Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3, 509 - 549, 31.12.2022

Ömer Erdem Koçak , Oğuz Gençay , Wilmar Schaufeli

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817

Öz

Avrupa ülkeleri arasında Türkiye, çalışanın bilişsel, duygusal ve fizyolojik fonksiyonlarını olumsuz etkileyen iş tükenmişliğinin oldukça yüksek olduğu ülkelerden birisidir. Bu anlamda Türkiye’de tükenmişlik düzeyinin doğru ölçülmesi ve müdahaleler geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bugüne kadar tükenmişliğin ölçümünde en çok kullanılan ölçeğin kavramsal, teknik ve uygulama anlamında önemli eksikliklerinin bulunduğunun tespit edilmesi üzerine bu eksiklikleri gideren yeni bir tükenmişlik ölçümü geliştirmek için Tükenmişlik Ölçeği Konsorsiyumu 26 ülkeden katılımcılarla Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Ölçeğini geliştirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı BAT’ı Türkçeye uyarlamaktır. Bu amaçla üç çalışma yürütülmüştür. İlk çalışmada 295 katılımcılı bir çalışma ile ölçek tercümesi tamamlanmış ve faktör yapısı belirlenmiş, ikinci çalışmada 399 kişilik bir örneklem ile ölçeğin yapı geçerliği ve güvenirliği sınanmıştır. Üçüncü aşamada ise İş Talepleri-Kaynakları Modeli (İT-K, Demerouti ve ark., 2001) çerçevesinde 2778 katılımcılı bir çalışma ile ölçeğin nomolojik geçerliği test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde BAT’ın Türkçe formunun (BAT-TR) dördü birincil ve ikisi ikincil olmak üzere altı faktörlü yapıya sahip olduğuna dair görgül destek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, ölçekten elde edilen tükenmişlik puanlarının, İT-K (Demerouti ve ark., 2001) modeline uygun olarak iş talepleri tarafından pozitif olarak ve iş kaynakları tarafından negatif olarak yordandığı görülmüştür. BAT-TR’nin tükenmişliği ölçen Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği (MTÖ) ve Oldenburg Tükenmişlik Ölçeği (OTÖ) ile pozitif, çalışmaya tutkunluk ile negatif ilişkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, BAT-TR’nin, işle ilgili tutum ve davranışları MTÖ ve OTÖ’nün ötesinde açıklayarak artışlı geçerliğe sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, BAT-TR’nin dört kök faktörü ve iki ikincil semptomlu yapısı kullanılarak ölçeğin geçerliği ve güvenirliğine dair güçlü kanıtlar bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın literatüre katkıları ve kısıtlamaları tartışılmış, BAT-TR ölçeğinin Türkiye’deki tükenmişlik araştırmalarında kullanılabilecek bir ölçek olduğu önerilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tükenmişlik BAT Türkçeye uyarlama BAT-TR

Kaynakça

  • Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007 google scholar
  • Altay, B., Gönener, D. ve Demirkiran, C. (2010). Bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerin tükenmişlik düzeyleri ve aile desteğinin etkisi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 15(1), 10-16. google scholar
  • Angelini, G., Buonomo, I., Benevene, P., Consiglio, P., Romano, L. ve Fiorilli, C. (2021). The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): A contribution to Italian validation with teachers’. Sustainability, 13(16), 9065. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169065 google scholar
  • Ardiç, K. ve Polatci, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik sendromu akademisyenler üzerinde bir uygulama (GOÜ Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 69-96. google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2014) Job demands-resources theory. Chen, P. Y. ve Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Work and Wellbeing: A complete Reference Guide içinde (s. 1-28), John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ ocp0000056 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., ve Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1(1), 389411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Validation of the Maslach burnout inventory-general survey: An internet study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 15(3), 245260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580021000020716 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job demands-resources theory and self-regulation: new explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping: An International Journal, 34(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Wang, Y. (2020). Self-undermining behavior at work: Evidence of construct and google scholar
  • predictive validity. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(3), 241-251. https://doi. org/10.1037/str0000150 google scholar
  • Bianchi, R. (2020). Do burnout and depressive symptoms form a single syndrome? Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131, Article 109954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109954 google scholar
  • Boudreau, R., Boudreau, W. ve Mauthe-Kaddoura, A. (2015, 20 Mayıs). From 57 for 57: A bibliography of burnout citations. [Sözlü Sunum]. 17. Avrupa İş ve Örgüt Psikologları Derneği Konferansı, Oslo, Norway. google scholar
  • Breevaart, K. ve Bakker, A. B. (2018). Daily job demands and employee work engagement: The role of daily transformational leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000082 google scholar
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301 google scholar
  • Campbell, D. T. ve Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016 google scholar
  • Çapri, B., Gündüz, B. ve Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Öğrenci Formu’nun (MTE-ÖF) Türkçe’ye uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(40), 134-147. google scholar
  • Cho, S. (2020) Validation of the Korean version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (K-BAT): A preliminary study [In Korean]. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organization Psychology, 33, 461-499. https:// doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v33i4.461-499 google scholar
  • Çetin, C. ve Kurban, P. (2016). Tükenmişlik ve örgütsel sosyalleşme ilişkisi-kıdemi 0-2 yıl olan memur çalışanlar örneklemi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 50(3), 1271-1294. google scholar
  • Casler, K., Bickel, L. ve Hackett, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2156-2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009 google scholar
  • De Beer, L. T. ve Bianchi, R. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000392 google scholar
  • Deligkaris, P., Panagopoulos, E., Montgomery, A. ve Masoura, E. (2014). Job burnout and cognitive functioning: A systematic review. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 28(2), 107- 123. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.909545 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I. ve Kantas, A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12-23. google scholar
  • Demerouti, E. ve Rispens, S. (2014). Improving the image of student-recruited samples: A commentary. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 34-41. https://doi. org/10.1027/1015-5759.19.1.12 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E. ve Bakker, A. B. (2022). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022 google scholar
  • Erera-Weatherley, P. I. (1996). Coping with stress: Public welfare supervisors doing their best. Human Relations, 49(2), 157-170.https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267960490020 google scholar
  • Ergin, C. (1992, 25, Ekim) Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği’nin Uyarlanması. [Sözlü Sunum]. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye. google scholar
  • Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C. ve Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271386 google scholar
  • Fields, D. L. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated scales for organizational research and diagnosis. Sage Publications, Inc. google scholar
  • Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165. google scholar
  • Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B. ve Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multipleitem measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(6), 898-915.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164498058006003. google scholar
  • Gonzalez-Roma, V., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Lloret, S. (2006). Burnout and work engagement: Independent factors or opposite poles?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 165-174. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.01.003 google scholar
  • Gündüz, B., Çapri, B. ve Gökçakan, Z. (2013). Mesleki tükenmişlik, işle bütünleşme ve iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi - Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 3(1), 29-49. google scholar
  • Gürbüz, H. ve Karapınar, M. (2014). Bankacılık sektöründe çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach kriterlerine göre ölçülmesi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 10(23), 267278. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2014.10.23.413 google scholar
  • Güven, Ö. Z. ve Sezici, E. (2016). Otel işletmelerinde işgörenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach tükenmişlik modeline göre incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 112132. google scholar
  • Halbesleben, J. R. ve Wheeler, A. R. (2015). To invest or not? The role of coworker support and trust in daily reciprocal gain spirals of helping behavior. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1628-1650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455246 google scholar
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 google scholar
  • Kaçmaz, N. (2005). Tükenmişlik (burnout) sendromu. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 68(1), 29-32. google scholar
  • Karapınar, M. ve Gürbüz, H. (2015). Bankacılık sektöründe çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach ve Kopenhag kriterlerine göre ölçülmesi ve karşılaştırılması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 245-267 google scholar
  • Kerse, G. 2019, İş becerikliliğinin işte can sıkıntısı üzerindeki etkisi: İmalat sektörü bağlamında bir inceleme. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 54(1), 531-548. 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.19.03.1092 google scholar
  • Kim, W. H., Ra, Y. A., Park, J. G. ve Kwon, B. (2017). Role of burnout on job level, job satisfaction, and task performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(5), 630-645. https:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0249 google scholar
  • Konakay, G. (2013). Akademisyenlerde duygusal zeka faktörlerinin tükenmişlik faktörleri ile ilişkisine yönelik bir araştırma: Kocaeli Üniversitesi örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 121-144. google scholar
  • Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Hoonakker, P. (2009). Work engagement and burnout: Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. The Journal ofPositive Psychology, 4(3), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902879976 google scholar
  • Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V. ve Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. American Psychologist, 70(6), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210 google scholar
  • Koutsimani, P., Anthony, M. ve Georganta, K. (2019). The relationship between burnout, depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-19. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284 google scholar
  • Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E. ve Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Maslach Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192-207. https://doi. org/10.1080/02678370500297720 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Durup, J. (1994). The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 7(4), 357-373. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10615809408249357 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Durup, M. J. (1996). Work, home, and in-between: A longitudinal study of spillover. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886396321002 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 9(3), 229-243. https://doi. org/10.1080/10615809608249404 google scholar
  • Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Dunette, M. D. (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology içinde (s. 1297-1349), Rand McNally. google scholar
  • Malhotra N. K. ve Dash S. (2011). Marketing research an applied orientation. Pearson Publishing. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach ve T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout içinde (s. 19-32). Taylor & Francis. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205 google scholar
  • Maslach, C., S. E. Jackson ve Leiter, M. P. (1996) Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual 4th Edition. Mountain View California Consulting Psychologists Press. google scholar
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory (C. 21, s. 3463-3464). Consulting Psychologists Press. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. (2011). Engagementresearch: Somethoughts from a burnoutperspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.537034 google scholar
  • Meijman, T. F. ve Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry, ve C. J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Vol. 2. Work psychology içinde (2. Baskı., s. 5-33). Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Mikulas, W. L. ve Vodanovich, S. J. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43(1), 3. google scholar
  • Murray-Gibbons, R. ve Gibbons, C. (2007). Occupational stress in the chef profession. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110710724143 google scholar
  • Nagy, M. S. (2002). Using asingle-itemapproach to measurefacetjobsatisfaction. Journal ofOccupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902167658 google scholar
  • Otacıoğlu, S. G. (2008). Müzik öğretmenliği okul deneyimi uygulamalarına katılan öğretmen adaylarının öz etkililik-yeterlilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1), 163-170. google scholar
  • Özçelik, Z. (2019). Diş hekimlerinde duygusal emek ile tükenmişlik ilişkisi: Adana örneği [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çağ Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Özkalp, E. ve Meydan, B. (2015). Schaufeli ve Bakker tarafindan geliştirilmiş olan İşe Angaje Olma Ölçeğinin Türkçe’de güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğinin analizi. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(3), 1-19. google scholar
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 google scholar
  • Rank, J., Nelson, N. E., Allen, T. D. ve Xu, X. (2009). Leadership predictors of innovation and task performance: Subordinates’ self-esteem and self-presentation as moderators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 465-489. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X371547 google scholar
  • Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C., Taris, T. W., Van Beek, I. ve Ouweneel, E. (2013). Watching the paint dry at work: Psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 26(5), 508-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2 012.720676 google scholar
  • Reise, S. P., Morizot, J. ve Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16(1), 19-31. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7 google scholar
  • Reith, T. P. (2018). Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: A narrative review. Cureus, 10(12), e3681. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3681 google scholar
  • Robinson, O. P., Bridges, S. A., Rollins, L. H. ve Schumacker, R. E. (2019). A study of the relation between special education burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 19(4), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12448 google scholar
  • Rotundo, M. ve Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66 google scholar
  • Sanchez-Gomez, M. ve Breso, E. (2020). In pursuit of work performance: Testing the contribution of emotional intelligence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155373 google scholar
  • Sakakibara, K., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). Validation of the Japanese version of the Burnout Assessment Tool. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.01819 google scholar
  • Salvagioni, D., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L. ve Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS one, 12(10), e0185781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185781. google scholar
  • Schutte, N., Toppinen, S., Kalimo, R. ve Schaufeli, W. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology, 73(1), 53-66. https://doi. org/10.1348/096317900166877 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Burnout in Europe: Relations with national economy, governance, and culture. Research Unit Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning (internal report). KU Leuven, Belgium. google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 20(5), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. ve Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Van der Heijden, F. M. ve Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S. ve De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W., De Witte, H. ve Desart, S. (2019). Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). KU Leuven: Leuven, Belgium. google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V. ve Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M. ve De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577-591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. ve Taris, T. W. (2005). The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground andworlds apart. Work & Stress, 19(3), 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500385913 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. ve Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x google scholar
  • Sonnenschein, M., Sorbi, M. J., van Doornen, L. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Maas, C. J. (2007). Evidence that impaired sleep recovery may complicate burnout improvement independently of depressive mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62(4), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpsychores.2006.11.011 google scholar
  • Şeker, S. (2011) The correlation of job insecurity and burnout on employees: A field research for pharmaceutical sales representatives [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Simbula, S. (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers’ well-being: A diary study using the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(5), 563-584. https://doi. org/10.1080/10615801003728273 google scholar
  • Terluin, B., Rhenen, W. V., Schaufeli, W. B. ve De Haan, M. (2004). The four-dimensional symptom questionnaire (4DSQ): Measuring distress and other mental health problems in a working population. Work & Stress, 18(3), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837042000297535 google scholar
  • Terluin, B., van Marwijk, H. W. J., Adèr, H. J., de Vet, H. C. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Hermens, M. L. M., van Boeijen, C. A., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van der Klink, J. J. L. ve Stalman, W. A. B. (2006). The Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ): A validation study of a multidimensional self-report questionnaire to assess distress, depression, anxiety and somatization. BMC Psychiatry, 6, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-34 google scholar
  • Turgut, T. (2011). Çalişmaya tutkunluk: İş yükü, esnek çalişma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatişmasi ile ilişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 155-179. google scholar
  • Um, M. Y. ve Harrison, D. F. (1998). Role stressors, burnout, mediators, and job satisfaction: A stressstrain-outcome model and an empirical test. Social Work Research, 22(2), 100-115. https://doi. org/10.1093/swr/22.2.100 google scholar
  • Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. ve Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are singleitem measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 google scholar
  • Wheeler, D. L., Vassar, M., Worley, J. A. ve Barnes, L. L. (2011). A reliability generalization metaanalysis of coefficient alpha for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(1), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410391579 google scholar
  • Wolpin, J., Burke, R. J. ve Greenglass, E. R. (1991). Is job satisfaction an antecedent or a consequence of psychological burnout? Human Relations, 44(2), 193-209. https://doi. org/10.1177/001872679104400205 google scholar
  • World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ adresinden alınmıştır. google scholar
  • Worley, J. A., Vassar, M., Wheeler, D. L. ve Barnes, L. L. (2008). Factor structure of scores from the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A review and meta-analysis of 45 exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68(5), 797-823. https://doi. org/10.1177/0013164408315268 google scholar
  • Wright, T. A. ve Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(5), 491- 499. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5<491::AID-JOB804>3.0.CO;2-I google scholar
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121 google scholar
  • Yamaner, Ö. (2019) Job demands and job resources as antecedents of burnout. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, H. M. ve İçerli, L. (2010). Tükenmişlik sendromu: Maslach ve Kopenhag tükenmişlik ölçeklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 123-131. google scholar

BAT-TR: Turkish Adaptation of Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3, 509 - 549, 31.12.2022

Ömer Erdem Koçak , Oğuz Gençay , Wilmar Schaufeli

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817

Öz

Like many other European countries, Turkey has a high rate of employee burnout which negatively affects employees’ cognitive, emotional, and physiological functions. In this regard, accurate measurement of burnout and the development of interventions in Turkey are critical. It has been determined that the scale that has been used most frequently in the measurement of burnout has significant conceptual, technical, and application deficiencies. Thus, the Burnout Scale Consortium developed the Burnout Assesment Tool (BAT), with participants from 26 countries, to address these shortcomings. The purpose of this study is to adapt BAT to Turkish. Three studies were conducted for this purpose. First, the scale translation was completed, with the factorial structure being determined through a study of 295 participants. For the second study, the scale’s reliability and validity was tested with a study of 399 participants. For the third study, the scale’s nomological network validity was tested with a study of 2,778 participants, using the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R; Demerouti et al., 2001). As a result, the empirical evidence was found to support the six-factor structure, of which four are primary and two are secondary. Additionally, in line with the JD-R model (Demerouti et al., 2001), it was discovered that job demands positively predicted the scale, while job resources negatively predicted it. The BAT-TR was found to have a positive correlation with both the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Oldenburg Burnout Scale (OBS), but a negative correlation with work engagement. Additionally, it has been observed that, when compared to MBI and OBS, it has incremental validity for work-related attitudes and behaviors. Thus, the BAT-TR four core factors and two secondary symptoms provide strong evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish form. A discussion is presented with contributions to the literature and the study’s limitations, suggesting that the BAT-TR scale can be used in burnout research in Turkey

Anahtar Kelimeler

Burnout adaptation into Turkish BAT-TR

Kaynakça

  • Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007 google scholar
  • Altay, B., Gönener, D. ve Demirkiran, C. (2010). Bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerin tükenmişlik düzeyleri ve aile desteğinin etkisi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 15(1), 10-16. google scholar
  • Angelini, G., Buonomo, I., Benevene, P., Consiglio, P., Romano, L. ve Fiorilli, C. (2021). The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): A contribution to Italian validation with teachers’. Sustainability, 13(16), 9065. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169065 google scholar
  • Ardiç, K. ve Polatci, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik sendromu akademisyenler üzerinde bir uygulama (GOÜ Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 69-96. google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2014) Job demands-resources theory. Chen, P. Y. ve Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Work and Wellbeing: A complete Reference Guide içinde (s. 1-28), John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ ocp0000056 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., ve Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1(1), 389411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Validation of the Maslach burnout inventory-general survey: An internet study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 15(3), 245260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580021000020716 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve de Vries, J. D. (2021). Job demands-resources theory and self-regulation: new explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping: An International Journal, 34(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695 google scholar
  • Bakker, A. B. ve Wang, Y. (2020). Self-undermining behavior at work: Evidence of construct and google scholar
  • predictive validity. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(3), 241-251. https://doi. org/10.1037/str0000150 google scholar
  • Bianchi, R. (2020). Do burnout and depressive symptoms form a single syndrome? Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131, Article 109954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109954 google scholar
  • Boudreau, R., Boudreau, W. ve Mauthe-Kaddoura, A. (2015, 20 Mayıs). From 57 for 57: A bibliography of burnout citations. [Sözlü Sunum]. 17. Avrupa İş ve Örgüt Psikologları Derneği Konferansı, Oslo, Norway. google scholar
  • Breevaart, K. ve Bakker, A. B. (2018). Daily job demands and employee work engagement: The role of daily transformational leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000082 google scholar
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301 google scholar
  • Campbell, D. T. ve Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016 google scholar
  • Çapri, B., Gündüz, B. ve Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Öğrenci Formu’nun (MTE-ÖF) Türkçe’ye uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(40), 134-147. google scholar
  • Cho, S. (2020) Validation of the Korean version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (K-BAT): A preliminary study [In Korean]. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organization Psychology, 33, 461-499. https:// doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v33i4.461-499 google scholar
  • Çetin, C. ve Kurban, P. (2016). Tükenmişlik ve örgütsel sosyalleşme ilişkisi-kıdemi 0-2 yıl olan memur çalışanlar örneklemi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 50(3), 1271-1294. google scholar
  • Casler, K., Bickel, L. ve Hackett, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2156-2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009 google scholar
  • De Beer, L. T. ve Bianchi, R. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000392 google scholar
  • Deligkaris, P., Panagopoulos, E., Montgomery, A. ve Masoura, E. (2014). Job burnout and cognitive functioning: A systematic review. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 28(2), 107- 123. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.909545 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I. ve Kantas, A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12-23. google scholar
  • Demerouti, E. ve Rispens, S. (2014). Improving the image of student-recruited samples: A commentary. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 34-41. https://doi. org/10.1027/1015-5759.19.1.12 google scholar
  • Demerouti, E. ve Bakker, A. B. (2022). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022 google scholar
  • Erera-Weatherley, P. I. (1996). Coping with stress: Public welfare supervisors doing their best. Human Relations, 49(2), 157-170.https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267960490020 google scholar
  • Ergin, C. (1992, 25, Ekim) Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği’nin Uyarlanması. [Sözlü Sunum]. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye. google scholar
  • Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C. ve Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271386 google scholar
  • Fields, D. L. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated scales for organizational research and diagnosis. Sage Publications, Inc. google scholar
  • Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165. google scholar
  • Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B. ve Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multipleitem measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(6), 898-915.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164498058006003. google scholar
  • Gonzalez-Roma, V., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Lloret, S. (2006). Burnout and work engagement: Independent factors or opposite poles?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 165-174. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.01.003 google scholar
  • Gündüz, B., Çapri, B. ve Gökçakan, Z. (2013). Mesleki tükenmişlik, işle bütünleşme ve iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi - Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 3(1), 29-49. google scholar
  • Gürbüz, H. ve Karapınar, M. (2014). Bankacılık sektöründe çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach kriterlerine göre ölçülmesi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 10(23), 267278. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2014.10.23.413 google scholar
  • Güven, Ö. Z. ve Sezici, E. (2016). Otel işletmelerinde işgörenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach tükenmişlik modeline göre incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 112132. google scholar
  • Halbesleben, J. R. ve Wheeler, A. R. (2015). To invest or not? The role of coworker support and trust in daily reciprocal gain spirals of helping behavior. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1628-1650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312455246 google scholar
  • Hu, L. T. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 google scholar
  • Kaçmaz, N. (2005). Tükenmişlik (burnout) sendromu. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 68(1), 29-32. google scholar
  • Karapınar, M. ve Gürbüz, H. (2015). Bankacılık sektöründe çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeylerinin Maslach ve Kopenhag kriterlerine göre ölçülmesi ve karşılaştırılması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 245-267 google scholar
  • Kerse, G. 2019, İş becerikliliğinin işte can sıkıntısı üzerindeki etkisi: İmalat sektörü bağlamında bir inceleme. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 54(1), 531-548. 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.19.03.1092 google scholar
  • Kim, W. H., Ra, Y. A., Park, J. G. ve Kwon, B. (2017). Role of burnout on job level, job satisfaction, and task performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(5), 630-645. https:// doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2015-0249 google scholar
  • Konakay, G. (2013). Akademisyenlerde duygusal zeka faktörlerinin tükenmişlik faktörleri ile ilişkisine yönelik bir araştırma: Kocaeli Üniversitesi örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 121-144. google scholar
  • Korunka, C., Kubicek, B., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Hoonakker, P. (2009). Work engagement and burnout: Testing the robustness of the job demands-resources model. The Journal ofPositive Psychology, 4(3), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760902879976 google scholar
  • Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V. ve Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. American Psychologist, 70(6), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210 google scholar
  • Koutsimani, P., Anthony, M. ve Georganta, K. (2019). The relationship between burnout, depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-19. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284 google scholar
  • Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E. ve Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Maslach Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192-207. https://doi. org/10.1080/02678370500297720 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Durup, J. (1994). The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 7(4), 357-373. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10615809408249357 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Durup, M. J. (1996). Work, home, and in-between: A longitudinal study of spillover. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886396321002 google scholar
  • Leiter, M. P. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 9(3), 229-243. https://doi. org/10.1080/10615809608249404 google scholar
  • Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Dunette, M. D. (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology içinde (s. 1297-1349), Rand McNally. google scholar
  • Malhotra N. K. ve Dash S. (2011). Marketing research an applied orientation. Pearson Publishing. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach ve T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout içinde (s. 19-32). Taylor & Francis. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205 google scholar
  • Maslach, C., S. E. Jackson ve Leiter, M. P. (1996) Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual 4th Edition. Mountain View California Consulting Psychologists Press. google scholar
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory (C. 21, s. 3463-3464). Consulting Psychologists Press. google scholar
  • Maslach, C. (2011). Engagementresearch: Somethoughts from a burnoutperspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.537034 google scholar
  • Meijman, T. F. ve Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry, ve C. J. de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Vol. 2. Work psychology içinde (2. Baskı., s. 5-33). Psychology Press. google scholar
  • Mikulas, W. L. ve Vodanovich, S. J. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43(1), 3. google scholar
  • Murray-Gibbons, R. ve Gibbons, C. (2007). Occupational stress in the chef profession. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110710724143 google scholar
  • Nagy, M. S. (2002). Using asingle-itemapproach to measurefacetjobsatisfaction. Journal ofOccupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902167658 google scholar
  • Otacıoğlu, S. G. (2008). Müzik öğretmenliği okul deneyimi uygulamalarına katılan öğretmen adaylarının öz etkililik-yeterlilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1), 163-170. google scholar
  • Özçelik, Z. (2019). Diş hekimlerinde duygusal emek ile tükenmişlik ilişkisi: Adana örneği [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çağ Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Özkalp, E. ve Meydan, B. (2015). Schaufeli ve Bakker tarafindan geliştirilmiş olan İşe Angaje Olma Ölçeğinin Türkçe’de güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğinin analizi. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(3), 1-19. google scholar
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 google scholar
  • Rank, J., Nelson, N. E., Allen, T. D. ve Xu, X. (2009). Leadership predictors of innovation and task performance: Subordinates’ self-esteem and self-presentation as moderators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 465-489. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X371547 google scholar
  • Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C., Taris, T. W., Van Beek, I. ve Ouweneel, E. (2013). Watching the paint dry at work: Psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 26(5), 508-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2 012.720676 google scholar
  • Reise, S. P., Morizot, J. ve Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16(1), 19-31. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7 google scholar
  • Reith, T. P. (2018). Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: A narrative review. Cureus, 10(12), e3681. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3681 google scholar
  • Robinson, O. P., Bridges, S. A., Rollins, L. H. ve Schumacker, R. E. (2019). A study of the relation between special education burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 19(4), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12448 google scholar
  • Rotundo, M. ve Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66 google scholar
  • Sanchez-Gomez, M. ve Breso, E. (2020). In pursuit of work performance: Testing the contribution of emotional intelligence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155373 google scholar
  • Sakakibara, K., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). Validation of the Japanese version of the Burnout Assessment Tool. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.01819 google scholar
  • Salvagioni, D., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., González, A. D., Gabani, F. L. ve Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS one, 12(10), e0185781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185781. google scholar
  • Schutte, N., Toppinen, S., Kalimo, R. ve Schaufeli, W. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology, 73(1), 53-66. https://doi. org/10.1348/096317900166877 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Burnout in Europe: Relations with national economy, governance, and culture. Research Unit Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning (internal report). KU Leuven, Belgium. google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 20(5), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. ve Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Van der Heijden, F. M. ve Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S. ve De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—Development, validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W., De Witte, H. ve Desart, S. (2019). Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). KU Leuven: Leuven, Belgium. google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V. ve Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M. ve De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577-591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B. ve Taris, T. W. (2005). The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground andworlds apart. Work & Stress, 19(3), 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500385913 google scholar
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. ve Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x google scholar
  • Sonnenschein, M., Sorbi, M. J., van Doornen, L. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Maas, C. J. (2007). Evidence that impaired sleep recovery may complicate burnout improvement independently of depressive mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62(4), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpsychores.2006.11.011 google scholar
  • Şeker, S. (2011) The correlation of job insecurity and burnout on employees: A field research for pharmaceutical sales representatives [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Simbula, S. (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers’ well-being: A diary study using the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(5), 563-584. https://doi. org/10.1080/10615801003728273 google scholar
  • Terluin, B., Rhenen, W. V., Schaufeli, W. B. ve De Haan, M. (2004). The four-dimensional symptom questionnaire (4DSQ): Measuring distress and other mental health problems in a working population. Work & Stress, 18(3), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267837042000297535 google scholar
  • Terluin, B., van Marwijk, H. W. J., Adèr, H. J., de Vet, H. C. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Hermens, M. L. M., van Boeijen, C. A., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van der Klink, J. J. L. ve Stalman, W. A. B. (2006). The Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ): A validation study of a multidimensional self-report questionnaire to assess distress, depression, anxiety and somatization. BMC Psychiatry, 6, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-34 google scholar
  • Turgut, T. (2011). Çalişmaya tutkunluk: İş yükü, esnek çalişma saatleri, yönetici desteği ve iş-aile çatişmasi ile ilişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 155-179. google scholar
  • Um, M. Y. ve Harrison, D. F. (1998). Role stressors, burnout, mediators, and job satisfaction: A stressstrain-outcome model and an empirical test. Social Work Research, 22(2), 100-115. https://doi. org/10.1093/swr/22.2.100 google scholar
  • Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. ve Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are singleitem measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 google scholar
  • Wheeler, D. L., Vassar, M., Worley, J. A. ve Barnes, L. L. (2011). A reliability generalization metaanalysis of coefficient alpha for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(1), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410391579 google scholar
  • Wolpin, J., Burke, R. J. ve Greenglass, E. R. (1991). Is job satisfaction an antecedent or a consequence of psychological burnout? Human Relations, 44(2), 193-209. https://doi. org/10.1177/001872679104400205 google scholar
  • World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/ adresinden alınmıştır. google scholar
  • Worley, J. A., Vassar, M., Wheeler, D. L. ve Barnes, L. L. (2008). Factor structure of scores from the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A review and meta-analysis of 45 exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68(5), 797-823. https://doi. org/10.1177/0013164408315268 google scholar
  • Wright, T. A. ve Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(5), 491- 499. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5<491::AID-JOB804>3.0.CO;2-I google scholar
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121 google scholar
  • Yamaner, Ö. (2019) Job demands and job resources as antecedents of burnout. [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, H. M. ve İçerli, L. (2010). Tükenmişlik sendromu: Maslach ve Kopenhag tükenmişlik ölçeklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 123-131. google scholar
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ömer Erdem Koçak 0000-0002-4649-2042

Oğuz Gençay 0000-0001-8099-0750

Wilmar Schaufeli Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6070-7150

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçak, Ö. E., Gençay, O., & Schaufeli, W. (2022). BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 42(3), 509-549. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817
AMA Koçak ÖE, Gençay O, Schaufeli W. BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. Aralık 2022;42(3):509-549. doi:10.26650/SP2020-799817
Chicago Koçak, Ömer Erdem, Oğuz Gençay, ve Wilmar Schaufeli. “BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42, sy. 3 (Aralık 2022): 509-49. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817.
EndNote Koçak ÖE, Gençay O, Schaufeli W (01 Aralık 2022) BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42 3 509–549.
IEEE Ö. E. Koçak, O. Gençay, ve W. Schaufeli, “BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması”, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, c. 42, sy. 3, ss. 509–549, 2022, doi: 10.26650/SP2020-799817.
ISNAD Koçak, Ömer Erdem vd. “BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 42/3 (Aralık 2022), 509-549. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817.
JAMA Koçak ÖE, Gençay O, Schaufeli W. BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2022;42:509–549.
MLA Koçak, Ömer Erdem vd. “BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, c. 42, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 509-4, doi:10.26650/SP2020-799817.
Vancouver Koçak ÖE, Gençay O, Schaufeli W. BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2022;42(3):509-4.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680