookcrafters google scholar
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 214-12. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 google scholar
Swain, A. (1996). Social loafing and identifiability: The mediating role of achievement goal orientations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(3), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.19 96.10607961 google scholar
Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. bs). Boston: Pearson Education Inc. google scholar
Tolukan, E., Bayrak, M. ve Karacan Doğan, P. (2017). Antrenörlerin sosyal kaytarma algılarının incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-13. google scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169 google scholar
Tschan, F., Semmer, N. K., Nagele, C. ve Gurtner, A. (2000). Task adaptive behavior and performance in groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 3(4), 367-386. https://doi. org/10.1177/1368430200003004003 google scholar
Williams, K., Harkins, S. ve Latane, B. (1981). Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 303-311. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.303 google scholar
Vaartstra, M., Dunn, J. G. H. ve Causgrove Dunn, J. (2018). Perfectionism and perceptions of social loafing in competitive youth soccer. Journal of Sport Behavior, 41, 475-500. google scholar Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Oxford, England: Wiley. google scholar
Yetim, U. (2003). The impacts of individualism/collectivism, self-esteem, and feeling of mastery on life satisfaction among the Turkish university students and academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61(3), 297-317. google scholar
Ying, X., Li, H., Jiang, S., Peng, F. ve Lin, Z. (2014). Group laziness: The effect of social loafing on group performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.465 google scholar
Yuki, M. (2003). Intergroup comparison versus intragroup cooperation: A cross-cultural examination of social identity theory in North American and East Asian cultural contexts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 166 -183. google scholar

Toplam 104 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Umut Sezer 0000-0001-9764-0028 Serdar Kocaekşi 0000-0001-7176-7012 Arıkan Ektirici Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1590-6687 Cihan Aygün 0000-0001-8773-8777 Tuğba Özcan Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5639-9853
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	5 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Sezer, U., Kocaekşi, S., Ektirici, A., Aygün, C., vd. (2021). Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi. Studies in Psychology, 41(3), 899-926. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-805306
AMA	Sezer U, Kocaekşi S, Ektirici A, Aygün C, Özcan T. Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi. Studies in Psychology. Aralık 2021;41(3):899-926. doi:10.26650/SP2020-805306
Chicago	Sezer, Umut, Serdar Kocaekşi, Arıkan Ektirici, Cihan Aygün, ve Tuğba Özcan. “Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç Ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi”. Studies in Psychology 41, sy. 3 (Aralık 2021): 899-926. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-805306.
EndNote	Sezer U, Kocaekşi S, Ektirici A, Aygün C, Özcan T (01 Aralık 2021) Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi. Studies in Psychology 41 3 899–926.
IEEE	U. Sezer, S. Kocaekşi, A. Ektirici, C. Aygün, ve T. Özcan, “Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi”, Studies in Psychology, c. 41, sy. 3, ss. 899–926, 2021, doi: 10.26650/SP2020-805306.
ISNAD	Sezer, Umut vd. “Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç Ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi”. Studies in Psychology 41/3 (Aralık 2021), 899-926. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-805306.
JAMA	Sezer U, Kocaekşi S, Ektirici A, Aygün C, Özcan T. Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi. Studies in Psychology. 2021;41:899–926.
MLA	Sezer, Umut vd. “Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç Ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik Ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi”. Studies in Psychology, c. 41, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 899-26, doi:10.26650/SP2020-805306.
Vancouver	Sezer U, Kocaekşi S, Ektirici A, Aygün C, Özcan T. Algılanan Sosyal Kaytarma Ölçeği - Türkçe Formu: Genç ve Yetişkin Sporcu Örnekleminde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğin İncelenmesi. Studies in Psychology. 2021;41(3):899-926.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680