Sovyetler Birliği’nde Rus Milliyetçiliği ve Rus Milli Kimliğinin Gelişimi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 79 - 110, 20.12.2017

İdil Tunçer Kılavuz

Öz

Bu çalışmanın ana argümanı, Rus milli kimliğinin ve Rus milliyetçiliğinin modern şeklini, Çarlık döneminden kalma birçok milliyetçi motifi de tutarak, Sovyet döneminde bulduğudur. Bu çalışma Sovyet yönetiminin Lenin döneminden Brejnev döneminin sonuna kadar olan yıllarını ele alıyor. İlk bölümde, devletin görüşünün betimleyici “Büyük Rus (velikorusskii narod) Şovenizmi”nden, övgü yüklü “Büyük Rus halkı (velikii russkii narod)”na olan değişimi, Milli Bolşevik ideolojisinin ve “Sovyet vatanseverliği” kavramının ortaya çıkışı ve Rus milliyetçiliğinin rejim tarafından nasıl kontrol edildiği, kullanıldığı ve devletin resmi ideolojisi içine alındığı analiz edilecek. Daha sonraki bölümde Rus milliyetçiliğinde Brejnev döneminde yaşanan gelişmeler analiz edilecektir. Bu dönemde Rus milliyetçiliğinin muhalif formunun yükselişi, muhalif milliyetçilerin düşünceleri ve Sovyet devletinin Milli Bolşeviklere gösterdiği hoşgörü ve destek tartışılacaktır. Brejnev döneminden başlayarak 1990’ların başına kadar Rus milliyetçiliği hemen hemen aynı çizgide gelişmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya, Sovyetler Birliği, Milliyetçilik, Lenin, Stalin, Brejnev, Kruşçev

Formation of Russian Nationalism and the Russian National Identity under Soviet Rule

Öz

This article mainly argues that the Russian national identity and the modern form of Russian nationalism were formed during the Soviet period including many nationalistic motifs from the Tsarist period. The study covers the Soviet period beginning from the Lenin to the late Brezhnev years. The first part of the article will explore the transformation of the state’s view from the descriptive “Great Russian (velikorusskii narod) chauvinism” to the acclaimed “velikii russkii narod,” the emergence of the National Bolshevik ideology and the concept of “Soviet patriotism.” Furthermore, it will discuss how Russian nationalism was controlled, used, and incorporated into the official ideology of the state. In the following section, developments in Russian nationalism in the Brezhnev period will be analyzed. From this period, the rise of the dissident form of Russian nationalism, the thoughts of dissident nationalists, and the tolerance and support that the Soviet state showed to the National Bolsheviks will be discussed. From the Brezhnev era until the early 1990s, Russian nationalism developed on almost the same line. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russia, Soviet Union, Nationalism, Lenin, Stalin, Brezhnev, Khrushchev

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