Araştırma Makalesi
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Eastfalya Uluslararası Düzeninin İmkânının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 111 - 130, 20.12.2017

Öz

Mevcut çalışma Eastfalya uluslararası düzeninin mümkün olup olmadığına dair değerlendirmeler sunuyor ve bu bağlamda özellikle Çin’in rolünü değerlendirerek argümanlarını teorik açıklamalardan ziyade somut olgulara dayandırıyor. Bu makale ilk olarak Eastfalya hakkındaki temel argümanları sunup bunları tartışacak, sonra Eastfalya döneminin olasılığını değerlendirecek. Çalışma, yükselen bir güç olarak Çin’in mevcut uluslararası düzen üzerinde belirgin etkilerinin olabileceğini, ancak, mevcut sistemin dönüşümü için gerekli olan başka belirleyici etmenlerin de olmasından dolayı sadece bu etkilerin böyle bir dönüşüm için yeterli olmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Mevcut çalışma bu belirleyici etmenleri Asya ve özelde Çin için şöyle belirlemektedir: yeni özgün ilkeler sunabilmek, dış politikada tutarlılık sorununu asgariye indirmek ve aynı zamanda güçlü bir bölgesel organizasyon kurmaya yardımcı olmak. Yeni özgün ilkeler sunmak yeni sistemi seleflerinden ayırmak için önemli bir etmen iken, diğer iki etmen de Çin tarafından geliştirilecek olan bu yeni ilkelerin küresel kabul edilebilirliği ve daha sonrasında benimsenmesi için aynı derecede önem arz etmektedir. Makale öncelikle Çin’in dış politikasının esasını oluşturan Barış içinde bir arada yaşamanın beş ilkesinin sadece Asya’ya ait olup olmadığına dair argümanları değerlendirilecek. Sonra Çin’in stratejileri ve uygulamalarına dair tutarlılık sorunlarının altını çizecek. Son olarak, Asya’daki bölgesel işbirliğini kolaylaştıracak bir organizasyonun kurulmasının önemini vurgulayıp, böyle bir amaca ulaşmaktan ne kadar uzakta olduğu tespit edilecektir. Sonuç olarak, önde gelen Asya ülkelerinin bahsi geçen belirleyici etmenler ile ilgili yapacakları tercihlerin bir Eastfalya dünya düzeninin oluşup oluşmayacağı hususunda temel belirleyici etken olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Mevcut çalışma, çok az ele alınmış olan bu konu hakkında daha fazla incelemeler sunarak literatüre katkı sağlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Angang, H. (2011). China in 2020: A New Type of Superpower. Washington: Brooking Institution Press.
  • Annan, K. (1998). Report of the Secretary-General. New York: Yearbook of the United Nations.
  • Arı, T. (2008). Orta Asya’da Güvenlik Sorunu ve İşbirliği Girişimler. Türk Tarih Kurumu, 435-458.
  • Beeson, M. (2014). Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, B. (2011). The Inaugural Kenneth N. Waltz Annual Lecture: A World Order Without Superpowers: Decentred Globalism. International Relations, 3-25, DOI: 10.1177/0047117810396999.
  • Centre, U. N. (2016, August 18). UN Rights Experts Urge Philippines to End Wave of Extrajudicial Killings Amid Major Drug Crackdown. Retrieved from UN News Centre: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54707#.WYA3q4iGOUl
  • Christine Chinkin & Freya Baetens. (2015). Sovereignty, statehood and state responsibility . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • David P. Fidler, Sun Won Kim & Sumit Ganguly. (2009). Eastphalia rising?: Asian influence and the fate of human security. Maurer Faculty of Law, 53-64.
  • Drake, C. (1999). The United Nations and NGOs: future roles. In G. J. Wood, Reordering the world: geopolitical perspectives on the twenty-first century (pp. 239-256). New York: Westview Press.
  • Elden, S. (2006). Contingent Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and the Sanctity of Borders. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 11-24, DOI: 10.1353/sais.2006.0008.
  • Falk, R. (1998). Law in an Emerging Global Village: a post-Westphalian Perspective. Transnational Publishers.
  • Fidler, D. (2010). Introduction: Eastphalia emerging?: Asia, international law, and global governance. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 1-12, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.1.
  • Ginsburg, T. (2010). Eastphalia as the perfection of Westphalia. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 27-45, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.27.
  • Ginsburg, T. (2011). Eastphalia and Asian regionalism. University of Illinois College of Law and the American Bar Foundation, 101-119.
  • Honghua, M. (2010). East Asian order formation and Sino-Japanese relations. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 47-82, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.47.
  • Huang, Y. (2010). Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy: The case of China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 105-146, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.105.
  • Ives, M. (2017, August 4). Vietnam, Yielding to Beijing, Backs Off South China Sea Drilling. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/world/asia/vietnam-south-china-sea-repsol.html
  • Kassim, Y. R. (2014). The Geopolitics of Intervention: Asia and the Responsibility to Protect. London: Springer.
  • Kim, S. W. (2010). Human security with an Asian face? . Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 83-103, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.83.
  • Lo, C.-F. (2010). Values to be added to an "Eastphalia Order" by the emerging China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 13-26, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.13.
  • Marshall, T. (2016). Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps that Tell You Everything You Need to Know about Global Politics. London: Elliott and Thompson.
  • McGrew, A. (2002). Transnational democracy: theories and prospects. In A. C. Stokes, Democratic theory today: challenges for the 21st Century (pp. 269-294). Cambridge : Polity Press.
  • Nowrot, K. (1999). Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations Under International Law. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 579-645.
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Odgaard, L. (2013). Peaceful coexistence strategy and China’s diplomatic power. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 233–272, DOI:10.1093/cjip/pot004.
  • Panda, A. (2014, June 26). Reflecting on China's Five Principles, 60 Years Later. Retrieved from The Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/reflecting-on-chinas-five-principles-60-years-later/
  • Perlez, J. (2016 , November 2). Philippines’ Deal With China Pokes a Hole in U.S. Strategy. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/world/asia/philippines-duterte-south-china-sea.html
  • Phillips, T. (2016, May 2). Chinese Communist Party Suspends Tycoon after Xi Jinping Outburst. Retrieved from The Guardian : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/02/chinese-communist-party-suspends-ren-zhiqiang-social-media-xi-jinping
  • Pillalamarri, A. (2014, June 10). The United States Just Closed Its Last Base in Central Asia. Retrieved from The Diplomat : http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-united-states-just-closed-its-last-base-in-central-asia/
  • Reçber, K. (2002). AB Kurucu Antlaşması Düzenlemeleri İtibarıyla AB Üyesi Devletler Arasında Ortak Dış Politika, Güvenlik ve Savunma Konularında Bir Uzlaşma Var Mı? Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 113-132.
  • Safi, M. (2017, July 6). Chinese and Indian Troops Face Off in Bhutan Border Dispute. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory
  • Schneebaum, S. M. (2004). Ethnic groups and international law: a status report on international legal personality at the beginning of the new century . Human Rights & Human Welfare, 11-22.
  • Suryanarayana, P. S. (2016). Smart diplomacy: exploring China-India synergy . Singapore: World Century.
  • Ting Shi and David Tweed. (2016, July 15). Xi’s neighborhood diplomacy runs aground in South China Sea. Retrieved from Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-14/xi-s-neighborhood-diplomacy-runs-aground-in-south-china-sea
  • Valaskakis, K. (2000, December). Westphalia II: The Real Millennium Challenge. Retrieved from Pari Center for New Learning: http://www.paricenter.com/library/papers/valaskakis01.php
  • Yuwen, X. L. (2016, March 30). A blueprint for China's neighborhood diplomacy. Retrieved from The Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/a-blueprint-for-chinas-neighborhood-diplomacy/

Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 111 - 130, 20.12.2017

Öz

This study provides insight into whether an Eastphalian international legal order is possible, and examines the role of China in particular, basing its arguments on concrete issues, rather than theoretical ones. This paper will first discuss the Eastphalian proposal, initially illustrating the main arguments for the Eastphalian order, and then discussing the possibility of an Eastphalia era. This study stresses that, as a growing international actor, China has the potential to affect the current international order in certain ways. However, these effects will not be enough to cause a transformation of that order, because there other determinative factors exist. This study identifies and assesses these determinative factors for Asia, and in particular China, seeing them as offering new autogenous principles and minimizing the problem of coherence in foreign policy, as well as helping establish a strong regional organization. While autogenous principles are an important way to distinguish a new era from the preceding one, there are several considerations that are equally vital for global acceptance and adoption of these autogenous principles that China would develop. This paper first discusses existing concerns with regard to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, on which China has based its foreign policy. Then, we will highlight coherence issues that have been raised with regard to China’s strategies and practices. Finally, we will emphasize the importance of founding an organization that will facilitate regional cooperation in Asia. It is currently unclear whether an Eastphalian world order will manifest itself based on choices made by leading Asian powers, and we must ascertain how far this ideal is from being achieved. The current study contributes to the literature by providing more insight into this largely ignored topic. 

Kaynakça

  • Angang, H. (2011). China in 2020: A New Type of Superpower. Washington: Brooking Institution Press.
  • Annan, K. (1998). Report of the Secretary-General. New York: Yearbook of the United Nations.
  • Arı, T. (2008). Orta Asya’da Güvenlik Sorunu ve İşbirliği Girişimler. Türk Tarih Kurumu, 435-458.
  • Beeson, M. (2014). Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, B. (2011). The Inaugural Kenneth N. Waltz Annual Lecture: A World Order Without Superpowers: Decentred Globalism. International Relations, 3-25, DOI: 10.1177/0047117810396999.
  • Centre, U. N. (2016, August 18). UN Rights Experts Urge Philippines to End Wave of Extrajudicial Killings Amid Major Drug Crackdown. Retrieved from UN News Centre: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54707#.WYA3q4iGOUl
  • Christine Chinkin & Freya Baetens. (2015). Sovereignty, statehood and state responsibility . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • David P. Fidler, Sun Won Kim & Sumit Ganguly. (2009). Eastphalia rising?: Asian influence and the fate of human security. Maurer Faculty of Law, 53-64.
  • Drake, C. (1999). The United Nations and NGOs: future roles. In G. J. Wood, Reordering the world: geopolitical perspectives on the twenty-first century (pp. 239-256). New York: Westview Press.
  • Elden, S. (2006). Contingent Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and the Sanctity of Borders. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 11-24, DOI: 10.1353/sais.2006.0008.
  • Falk, R. (1998). Law in an Emerging Global Village: a post-Westphalian Perspective. Transnational Publishers.
  • Fidler, D. (2010). Introduction: Eastphalia emerging?: Asia, international law, and global governance. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 1-12, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.1.
  • Ginsburg, T. (2010). Eastphalia as the perfection of Westphalia. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 27-45, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.27.
  • Ginsburg, T. (2011). Eastphalia and Asian regionalism. University of Illinois College of Law and the American Bar Foundation, 101-119.
  • Honghua, M. (2010). East Asian order formation and Sino-Japanese relations. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 47-82, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.47.
  • Huang, Y. (2010). Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy: The case of China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 105-146, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.105.
  • Ives, M. (2017, August 4). Vietnam, Yielding to Beijing, Backs Off South China Sea Drilling. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/world/asia/vietnam-south-china-sea-repsol.html
  • Kassim, Y. R. (2014). The Geopolitics of Intervention: Asia and the Responsibility to Protect. London: Springer.
  • Kim, S. W. (2010). Human security with an Asian face? . Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 83-103, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.83.
  • Lo, C.-F. (2010). Values to be added to an "Eastphalia Order" by the emerging China. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 13-26, DOI: 10.2979/gls.2010.17.1.13.
  • Marshall, T. (2016). Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps that Tell You Everything You Need to Know about Global Politics. London: Elliott and Thompson.
  • McGrew, A. (2002). Transnational democracy: theories and prospects. In A. C. Stokes, Democratic theory today: challenges for the 21st Century (pp. 269-294). Cambridge : Polity Press.
  • Nowrot, K. (1999). Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations Under International Law. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 579-645.
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. New York: PublicAffairs.
  • Odgaard, L. (2013). Peaceful coexistence strategy and China’s diplomatic power. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 233–272, DOI:10.1093/cjip/pot004.
  • Panda, A. (2014, June 26). Reflecting on China's Five Principles, 60 Years Later. Retrieved from The Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/reflecting-on-chinas-five-principles-60-years-later/
  • Perlez, J. (2016 , November 2). Philippines’ Deal With China Pokes a Hole in U.S. Strategy. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/world/asia/philippines-duterte-south-china-sea.html
  • Phillips, T. (2016, May 2). Chinese Communist Party Suspends Tycoon after Xi Jinping Outburst. Retrieved from The Guardian : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/02/chinese-communist-party-suspends-ren-zhiqiang-social-media-xi-jinping
  • Pillalamarri, A. (2014, June 10). The United States Just Closed Its Last Base in Central Asia. Retrieved from The Diplomat : http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-united-states-just-closed-its-last-base-in-central-asia/
  • Reçber, K. (2002). AB Kurucu Antlaşması Düzenlemeleri İtibarıyla AB Üyesi Devletler Arasında Ortak Dış Politika, Güvenlik ve Savunma Konularında Bir Uzlaşma Var Mı? Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 113-132.
  • Safi, M. (2017, July 6). Chinese and Indian Troops Face Off in Bhutan Border Dispute. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/06/china-india-bhutan-standoff-disputed-territory
  • Schneebaum, S. M. (2004). Ethnic groups and international law: a status report on international legal personality at the beginning of the new century . Human Rights & Human Welfare, 11-22.
  • Suryanarayana, P. S. (2016). Smart diplomacy: exploring China-India synergy . Singapore: World Century.
  • Ting Shi and David Tweed. (2016, July 15). Xi’s neighborhood diplomacy runs aground in South China Sea. Retrieved from Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-14/xi-s-neighborhood-diplomacy-runs-aground-in-south-china-sea
  • Valaskakis, K. (2000, December). Westphalia II: The Real Millennium Challenge. Retrieved from Pari Center for New Learning: http://www.paricenter.com/library/papers/valaskakis01.php
  • Yuwen, X. L. (2016, March 30). A blueprint for China's neighborhood diplomacy. Retrieved from The Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/a-blueprint-for-chinas-neighborhood-diplomacy/
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Halil Mustafa Bektaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bektaş, M. H. M. (2017). Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 111-130.
AMA Bektaş MHM. Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. Aralık 2017;26(2):111-130.
Chicago Bektaş, Mehmet Halil Mustafa. “Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 26, sy. 2 (Aralık 2017): 111-30.
EndNote Bektaş MHM (01 Aralık 2017) Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 26 2 111–130.
IEEE M. H. M. Bektaş, “Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 2, ss. 111–130, 2017.
ISNAD Bektaş, Mehmet Halil Mustafa. “Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 26/2 (Aralık 2017), 111-130.
JAMA Bektaş MHM. Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;26:111–130.
MLA Bektaş, Mehmet Halil Mustafa. “Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 2, 2017, ss. 111-30.
Vancouver Bektaş MHM. Examining the Possibility of an Eastphalian International Order. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;26(2):111-30.